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133 .\" ========================================================================
136 .TH VERIFY 1 "2016-09-26" "1.0.2j" "OpenSSL"
137 .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
138 .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
142 verify \- Utility to verify certificates.
144 .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
145 \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBverify\fR
146 [\fB\-CApath directory\fR]
147 [\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
148 [\fB\-purpose purpose\fR]
150 [\fB\-ignore_critical\fR]
151 [\fB\-attime timestamp\fR]
152 [\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR]
153 [\fB\-crlfile file\fR]
154 [\fB\-crl_download\fR]
156 [\fB\-crl_check_all\fR]
157 [\fB\-policy_check\fR]
158 [\fB\-explicit_policy\fR]
159 [\fB\-inhibit_any\fR]
160 [\fB\-inhibit_map\fR]
161 [\fB\-x509_strict\fR]
162 [\fB\-extended_crl\fR]
164 [\fB\-policy_print\fR]
165 [\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR]
166 [\fB\-allow_proxy_certs\fR]
167 [\fB\-untrusted file\fR]
169 [\fB\-issuer_checks\fR]
170 [\fB\-trusted file\fR]
175 .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
176 The \fBverify\fR command verifies certificate chains.
177 .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS"
178 .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS"
179 .IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4
180 .IX Item "-CApath directory"
181 A directory of trusted certificates. The certificates should have names
182 of the form: hash.0 or have symbolic links to them of this
183 form (\*(L"hash\*(R" is the hashed certificate subject name: see the \fB\-hash\fR option
184 of the \fBx509\fR utility). Under Unix the \fBc_rehash\fR script will automatically
185 create symbolic links to a directory of certificates.
186 .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together." 4
187 .IX Item "-CAfile file A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in PEM format concatenated together."
189 .IP "\fB\-attime timestamp\fR" 4
190 .IX Item "-attime timestamp"
192 Perform validation checks using time specified by \fBtimestamp\fR and not
193 current system time. \fBtimestamp\fR is the number of seconds since
194 01.01.1970 (\s-1UNIX\s0 time).
195 .IP "\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR" 4
196 .IX Item "-check_ss_sig"
197 Verify the signature on the self-signed root \s-1CA.\s0 This is disabled by default
198 because it doesn't add any security.
199 .IP "\fB\-crlfile file\fR" 4
200 .IX Item "-crlfile file"
201 File containing one or more \s-1CRL\s0's (in \s-1PEM\s0 format) to load.
202 .IP "\fB\-crl_download\fR" 4
203 .IX Item "-crl_download"
204 Attempt to download \s-1CRL\s0 information for this certificate.
205 .IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR" 4
206 .IX Item "-crl_check"
207 Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid \s-1CRL.\s0
208 If a valid \s-1CRL\s0 cannot be found an error occurs.
209 .IP "\fB\-untrusted file\fR" 4
210 .IX Item "-untrusted file"
211 A file of untrusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates
212 in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together.
213 .IP "\fB\-purpose purpose\fR" 4
214 .IX Item "-purpose purpose"
215 The intended use for the certificate. If this option is not specified,
216 \&\fBverify\fR will not consider certificate purpose during chain verification.
217 Currently accepted uses are \fBsslclient\fR, \fBsslserver\fR, \fBnssslserver\fR,
218 \&\fBsmimesign\fR, \fBsmimeencrypt\fR. See the \fB\s-1VERIFY OPERATION\s0\fR section for more
222 Print out a usage message.
223 .IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4
225 Print extra information about the operations being performed.
226 .IP "\fB\-issuer_checks\fR" 4
227 .IX Item "-issuer_checks"
228 Print out diagnostics relating to searches for the issuer certificate of the
229 current certificate. This shows why each candidate issuer certificate was
230 rejected. The presence of rejection messages does not itself imply that
231 anything is wrong; during the normal verification process, several
232 rejections may take place.
233 .IP "\fB\-policy arg\fR" 4
234 .IX Item "-policy arg"
235 Enable policy processing and add \fBarg\fR to the user-initial-policy-set (see
236 \&\s-1RFC5280\s0). The policy \fBarg\fR can be an object name an \s-1OID\s0 in numeric form.
