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133 .\" ========================================================================
136 .TH VERIFY 1 "2015-12-03" "1.0.2e" "OpenSSL"
137 .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
138 .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
142 verify \- Utility to verify certificates.
144 .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
145 \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBverify\fR
146 [\fB\-CApath directory\fR]
147 [\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
148 [\fB\-purpose purpose\fR]
150 [\fB\-ignore_critical\fR]
151 [\fB\-attime timestamp\fR]
152 [\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR]
153 [\fB\-crlfile file\fR]
154 [\fB\-crl_download\fR]
156 [\fB\-crl_check_all\fR]
157 [\fB\-policy_check\fR]
158 [\fB\-explicit_policy\fR]
159 [\fB\-inhibit_any\fR]
160 [\fB\-inhibit_map\fR]
161 [\fB\-x509_strict\fR]
162 [\fB\-extended_crl\fR]
164 [\fB\-policy_print\fR]
165 [\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR]
166 [\fB\-untrusted file\fR]
168 [\fB\-issuer_checks\fR]
169 [\fB\-trusted file\fR]
174 .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
175 The \fBverify\fR command verifies certificate chains.
176 .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS"
177 .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS"
178 .IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4
179 .IX Item "-CApath directory"
180 A directory of trusted certificates. The certificates should have names
181 of the form: hash.0 or have symbolic links to them of this
182 form (\*(L"hash\*(R" is the hashed certificate subject name: see the \fB\-hash\fR option
183 of the \fBx509\fR utility). Under Unix the \fBc_rehash\fR script will automatically
184 create symbolic links to a directory of certificates.
185 .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together." 4
186 .IX Item "-CAfile file A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in PEM format concatenated together."
188 .IP "\fB\-attime timestamp\fR" 4
189 .IX Item "-attime timestamp"
191 Perform validation checks using time specified by \fBtimestamp\fR and not
192 current system time. \fBtimestamp\fR is the number of seconds since
193 01.01.1970 (\s-1UNIX\s0 time).
194 .IP "\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR" 4
195 .IX Item "-check_ss_sig"
196 Verify the signature on the self-signed root \s-1CA.\s0 This is disabled by default
197 because it doesn't add any security.
198 .IP "\fB\-crlfile file\fR" 4
199 .IX Item "-crlfile file"
200 File containing one or more \s-1CRL\s0's (in \s-1PEM\s0 format) to load.
201 .IP "\fB\-crl_download\fR" 4
202 .IX Item "-crl_download"
203 Attempt to download \s-1CRL\s0 information for this certificate.
204 .IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR" 4
205 .IX Item "-crl_check"
206 Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid \s-1CRL.\s0
207 If a valid \s-1CRL\s0 cannot be found an error occurs.
208 .IP "\fB\-untrusted file\fR" 4
209 .IX Item "-untrusted file"
210 A file of untrusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates
211 in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together.
212 .IP "\fB\-purpose purpose\fR" 4
213 .IX Item "-purpose purpose"
214 The intended use for the certificate. If this option is not specified,
215 \&\fBverify\fR will not consider certificate purpose during chain verification.
216 Currently accepted uses are \fBsslclient\fR, \fBsslserver\fR, \fBnssslserver\fR,
217 \&\fBsmimesign\fR, \fBsmimeencrypt\fR. See the \fB\s-1VERIFY OPERATION\s0\fR section for more
221 Print out a usage message.
222 .IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4
224 Print extra information about the operations being performed.
225 .IP "\fB\-issuer_checks\fR" 4
226 .IX Item "-issuer_checks"
227 Print out diagnostics relating to searches for the issuer certificate of the
228 current certificate. This shows why each candidate issuer certificate was
229 rejected. The presence of rejection messages does not itself imply that
230 anything is wrong; during the normal verification process, several
231 rejections may take place.
232 .IP "\fB\-policy arg\fR" 4
233 .IX Item "-policy arg"
234 Enable policy processing and add \fBarg\fR to the user-initial-policy-set (see
235 \&\s-1RFC5280\s0). The policy \fBarg\fR can be an object name an \s-1OID\s0 in numeric form.
