2 * Copyright (c) 2002 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
5 * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Marshall
6 * Kirk McKusick and Network Associates Laboratories, the Security
7 * Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR
8 * contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA CHATS
11 * Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1993
12 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
14 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
15 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
17 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
18 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
19 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
20 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
21 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
22 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
23 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
24 * without specific prior written permission.
26 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
27 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
28 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
29 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
30 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
31 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
32 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
33 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
34 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
35 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
41 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mkfs.c 8.11 (Berkeley) 5/3/95";
44 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
45 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
47 #include <sys/param.h>
48 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
50 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
52 #include <sys/resource.h>
65 #include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
66 #include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
67 #include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
71 * make file system for cylinder-group style file systems
74 #define POWEROF2(num) (((num) & ((num) - 1)) == 0)
76 static struct csum *fscs;
77 #define sblock disk.d_fs
81 struct ufs1_dinode dp1;
82 struct ufs2_dinode dp2;
84 #define DIP(dp, field) \
85 ((sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) ? \
86 (dp)->dp1.field : (dp)->dp2.field)
89 static long iobufsize;
90 static ufs2_daddr_t alloc(int size, int mode);
91 static int charsperline(void);
92 static void clrblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
93 static void fsinit(time_t);
94 static int ilog2(int);
95 static void initcg(int, time_t);
96 static int isblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
97 static void iput(union dinode *, ino_t);
98 static int makedir(struct direct *, int);
99 static void setblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
100 static void wtfs(ufs2_daddr_t, int, char *);
101 static u_int32_t newfs_random(void);
104 do_sbwrite(struct uufsd *disk)
107 disk->d_sblock = disk->d_fs.fs_sblockloc / disk->d_bsize;
108 return (pwrite(disk->d_fd, &disk->d_fs, SBLOCKSIZE, (off_t)((part_ofs +
109 disk->d_sblock) * disk->d_bsize)));
113 mkfs(struct partition *pp, char *fsys)
115 int fragsperinode, optimalfpg, origdensity, minfpg, lastminfpg;
122 int minfragsperinode; /* minimum ratio of frags to inodes */
123 char tmpbuf[100]; /* XXX this will break in about 2,500 years */
124 struct fsrecovery fsr;
127 char cdummy[SBLOCKSIZE];
129 #define fsdummy dummy.fdummy
130 #define chdummy dummy.cdummy
133 * Our blocks == sector size, and the version of UFS we are using is
134 * specified by Oflag.
136 disk.d_bsize = sectorsize;
142 sblock.fs_old_flags = FS_FLAGS_UPDATED;
145 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_DOSOFTDEP;
147 strlcpy(sblock.fs_volname, volumelabel, MAXVOLLEN);
149 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_GJOURNAL;
151 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_MULTILABEL;
153 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_TRIM;
155 * Validate the given file system size.
156 * Verify that its last block can actually be accessed.
157 * Convert to file system fragment sized units.
160 printf("preposterous size %jd\n", (intmax_t)fssize);
163 wtfs(fssize - (realsectorsize / DEV_BSIZE), realsectorsize,
166 * collect and verify the file system density info
168 sblock.fs_avgfilesize = avgfilesize;
169 sblock.fs_avgfpdir = avgfilesperdir;
170 if (sblock.fs_avgfilesize <= 0)
171 printf("illegal expected average file size %d\n",
172 sblock.fs_avgfilesize), exit(14);
173 if (sblock.fs_avgfpdir <= 0)
174 printf("illegal expected number of files per directory %d\n",
175 sblock.fs_avgfpdir), exit(15);
179 * collect and verify the block and fragment sizes
181 sblock.fs_bsize = bsize;
182 sblock.fs_fsize = fsize;
183 if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_bsize)) {
184 printf("block size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