237 This argument can appear more than once.
238 .IP "\fB\-policy_check\fR" 4
239 .IX Item "-policy_check"
240 Enables certificate policy processing.
241 .IP "\fB\-explicit_policy\fR" 4
242 .IX Item "-explicit_policy"
243 Set policy variable require-explicit-policy (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
244 .IP "\fB\-inhibit_any\fR" 4
245 .IX Item "-inhibit_any"
246 Set policy variable inhibit-any-policy (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
247 .IP "\fB\-inhibit_map\fR" 4
248 .IX Item "-inhibit_map"
249 Set policy variable inhibit-policy-mapping (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
250 .IP "\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR" 4
251 .IX Item "-no_alt_chains"
252 When building a certificate chain, if the first certificate chain found is not
253 trusted, then OpenSSL will continue to check to see if an alternative chain can
254 be found that is trusted. With this option that behaviour is suppressed so that
255 only the first chain found is ever used. Using this option will force the
256 behaviour to match that of previous OpenSSL versions.
257 .IP "\fB\-allow_proxy_certs\fR" 4
258 .IX Item "-allow_proxy_certs"
259 Allow the verification of proxy certificates.
260 .IP "\fB\-trusted file\fR" 4
261 .IX Item "-trusted file"
262 A file of additional trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple
263 certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together.
264 .IP "\fB\-policy_print\fR" 4
265 .IX Item "-policy_print"
266 Print out diagnostics related to policy processing.
267 .IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR" 4
268 .IX Item "-crl_check"
269 Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid \s-1CRL.\s0
270 If a valid \s-1CRL\s0 cannot be found an error occurs.
271 .IP "\fB\-crl_check_all\fR" 4
272 .IX Item "-crl_check_all"
273 Checks the validity of \fBall\fR certificates in the chain by attempting
274 to look up valid CRLs.
275 .IP "\fB\-ignore_critical\fR" 4
276 .IX Item "-ignore_critical"
277 Normally if an unhandled critical extension is present which is not
278 supported by OpenSSL the certificate is rejected (as required by \s-1RFC5280\s0).
279 If this option is set critical extensions are ignored.
280 .IP "\fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4
281 .IX Item "-x509_strict"
282 For strict X.509 compliance, disable non-compliant workarounds for broken
284 .IP "\fB\-extended_crl\fR" 4
285 .IX Item "-extended_crl"
286 Enable extended \s-1CRL\s0 features such as indirect CRLs and alternate \s-1CRL\s0
288 .IP "\fB\-use_deltas\fR" 4
289 .IX Item "-use_deltas"
290 Enable support for delta CRLs.
291 .IP "\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR" 4
292 .IX Item "-check_ss_sig"
293 Verify the signature on the self-signed root \s-1CA.\s0 This is disabled by default
294 because it doesn't add any security.
297 Indicates the last option. All arguments following this are assumed to be
298 certificate files. This is useful if the first certificate filename begins
300 .IP "\fBcertificates\fR" 4
301 .IX Item "certificates"
302 One or more certificates to verify. If no certificates are given, \fBverify\fR
303 will attempt to read a certificate from standard input. Certificates must be
304 in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
305 .SH "VERIFY OPERATION"
306 .IX Header "VERIFY OPERATION"
307 The \fBverify\fR program uses the same functions as the internal \s-1SSL\s0 and S/MIME
308 verification, therefore this description applies to these verify operations
311 There is one crucial difference between the verify operations performed
312 by the \fBverify\fR program: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue
313 after an error whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the
314 first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be
317 The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps.
319 Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate
320 and ending in the root \s-1CA.\s0 It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built
321 up. The chain is built up by looking up the issuers certificate of the current
322 certificate. If a certificate is found which is its own issuer it is assumed
323 to be the root \s-1CA.\s0
325 The process of 'looking up the issuers certificate' itself involves a number
326 of steps. In versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.5a the first certificate whose
327 subject name matched the issuer of the current certificate was assumed to be
328 the issuers certificate. In OpenSSL 0.9.6 and later all certificates
329 whose subject name matches the issuer name of the current certificate are
330 subject to further tests. The relevant authority key identifier components
331 of the current certificate (if present) must match the subject key identifier
332 (if present) and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer, in addition
333 the keyUsage extension of the candidate issuer (if present) must permit
336 The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match
337 is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates. The root \s-1CA\s0
338 is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the certificate to
339 verify is a root certificate then an exact match must be found in the trusted
342 The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for
343 consistency with the supplied purpose. If the \fB\-purpose\fR option is not included
344 then no checks are done. The supplied or \*(L"leaf\*(R" certificate must have extensions
345 compatible with the supplied purpose and all other certificates must also be valid
346 \&\s-1CA\s0 certificates. The precise extensions required are described in more detail in
347 the \fB\s-1CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS\s0\fR section of the \fBx509\fR utility.
349 The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root \s-1CA.\s0 The root
350 \&\s-1CA\s0 should be trusted for the supplied purpose. For compatibility with previous
351 versions of SSLeay and OpenSSL a certificate with no trust settings is considered
352 to be valid for all purposes.
354 The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain. The validity
355 period is checked against the current system time and the notBefore and notAfter
356 dates in the certificate. The certificate signatures are also checked at this
359 If all operations complete successfully then certificate is considered valid. If
360 any operation fails then the certificate is not valid.
362 .IX Header "DIAGNOSTICS"
363 When a verify operation fails the output messages can be somewhat cryptic. The
364 general form of the error message is:
367 \& server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024 bit)
368 \& error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate
371 The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified followed by
372 the subject name of the certificate. The second line contains the error number
373 and the depth. The depth is number of the certificate being verified when a
374 problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified itself
375 then 1 for the \s-1CA\s0 that signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version
376 of the error number is presented.
378 An exhaustive list of the error codes and messages is shown below, this also
379 includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file x509_vfy.h
380 Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described
382 .IP "\fB0 X509_V_OK: ok\fR" 4
383 .IX Item "0 X509_V_OK: ok"
384 the operation was successful.
385 .IP "\fB2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate\fR" 4
386 .IX Item "2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate"
387 the issuer certificate of a looked up certificate could not be found. This
388 normally means the list of trusted certificates is not complete.
389 .IP "\fB3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate \s-1CRL\s0\fR" 4
390 .IX Item "3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate CRL"
391 the \s-1CRL\s0 of a certificate could not be found.
392 .IP "\fB4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature\fR" 4
393 .IX Item "4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature"
394 the certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that the actual signature value
395 could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value, this is only
396 meaningful for \s-1RSA\s0 keys.
397 .IP "\fB5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt \s-1CRL\s0's signature\fR" 4
398 .IX Item "5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt CRL's signature"
399 the \s-1CRL\s0 signature could not be decrypted: this means that the actual signature value
400 could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. Unused.
401 .IP "\fB6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key\fR" 4
402 .IX Item "6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key"
403 the public key in the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be read.
404 .IP "\fB7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure\fR" 4
405 .IX Item "7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure"
406 the signature of the certificate is invalid.
407 .IP "\fB8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: \s-1CRL\s0 signature failure\fR" 4
408 .IX Item "8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: CRL signature failure"
409 the signature of the certificate is invalid.
410 .IP "\fB9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid\fR" 4
411 .IX Item "9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid"
412 the certificate is not yet valid: the notBefore date is after the current time.
413 .IP "\fB10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired\fR" 4
414 .IX Item "10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired"
415 the certificate has expired: that is the notAfter date is before the current time.
416 .IP "\fB11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid\fR" 4
417 .IX Item "11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: CRL is not yet valid"
418 the \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid.
419 .IP "\fB12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: \s-1CRL\s0 has expired\fR" 4
420 .IX Item "12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: CRL has expired"
421 the \s-1CRL\s0 has expired.