236 This argument can appear more than once.
237 .IP "\fB\-policy_check\fR" 4
238 .IX Item "-policy_check"
239 Enables certificate policy processing.
240 .IP "\fB\-explicit_policy\fR" 4
241 .IX Item "-explicit_policy"
242 Set policy variable require-explicit-policy (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
243 .IP "\fB\-inhibit_any\fR" 4
244 .IX Item "-inhibit_any"
245 Set policy variable inhibit-any-policy (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
246 .IP "\fB\-inhibit_map\fR" 4
247 .IX Item "-inhibit_map"
248 Set policy variable inhibit-policy-mapping (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
249 .IP "\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR" 4
250 .IX Item "-no_alt_chains"
251 When building a certificate chain, if the first certificate chain found is not
252 trusted, then OpenSSL will continue to check to see if an alternative chain can
253 be found that is trusted. With this option that behaviour is suppressed so that
254 only the first chain found is ever used. Using this option will force the
255 behaviour to match that of previous OpenSSL versions.
256 .IP "\fB\-trusted file\fR" 4
257 .IX Item "-trusted file"
258 A file of additional trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple
259 certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together.
260 .IP "\fB\-policy_print\fR" 4
261 .IX Item "-policy_print"
262 Print out diagnostics related to policy processing.
263 .IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR" 4
264 .IX Item "-crl_check"
265 Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid \s-1CRL.\s0
266 If a valid \s-1CRL\s0 cannot be found an error occurs.
267 .IP "\fB\-crl_check_all\fR" 4
268 .IX Item "-crl_check_all"
269 Checks the validity of \fBall\fR certificates in the chain by attempting
270 to look up valid CRLs.
271 .IP "\fB\-ignore_critical\fR" 4
272 .IX Item "-ignore_critical"
273 Normally if an unhandled critical extension is present which is not
274 supported by OpenSSL the certificate is rejected (as required by \s-1RFC5280\s0).
275 If this option is set critical extensions are ignored.
276 .IP "\fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4
277 .IX Item "-x509_strict"
278 For strict X.509 compliance, disable non-compliant workarounds for broken
280 .IP "\fB\-extended_crl\fR" 4
281 .IX Item "-extended_crl"
282 Enable extended \s-1CRL\s0 features such as indirect CRLs and alternate \s-1CRL\s0
284 .IP "\fB\-use_deltas\fR" 4
285 .IX Item "-use_deltas"
286 Enable support for delta CRLs.
287 .IP "\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR" 4
288 .IX Item "-check_ss_sig"
289 Verify the signature on the self-signed root \s-1CA.\s0 This is disabled by default
290 because it doesn't add any security.
293 Indicates the last option. All arguments following this are assumed to be
294 certificate files. This is useful if the first certificate filename begins
296 .IP "\fBcertificates\fR" 4
297 .IX Item "certificates"
298 One or more certificates to verify. If no certificates are given, \fBverify\fR
299 will attempt to read a certificate from standard input. Certificates must be
300 in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
301 .SH "VERIFY OPERATION"
302 .IX Header "VERIFY OPERATION"
303 The \fBverify\fR program uses the same functions as the internal \s-1SSL\s0 and S/MIME
304 verification, therefore this description applies to these verify operations
307 There is one crucial difference between the verify operations performed
308 by the \fBverify\fR program: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue
309 after an error whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the
310 first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be
313 The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps.
315 Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate
316 and ending in the root \s-1CA.\s0 It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built
317 up. The chain is built up by looking up the issuers certificate of the current
318 certificate. If a certificate is found which is its own issuer it is assumed
319 to be the root \s-1CA.\s0
321 The process of 'looking up the issuers certificate' itself involves a number
322 of steps. In versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.5a the first certificate whose
323 subject name matched the issuer of the current certificate was assumed to be
324 the issuers certificate. In OpenSSL 0.9.6 and later all certificates
325 whose subject name matches the issuer name of the current certificate are
326 subject to further tests. The relevant authority key identifier components
327 of the current certificate (if present) must match the subject key identifier
328 (if present) and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer, in addition
329 the keyUsage extension of the candidate issuer (if present) must permit
332 The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match
333 is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates. The root \s-1CA\s0
334 is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the certificate to
335 verify is a root certificate then an exact match must be found in the trusted
338 The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for
339 consistency with the supplied purpose. If the \fB\-purpose\fR option is not included
340 then no checks are done. The supplied or \*(L"leaf\*(R" certificate must have extensions
341 compatible with the supplied purpose and all other certificates must also be valid
342 \&\s-1CA\s0 certificates. The precise extensions required are described in more detail in
343 the \fB\s-1CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS\s0\fR section of the \fBx509\fR utility.
345 The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root \s-1CA.\s0 The root
346 \&\s-1CA\s0 should be trusted for the supplied purpose. For compatibility with previous
347 versions of SSLeay and OpenSSL a certificate with no trust settings is considered
348 to be valid for all purposes.
350 The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain. The validity
351 period is checked against the current system time and the notBefore and notAfter
352 dates in the certificate. The certificate signatures are also checked at this
355 If all operations complete successfully then certificate is considered valid. If
356 any operation fails then the certificate is not valid.
358 .IX Header "DIAGNOSTICS"
359 When a verify operation fails the output messages can be somewhat cryptic. The
360 general form of the error message is:
363 \& server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024 bit)
364 \& error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate
367 The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified followed by
368 the subject name of the certificate. The second line contains the error number
369 and the depth. The depth is number of the certificate being verified when a
370 problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified itself
371 then 1 for the \s-1CA\s0 that signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version
372 of the error number is presented.
374 An exhaustive list of the error codes and messages is shown below, this also
375 includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file x509_vfy.h
376 Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described
378 .IP "\fB0 X509_V_OK: ok\fR" 4
379 .IX Item "0 X509_V_OK: ok"
380 the operation was successful.
381 .IP "\fB2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate\fR" 4
382 .IX Item "2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate"
383 the issuer certificate of a looked up certificate could not be found. This
384 normally means the list of trusted certificates is not complete.
385 .IP "\fB3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate \s-1CRL\s0\fR" 4
386 .IX Item "3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate CRL"
387 the \s-1CRL\s0 of a certificate could not be found.
388 .IP "\fB4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature\fR" 4
389 .IX Item "4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature"
390 the certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that the actual signature value
391 could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value, this is only
392 meaningful for \s-1RSA\s0 keys.
393 .IP "\fB5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt \s-1CRL\s0's signature\fR" 4
394 .IX Item "5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt CRL's signature"
395 the \s-1CRL\s0 signature could not be decrypted: this means that the actual signature value
396 could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. Unused.
397 .IP "\fB6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key\fR" 4
398 .IX Item "6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key"
399 the public key in the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be read.
400 .IP "\fB7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure\fR" 4
401 .IX Item "7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure"
402 the signature of the certificate is invalid.
403 .IP "\fB8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: \s-1CRL\s0 signature failure\fR" 4
404 .IX Item "8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: CRL signature failure"
405 the signature of the certificate is invalid.
406 .IP "\fB9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid\fR" 4
407 .IX Item "9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid"
408 the certificate is not yet valid: the notBefore date is after the current time.
409 .IP "\fB10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired\fR" 4
410 .IX Item "10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired"
411 the certificate has expired: that is the notAfter date is before the current time.
412 .IP "\fB11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid\fR" 4
413 .IX Item "11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: CRL is not yet valid"
414 the \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid.
415 .IP "\fB12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: \s-1CRL\s0 has expired\fR" 4
416 .IX Item "12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: CRL has expired"
417 the \s-1CRL\s0 has expired.