188 if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_fsize)) {
189 printf("fragment size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
193 if (sblock.fs_fsize < sectorsize) {
194 printf("increasing fragment size from %d to sector size (%d)\n",
195 sblock.fs_fsize, sectorsize);
196 sblock.fs_fsize = sectorsize;
198 if (sblock.fs_bsize > MAXBSIZE) {
199 printf("decreasing block size from %d to maximum (%d)\n",
200 sblock.fs_bsize, MAXBSIZE);
201 sblock.fs_bsize = MAXBSIZE;
203 if (sblock.fs_bsize < MINBSIZE) {
204 printf("increasing block size from %d to minimum (%d)\n",
205 sblock.fs_bsize, MINBSIZE);
206 sblock.fs_bsize = MINBSIZE;
208 if (sblock.fs_fsize > MAXBSIZE) {
209 printf("decreasing fragment size from %d to maximum (%d)\n",
210 sblock.fs_fsize, MAXBSIZE);
211 sblock.fs_fsize = MAXBSIZE;
213 if (sblock.fs_bsize < sblock.fs_fsize) {
214 printf("increasing block size from %d to fragment size (%d)\n",
215 sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
216 sblock.fs_bsize = sblock.fs_fsize;
218 if (sblock.fs_fsize * MAXFRAG < sblock.fs_bsize) {
220 "increasing fragment size from %d to block size / %d (%d)\n",
221 sblock.fs_fsize, MAXFRAG, sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG);
222 sblock.fs_fsize = sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG;
226 if (maxbsize < bsize || !POWEROF2(maxbsize)) {
227 sblock.fs_maxbsize = sblock.fs_bsize;
228 printf("Extent size set to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
229 } else if (sblock.fs_maxbsize > FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize) {
230 sblock.fs_maxbsize = FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize;
231 printf("Extent size reduced to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
233 sblock.fs_maxbsize = maxbsize;
236 * Maxcontig sets the default for the maximum number of blocks
237 * that may be allocated sequentially. With file system clustering
238 * it is possible to allocate contiguous blocks up to the maximum
239 * transfer size permitted by the controller or buffering.
242 maxcontig = MAX(1, MAXPHYS / bsize);
243 sblock.fs_maxcontig = maxcontig;
244 if (sblock.fs_maxcontig < sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize) {
245 sblock.fs_maxcontig = sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize;
246 printf("Maxcontig raised to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
248 if (sblock.fs_maxcontig > 1)
249 sblock.fs_contigsumsize = MIN(sblock.fs_maxcontig,FS_MAXCONTIG);
250 sblock.fs_bmask = ~(sblock.fs_bsize - 1);
251 sblock.fs_fmask = ~(sblock.fs_fsize - 1);
252 sblock.fs_qbmask = ~sblock.fs_bmask;
253 sblock.fs_qfmask = ~sblock.fs_fmask;
254 sblock.fs_bshift = ilog2(sblock.fs_bsize);
255 sblock.fs_fshift = ilog2(sblock.fs_fsize);
256 sblock.fs_frag = numfrags(&sblock, sblock.fs_bsize);
257 sblock.fs_fragshift = ilog2(sblock.fs_frag);
258 if (sblock.fs_frag > MAXFRAG) {
259 printf("fragment size %d is still too small (can't happen)\n",
260 sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG);
263 sblock.fs_fsbtodb = ilog2(sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize);
264 sblock.fs_size = fssize = dbtofsb(&sblock, fssize);
265 sblock.fs_providersize = dbtofsb(&sblock, mediasize / sectorsize);
268 * Before the filesystem is finally initialized, mark it
269 * as incompletely initialized.
271 sblock.fs_magic = FS_BAD_MAGIC;
274 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS1;
275 sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(ufs1_daddr_t);
276 sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs1_dinode);
277 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = ((UFS_NDADDR + UFS_NIADDR) *
278 sizeof(ufs1_daddr_t));
279 sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_44INODEFMT;
280 sblock.fs_old_cgoffset = 0;
281 sblock.fs_old_cgmask = 0xffffffff;
282 sblock.fs_old_size = sblock.fs_size;
283 sblock.fs_old_rotdelay = 0;
284 sblock.fs_old_rps = 60;
285 sblock.fs_old_nspf = sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize;
286 sblock.fs_old_cpg = 1;
287 sblock.fs_old_interleave = 1;
288 sblock.fs_old_trackskew = 0;
289 sblock.fs_old_cpc = 0;
290 sblock.fs_old_postblformat = 1;
291 sblock.fs_old_nrpos = 1;
293 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS2;
294 sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(ufs2_daddr_t);
295 sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs2_dinode);
296 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = ((UFS_NDADDR + UFS_NIADDR) *
297 sizeof(ufs2_daddr_t));
300 roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_sblockloc + SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize),
302 sblock.fs_cblkno = sblock.fs_sblkno +
303 roundup(howmany(SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize), sblock.fs_frag);
304 sblock.fs_iblkno = sblock.fs_cblkno + sblock.fs_frag;
305 sblock.fs_maxfilesize = sblock.fs_bsize * UFS_NDADDR - 1;
306 for (sizepb = sblock.fs_bsize, i = 0; i < UFS_NIADDR; i++) {
307 sizepb *= NINDIR(&sblock);
308 sblock.fs_maxfilesize += sizepb;
312 * It's impossible to create a snapshot in case that fs_maxfilesize
313 * is smaller than the fssize.