422 .IP "\fB13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field\fR" 4
423 .IX Item "13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field"
424 the certificate notBefore field contains an invalid time.
425 .IP "\fB14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field\fR" 4
426 .IX Item "14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field"
427 the certificate notAfter field contains an invalid time.
428 .IP "\fB15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in \s-1CRL\s0's lastUpdate field\fR" 4
429 .IX Item "15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's lastUpdate field"
430 the \s-1CRL\s0 lastUpdate field contains an invalid time.
431 .IP "\fB16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in \s-1CRL\s0's nextUpdate field\fR" 4
432 .IX Item "16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's nextUpdate field"
433 the \s-1CRL\s0 nextUpdate field contains an invalid time.
434 .IP "\fB17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory\fR" 4
435 .IX Item "17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory"
436 an error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never happen.
437 .IP "\fB18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate\fR" 4
438 .IX Item "18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate"
439 the passed certificate is self signed and the same certificate cannot be found in the list of
440 trusted certificates.
441 .IP "\fB19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain\fR" 4
442 .IX Item "19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain"
443 the certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates but the root could not
445 .IP "\fB20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate\fR" 4
446 .IX Item "20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate"
447 the issuer certificate could not be found: this occurs if the issuer
448 certificate of an untrusted certificate cannot be found.
449 .IP "\fB21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate\fR" 4
450 .IX Item "21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate"
451 no signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one certificate and it is not
453 .IP "\fB22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long\fR" 4
454 .IX Item "22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long"
455 the certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum depth. Unused.
456 .IP "\fB23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked\fR" 4
457 .IX Item "23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked"
458 the certificate has been revoked.
459 .IP "\fB24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid \s-1CA\s0 certificate\fR" 4
460 .IX Item "24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid CA certificate"
461 a \s-1CA\s0 certificate is invalid. Either it is not a \s-1CA\s0 or its extensions are not consistent
462 with the supplied purpose.
463 .IP "\fB25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded\fR" 4
464 .IX Item "25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded"
465 the basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded.
466 .IP "\fB26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose\fR" 4
467 .IX Item "26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose"
468 the supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose.
469 .IP "\fB27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted\fR" 4
470 .IX Item "27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted"
471 the root \s-1CA\s0 is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose.
472 .IP "\fB28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected\fR" 4
473 .IX Item "28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected"
474 the root \s-1CA\s0 is marked to reject the specified purpose.
475 .IP "\fB29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch\fR" 4
476 .IX Item "29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch"
477 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject name
478 did not match the issuer name of the current certificate. Only displayed when
479 the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
480 .IP "\fB30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch\fR" 4
481 .IX Item "30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch"
482 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject key
483 identifier was present and did not match the authority key identifier current
484 certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
485 .IP "\fB31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch\fR" 4
486 .IX Item "31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch"
487 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its issuer name
488 and serial number was present and did not match the authority key identifier
489 of the current certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
490 .IP "\fB32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing\fR" 4
491 .IX Item "32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing"
492 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its keyUsage extension
493 does not permit certificate signing.
494 .IP "\fB50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure\fR" 4
495 .IX Item "50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure"
496 an application specific error. Unused.
499 Although the issuer checks are a considerable improvement over the old technique they still
500 suffer from limitations in the underlying X509_LOOKUP \s-1API.\s0 One consequence of this is that
501 trusted certificates with matching subject name must either appear in a file (as specified by the
502 \&\fB\-CAfile\fR option) or a directory (as specified by \fB\-CApath\fR. If they occur in both then only
503 the certificates in the file will be recognised.
505 Previous versions of OpenSSL assume certificates with matching subject name are identical and
508 Previous versions of this documentation swapped the meaning of the
509 \&\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT\fR and
510 \&\fB20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY\fR error codes.
512 .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
516 The \-no_alt_chains options was first added to OpenSSL 1.0.2b.
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