418 .IP "\fB13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field\fR" 4
419 .IX Item "13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field"
420 the certificate notBefore field contains an invalid time.
421 .IP "\fB14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field\fR" 4
422 .IX Item "14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field"
423 the certificate notAfter field contains an invalid time.
424 .IP "\fB15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in \s-1CRL\s0's lastUpdate field\fR" 4
425 .IX Item "15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's lastUpdate field"
426 the \s-1CRL\s0 lastUpdate field contains an invalid time.
427 .IP "\fB16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in \s-1CRL\s0's nextUpdate field\fR" 4
428 .IX Item "16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's nextUpdate field"
429 the \s-1CRL\s0 nextUpdate field contains an invalid time.
430 .IP "\fB17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory\fR" 4
431 .IX Item "17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory"
432 an error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never happen.
433 .IP "\fB18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate\fR" 4
434 .IX Item "18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate"
435 the passed certificate is self signed and the same certificate cannot be found in the list of
436 trusted certificates.
437 .IP "\fB19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain\fR" 4
438 .IX Item "19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain"
439 the certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates but the root could not
441 .IP "\fB20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate\fR" 4
442 .IX Item "20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate"
443 the issuer certificate could not be found: this occurs if the issuer
444 certificate of an untrusted certificate cannot be found.
445 .IP "\fB21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate\fR" 4
446 .IX Item "21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate"
447 no signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one certificate and it is not
449 .IP "\fB22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long\fR" 4
450 .IX Item "22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long"
451 the certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum depth. Unused.
452 .IP "\fB23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked\fR" 4
453 .IX Item "23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked"
454 the certificate has been revoked.
455 .IP "\fB24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid \s-1CA\s0 certificate\fR" 4
456 .IX Item "24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid CA certificate"
457 a \s-1CA\s0 certificate is invalid. Either it is not a \s-1CA\s0 or its extensions are not consistent
458 with the supplied purpose.
459 .IP "\fB25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded\fR" 4
460 .IX Item "25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded"
461 the basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded.
462 .IP "\fB26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose\fR" 4
463 .IX Item "26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose"
464 the supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose.
465 .IP "\fB27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted\fR" 4
466 .IX Item "27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted"
467 the root \s-1CA\s0 is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose.
468 .IP "\fB28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected\fR" 4
469 .IX Item "28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected"
470 the root \s-1CA\s0 is marked to reject the specified purpose.
471 .IP "\fB29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch\fR" 4
472 .IX Item "29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch"
473 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject name
474 did not match the issuer name of the current certificate. Only displayed when
475 the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
476 .IP "\fB30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch\fR" 4
477 .IX Item "30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch"
478 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject key
479 identifier was present and did not match the authority key identifier current
480 certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
481 .IP "\fB31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch\fR" 4
482 .IX Item "31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch"
483 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its issuer name
484 and serial number was present and did not match the authority key identifier
485 of the current certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set.
486 .IP "\fB32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing\fR" 4
487 .IX Item "32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing"
488 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its keyUsage extension
489 does not permit certificate signing.
490 .IP "\fB50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure\fR" 4
491 .IX Item "50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure"
492 an application specific error. Unused.
495 Although the issuer checks are a considerable improvement over the old technique they still
496 suffer from limitations in the underlying X509_LOOKUP \s-1API.\s0 One consequence of this is that
497 trusted certificates with matching subject name must either appear in a file (as specified by the
498 \&\fB\-CAfile\fR option) or a directory (as specified by \fB\-CApath\fR. If they occur in both then only
499 the certificates in the file will be recognised.
501 Previous versions of OpenSSL assume certificates with matching subject name are identical and
504 Previous versions of this documentation swapped the meaning of the
505 \&\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT\fR and
506 \&\fB20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY\fR error codes.
508 .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
512 The \-no_alt_chains options was first added to OpenSSL 1.0.2b.
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