315 if (sblock.fs_maxfilesize < (u_quad_t)fssize) {
316 warnx("WARNING: You will be unable to create snapshots on this "
317 "file system. Correct by using a larger blocksize.");
321 * Calculate the number of blocks to put into each cylinder group.
323 * This algorithm selects the number of blocks per cylinder
324 * group. The first goal is to have at least enough data blocks
325 * in each cylinder group to meet the density requirement. Once
326 * this goal is achieved we try to expand to have at least
327 * MINCYLGRPS cylinder groups. Once this goal is achieved, we
328 * pack as many blocks into each cylinder group map as will fit.
330 * We start by calculating the smallest number of blocks that we
331 * can put into each cylinder group. If this is too big, we reduce
332 * the density until it fits.
334 maxinum = (((int64_t)(1)) << 32) - INOPB(&sblock);
335 minfragsperinode = 1 + fssize / maxinum;
337 density = MAX(NFPI, minfragsperinode) * fsize;
338 } else if (density < minfragsperinode * fsize) {
339 origdensity = density;
340 density = minfragsperinode * fsize;
341 fprintf(stderr, "density increased from %d to %d\n",
342 origdensity, density);
344 origdensity = density;
346 fragsperinode = MAX(numfrags(&sblock, density), 1);
347 if (fragsperinode < minfragsperinode) {
350 printf("Block size too small for a file system %s %d\n",
351 "of this size. Increasing blocksize to", bsize);
354 minfpg = fragsperinode * INOPB(&sblock);
355 if (minfpg > sblock.fs_size)
356 minfpg = sblock.fs_size;
357 sblock.fs_ipg = INOPB(&sblock);
358 sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
359 sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
360 if (sblock.fs_fpg < minfpg)
361 sblock.fs_fpg = minfpg;
362 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
364 sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
365 sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
366 if (sblock.fs_fpg < minfpg)
367 sblock.fs_fpg = minfpg;
368 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
370 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) < (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
372 density -= sblock.fs_fsize;
374 if (density != origdensity)
375 printf("density reduced from %d to %d\n", origdensity, density);
377 * Start packing more blocks into the cylinder group until
378 * it cannot grow any larger, the number of cylinder groups
379 * drops below MINCYLGRPS, or we reach the size requested.
380 * For UFS1 inodes per cylinder group are stored in an int16_t
381 * so fs_ipg is limited to 2^15 - 1.
383 for ( ; sblock.fs_fpg < maxblkspercg; sblock.fs_fpg += sblock.fs_frag) {
384 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
386 if (Oflag > 1 || (Oflag == 1 && sblock.fs_ipg <= 0x7fff)) {
387 if (sblock.fs_size / sblock.fs_fpg < MINCYLGRPS)
389 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) < (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
391 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) == (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
394 sblock.fs_fpg -= sblock.fs_frag;
395 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
400 * Check to be sure that the last cylinder group has enough blocks
401 * to be viable. If it is too small, reduce the number of blocks
402 * per cylinder group which will have the effect of moving more
403 * blocks into the last cylinder group.
405 optimalfpg = sblock.fs_fpg;
407 sblock.fs_ncg = howmany(sblock.fs_size, sblock.fs_fpg);
408 lastminfpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
409 sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
410 if (sblock.fs_size < lastminfpg) {
411 printf("Filesystem size %jd < minimum size of %d\n",
412 (intmax_t)sblock.fs_size, lastminfpg);
415 if (sblock.fs_size % sblock.fs_fpg >= lastminfpg ||
416 sblock.fs_size % sblock.fs_fpg == 0)
418 sblock.fs_fpg -= sblock.fs_frag;
419 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
422 if (optimalfpg != sblock.fs_fpg)
423 printf("Reduced frags per cylinder group from %d to %d %s\n",
424 optimalfpg, sblock.fs_fpg, "to enlarge last cyl group");
425 sblock.fs_cgsize = fragroundup(&sblock, CGSIZE(&sblock));
426 sblock.fs_dblkno = sblock.fs_iblkno + sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
428 sblock.fs_old_spc = sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_old_nspf;
429 sblock.fs_old_nsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
430 sblock.fs_old_npsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
431 sblock.fs_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_ncg;
434 * fill in remaining fields of the super block
436 sblock.fs_csaddr = cgdmin(&sblock, 0);
438 fragroundup(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg * sizeof(struct csum));
439 fscs = (struct csum *)calloc(1, sblock.fs_cssize);
441 errx(31, "calloc failed");
442 sblock.fs_sbsize = fragroundup(&sblock, sizeof(struct fs));
443 if (sblock.fs_sbsize > SBLOCKSIZE)
444 sblock.fs_sbsize = SBLOCKSIZE;
445 sblock.fs_minfree = minfree;
446 if (metaspace > 0 && metaspace < sblock.fs_fpg / 2)
447 sblock.fs_metaspace = blknum(&sblock, metaspace);
448 else if (metaspace != -1)
449 /* reserve half of minfree for metadata blocks */
450 sblock.fs_metaspace = blknum(&sblock,
451 (sblock.fs_fpg * minfree) / 200);
453 sblock.fs_maxbpg = MAXBLKPG(sblock.fs_bsize);
455 sblock.fs_maxbpg = maxbpg;
456 sblock.fs_optim = opt;
457 sblock.fs_cgrotor = 0;
458 sblock.fs_pendingblocks = 0;
459 sblock.fs_pendinginodes = 0;
464 sblock.fs_id[0] = (long)utime;
465 sblock.fs_id[1] = newfs_random();
466 sblock.fs_fsmnt[0] = '\0';
467 csfrags = howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
468 sblock.fs_dsize = sblock.fs_size - sblock.fs_sblkno -
469 sblock.fs_ncg * (sblock.fs_dblkno - sblock.fs_sblkno);
470 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree =
471 fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_dsize) -
472 howmany(csfrags, sblock.fs_frag);
473 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree =
474 fragnum(&sblock, sblock.fs_size) +
475 (fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) > 0 ?
476 sblock.fs_frag - fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) : 0);
477 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree =
478 sblock.fs_ncg * sblock.fs_ipg - UFS_ROOTINO;
479 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
480 sblock.fs_dsize -= csfrags;
481 sblock.fs_time = utime;
483 sblock.fs_old_time = utime;
484 sblock.fs_old_dsize = sblock.fs_dsize;
485 sblock.fs_old_csaddr = sblock.fs_csaddr;
486 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
487 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
488 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
489 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
493 * Dump out summary information about file system.
495 # define B2MBFACTOR (1 / (1024.0 * 1024.0))
496 printf("%s: %.1fMB (%jd sectors) block size %d, fragment size %d\n",
497 fsys, (float)sblock.fs_size * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
498 (intmax_t)fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_size), sblock.fs_bsize,
500 printf("\tusing %d cylinder groups of %.2fMB, %d blks, %d inodes.\n",
501 sblock.fs_ncg, (float)sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
502 sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_frag, sblock.fs_ipg);
503 if (sblock.fs_flags & FS_DOSOFTDEP)
504 printf("\twith soft updates\n");
507 if (Eflag && !Nflag) {
508 printf("Erasing sectors [%jd...%jd]\n",
509 sblock.fs_sblockloc / disk.d_bsize,
510 fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_size) - 1);
511 berase(&disk, sblock.fs_sblockloc / disk.d_bsize,
512 sblock.fs_size * sblock.fs_fsize - sblock.fs_sblockloc);
515 * Wipe out old UFS1 superblock(s) if necessary.
517 if (!Nflag && Oflag != 1) {
518 i = bread(&disk, part_ofs + SBLOCK_UFS1 / disk.d_bsize, chdummy, SBLOCKSIZE);
520 err(1, "can't read old UFS1 superblock: %s", disk.d_error);
522 if (fsdummy.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
523 fsdummy.fs_magic = 0;
524 bwrite(&disk, part_ofs + SBLOCK_UFS1 / disk.d_bsize,
525 chdummy, SBLOCKSIZE);
526 for (cg = 0; cg < fsdummy.fs_ncg; cg++) {
527 if (fsbtodb(&fsdummy, cgsblock(&fsdummy, cg)) > fssize)
529 bwrite(&disk, part_ofs + fsbtodb(&fsdummy,
530 cgsblock(&fsdummy, cg)), chdummy, SBLOCKSIZE);
537 printf("** Exiting on Xflag 1\n");
541 printf("** Leaving BAD MAGIC on Xflag 2\n");
543 sblock.fs_magic = (Oflag != 1) ? FS_UFS2_MAGIC : FS_UFS1_MAGIC;
546 * Now build the cylinders group blocks and
547 * then print out indices of cylinder groups.
549 printf("super-block backups (for fsck_ffs -b #) at:\n");
551 width = charsperline();
553 * allocate space for superblock, cylinder group map, and
554 * two sets of inode blocks.
556 if (sblock.fs_bsize < SBLOCKSIZE)
557 iobufsize = SBLOCKSIZE + 3 * sblock.fs_bsize;
559 iobufsize = 4 * sblock.fs_bsize;
560 if ((iobuf = calloc(1, iobufsize)) == 0) {
561 printf("Cannot allocate I/O buffer\n");
565 * Make a copy of the superblock into the buffer that we will be
566 * writing out in each cylinder group.
568 bcopy((char *)&sblock, iobuf, SBLOCKSIZE);
569 for (cg = 0; cg < sblock.fs_ncg; cg++) {
571 j = snprintf(tmpbuf, sizeof(tmpbuf), " %jd%s",
572 (intmax_t)fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cg)),
573 cg < (sblock.fs_ncg-1) ? "," : "");
575 tmpbuf[j = 0] = '\0';
576 if (i + j >= width) {
581 printf("%s", tmpbuf);
588 * Now construct the initial file system,
589 * then write out the super-block.
593 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
594 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
595 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
596 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
599 printf("** Exiting on Xflag 3\n");
605 * For UFS1 filesystems with a blocksize of 64K, the first
606 * alternate superblock resides at the location used for
607 * the default UFS2 superblock. As there is a valid
608 * superblock at this location, the boot code will use
609 * it as its first choice. Thus we have to ensure that
610 * all of its statistcs on usage are correct.
612 if (Oflag == 1 && sblock.fs_bsize == 65536)
613 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, 0)),
614 sblock.fs_bsize, (char *)&sblock);
616 for (i = 0; i < sblock.fs_cssize; i += sblock.fs_bsize)
617 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_csaddr + numfrags(&sblock, i)),
618 MIN(sblock.fs_cssize - i, sblock.fs_bsize),
621 * Read the last sector of the boot block, replace the last
622 * 20 bytes with the recovery information, then write it back.
623 * The recovery information only works for UFS2 filesystems.
625 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS2_MAGIC) {
627 part_ofs + (SBLOCK_UFS2 - sizeof(fsr)) / disk.d_bsize,
628 (char *)&fsr, sizeof(fsr));
630 err(1, "can't read recovery area: %s", disk.d_error);
631 fsr.fsr_magic = sblock.fs_magic;
632 fsr.fsr_fpg = sblock.fs_fpg;
633 fsr.fsr_fsbtodb = sblock.fs_fsbtodb;
634 fsr.fsr_sblkno = sblock.fs_sblkno;
635 fsr.fsr_ncg = sblock.fs_ncg;
636 wtfs((SBLOCK_UFS2 - sizeof(fsr)) / disk.d_bsize, sizeof(fsr),
640 * Update information about this partition in pack
641 * label, to that it may be updated on disk.
644 pp->p_fstype = FS_BSDFFS;
645 pp->p_fsize = sblock.fs_fsize;
646 pp->p_frag = sblock.fs_frag;
647 pp->p_cpg = sblock.fs_fpg;
652 * Initialize a cylinder group.
655 initcg(int cylno, time_t utime)
658 uint i, j, d, dlower, dupper;
659 ufs2_daddr_t cbase, dmax;
660 struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
661 struct ufs2_dinode *dp2;
665 * Determine block bounds for cylinder group.
666 * Allow space for super block summary information in first
669 cbase = cgbase(&sblock, cylno);
670 dmax = cbase + sblock.fs_fpg;
671 if (dmax > sblock.fs_size)
672 dmax = sblock.fs_size;
673 dlower = cgsblock(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
674 dupper = cgdmin(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
676 dupper += howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
678 memset(&acg, 0, sblock.fs_cgsize);
680 acg.cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
682 acg.cg_niblk = sblock.fs_ipg;
683 acg.cg_initediblk = MIN(sblock.fs_ipg, 2 * INOPB(&sblock));
684 acg.cg_ndblk = dmax - cbase;
685 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
686 acg.cg_nclusterblks = acg.cg_ndblk / sblock.fs_frag;
687 start = &acg.cg_space[0] - (u_char *)(&acg.cg_firstfield);
689 acg.cg_iusedoff = start;
691 acg.cg_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_old_cpg;
692 acg.cg_old_time = acg.cg_time;
694 acg.cg_old_niblk = acg.cg_niblk;
696 acg.cg_initediblk = 0;
697 acg.cg_old_btotoff = start;
698 acg.cg_old_boff = acg.cg_old_btotoff +
699 sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(int32_t);
700 acg.cg_iusedoff = acg.cg_old_boff +
701 sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(u_int16_t);
703 acg.cg_freeoff = acg.cg_iusedoff + howmany(sblock.fs_ipg, CHAR_BIT);
704 acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_freeoff + howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, CHAR_BIT);
705 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
706 acg.cg_clustersumoff =
707 roundup(acg.cg_nextfreeoff, sizeof(u_int32_t));
708 acg.cg_clustersumoff -= sizeof(u_int32_t);
709 acg.cg_clusteroff = acg.cg_clustersumoff +
710 (sblock.fs_contigsumsize + 1) * sizeof(u_int32_t);
711 acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_clusteroff +
712 howmany(fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_fpg), CHAR_BIT);
714 if (acg.cg_nextfreeoff > (unsigned)sblock.fs_cgsize) {
715 printf("Panic: cylinder group too big\n");
718 acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree += sblock.fs_ipg;
720 for (i = 0; i < (long)UFS_ROOTINO; i++) {
721 setbit(cg_inosused(&acg), i);
722 acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
726 * In cylno 0, beginning space is reserved
727 * for boot and super blocks.
729 for (d = 0; d < dlower; d += sblock.fs_frag) {
730 blkno = d / sblock.fs_frag;
731 setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg), blkno);
732 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
733 setbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg), blkno);
734 acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
737 if ((i = dupper % sblock.fs_frag)) {
738 acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - i]++;
739 for (d = dupper + sblock.fs_frag - i; dupper < d; dupper++) {
740 setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg), dupper);
741 acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
744 for (d = dupper; d + sblock.fs_frag <= acg.cg_ndblk;
745 d += sblock.fs_frag) {
746 blkno = d / sblock.fs_frag;
747 setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg), blkno);
748 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
749 setbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg), blkno);
750 acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
752 if (d < acg.cg_ndblk) {
753 acg.cg_frsum[acg.cg_ndblk - d]++;
754 for (; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d++) {
755 setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg), d);
756 acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
759 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
760 int32_t *sump = cg_clustersum(&acg);
761 u_char *mapp = cg_clustersfree(&acg);
766 for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_nclusterblks; i++) {
767 if ((map & bit) != 0)
770 if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
771 run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
775 if ((i & (CHAR_BIT - 1)) != CHAR_BIT - 1)
783 if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
784 run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
790 * Write out the duplicate super block, the cylinder group map
791 * and two blocks worth of inodes in a single write.
793 start = MAX(sblock.fs_bsize, SBLOCKSIZE);
794 bcopy((char *)&acg, &iobuf[start], sblock.fs_cgsize);
795 start += sblock.fs_bsize;
796 dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
797 dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
798 for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_initediblk; i++) {
799 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
800 dp1->di_gen = newfs_random();
803 dp2->di_gen = newfs_random();
807 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)), iobufsize, iobuf);
809 * For the old file system, we have to initialize all the inodes.
812 for (i = 2 * sblock.fs_frag;
813 i < sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
814 i += sblock.fs_frag) {
815 dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
816 for (j = 0; j < INOPB(&sblock); j++) {
817 dp1->di_gen = newfs_random();
820 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgimin(&sblock, cylno) + i),
821 sblock.fs_bsize, &iobuf[start]);
827 * initialize the file system
829 #define ROOTLINKCNT 3
831 static struct direct root_dir[] = {
832 { UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 1, "." },
833 { UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 2, ".." },
834 { UFS_ROOTINO + 1, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 5, ".snap" },
837 #define SNAPLINKCNT 2
839 static struct direct snap_dir[] = {
840 { UFS_ROOTINO + 1, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 1, "." },
841 { UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 2, ".." },
852 memset(&node, 0, sizeof node);
853 if ((grp = getgrnam("operator")) != NULL) {
856 warnx("Cannot retrieve operator gid, using gid 0.");
859 entries = (nflag) ? ROOTLINKCNT - 1: ROOTLINKCNT;
860 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
862 * initialize the node
864 node.dp1.di_atime = utime;
865 node.dp1.di_mtime = utime;
866 node.dp1.di_ctime = utime;
868 * create the root directory
870 node.dp1.di_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
871 node.dp1.di_nlink = entries;
872 node.dp1.di_size = makedir(root_dir, entries);
873 node.dp1.di_db[0] = alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp1.di_mode);
875 btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.dp1.di_size));
876 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.dp1.di_db[0]), sblock.fs_fsize,
878 iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO);
881 * create the .snap directory
883 node.dp1.di_mode |= 020;
884 node.dp1.di_gid = gid;
885 node.dp1.di_nlink = SNAPLINKCNT;
886 node.dp1.di_size = makedir(snap_dir, SNAPLINKCNT);
888 alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp1.di_mode);
890 btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.dp1.di_size));
891 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.dp1.di_db[0]),
892 sblock.fs_fsize, iobuf);
893 iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO + 1);
897 * initialize the node
899 node.dp2.di_atime = utime;
900 node.dp2.di_mtime = utime;
901 node.dp2.di_ctime = utime;
902 node.dp2.di_birthtime = utime;
904 * create the root directory
906 node.dp2.di_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
907 node.dp2.di_nlink = entries;
908 node.dp2.di_size = makedir(root_dir, entries);
909 node.dp2.di_db[0] = alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp2.di_mode);
911 btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.dp2.di_size));
912 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.dp2.di_db[0]), sblock.fs_fsize,
914 iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO);
917 * create the .snap directory
919 node.dp2.di_mode |= 020;
920 node.dp2.di_gid = gid;
921 node.dp2.di_nlink = SNAPLINKCNT;
922 node.dp2.di_size = makedir(snap_dir, SNAPLINKCNT);
924 alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp2.di_mode);
926 btodb(fragroundup(&sblock, node.dp2.di_size));
927 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, node.dp2.di_db[0]),
928 sblock.fs_fsize, iobuf);
929 iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO + 1);
935 * construct a set of directory entries in "iobuf".
936 * return size of directory.
939 makedir(struct direct *protodir, int entries)
945 memset(iobuf, 0, DIRBLKSIZ);
946 for (cp = iobuf, i = 0; i < entries - 1; i++) {
947 protodir[i].d_reclen = DIRSIZ(0, &protodir[i]);
948 memmove(cp, &protodir[i], protodir[i].d_reclen);
949 cp += protodir[i].d_reclen;
950 spcleft -= protodir[i].d_reclen;
952 protodir[i].d_reclen = spcleft;
953 memmove(cp, &protodir[i], DIRSIZ(0, &protodir[i]));
958 * allocate a block or frag
961 alloc(int size, int mode)
966 bread(&disk, part_ofs + fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), (char *)&acg,
968 if (acg.cg_magic != CG_MAGIC) {
969 printf("cg 0: bad magic number\n");
972 if (acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree == 0) {
973 printf("first cylinder group ran out of space\n");
976 for (d = 0; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d += sblock.fs_frag)
977 if (isblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg), d / sblock.fs_frag))
979 printf("internal error: can't find block in cyl 0\n");
982 blkno = fragstoblks(&sblock, d);
983 clrblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg), blkno);
984 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
985 clrbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg), blkno);
986 acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree--;
987 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree--;
991 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir++;
994 if (size != sblock.fs_bsize) {
995 frag = howmany(size, sblock.fs_fsize);
996 fscs[0].cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
997 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
998 acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
999 acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - frag]++;
1000 for (i = frag; i < sblock.fs_frag; i++)
1001 setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg), d + i);
1003 /* XXX cgwrite(&disk, 0)??? */
1004 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize,
1006 return ((ufs2_daddr_t)d);
1010 * Allocate an inode on the disk
1013 iput(union dinode *ip, ino_t ino)
1017 bread(&disk, part_ofs + fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), (char *)&acg,
1019 if (acg.cg_magic != CG_MAGIC) {
1020 printf("cg 0: bad magic number\n");
1023 acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
1024 setbit(cg_inosused(&acg), ino);
1025 wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize,
1027 sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree--;
1028 fscs[0].cs_nifree--;
1029 if (ino >= (unsigned long)sblock.fs_ipg * sblock.fs_ncg) {
1030 printf("fsinit: inode value out of range (%ju).\n",
1034 d = fsbtodb(&sblock, ino_to_fsba(&sblock, ino));
1035 bread(&disk, part_ofs + d, (char *)iobuf, sblock.fs_bsize);
1036 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC)
1037 ((struct ufs1_dinode *)iobuf)[ino_to_fsbo(&sblock, ino)] =
1040 ((struct ufs2_dinode *)iobuf)[ino_to_fsbo(&sblock, ino)] =
1042 wtfs(d, sblock.fs_bsize, (char *)iobuf);
1046 * possibly write to disk
1049 wtfs(ufs2_daddr_t bno, int size, char *bf)
1053 if (bwrite(&disk, part_ofs + bno, bf, size) < 0)
1054 err(36, "wtfs: %d bytes at sector %jd", size, (intmax_t)bno);
1058 * check if a block is available
1061 isblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
1065 switch (fs->fs_frag) {
1067 return (cp[h] == 0xff);
1069 mask = 0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2);
1070 return ((cp[h >> 1] & mask) == mask);
1072 mask = 0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1);
1073 return ((cp[h >> 2] & mask) == mask);
1075 mask = 0x01 << (h & 0x7);
1076 return ((cp[h >> 3] & mask) == mask);
1078 fprintf(stderr, "isblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
1084 * take a block out of the map
1087 clrblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
1089 switch ((fs)->fs_frag) {
1094 cp[h >> 1] &= ~(0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2));
1097 cp[h >> 2] &= ~(0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1));
1100 cp[h >> 3] &= ~(0x01 << (h & 0x7));
1103 fprintf(stderr, "clrblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
1109 * put a block into the map
1112 setblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
1114 switch (fs->fs_frag) {
1119 cp[h >> 1] |= (0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2));
1122 cp[h >> 2] |= (0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1));
1125 cp[h >> 3] |= (0x01 << (h & 0x7));
1128 fprintf(stderr, "setblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_frag);
1134 * Determine the number of characters in a
1146 if (ioctl(0, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) != -1)
1147 columns = ws.ws_col;
1148 if (columns == 0 && (cp = getenv("COLUMNS")))
1151 columns = 80; /* last resort */
1160 for (n = 0; n < sizeof(n) * CHAR_BIT; n++)
1163 errx(1, "ilog2: %d is not a power of 2\n", val);
1167 * For the regression test, return predictable random values.
1168 * Otherwise use a true random number generator.
1173 static int nextnum = 1;
1177 return (arc4random());