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51 is a text-formatting program,
52 written originally by J. F. Ossanna,
54 high-quality printed output from the phototypesetter
58 This document is an example of
62 The single most important rule
66 not to use it directly, but through some intermediary.
69 resembles an assembly language _
70 a remarkably powerful and flexible one _
71 but nonetheless such that many operations must be specified
72 at a level of detail and in a form that is too hard
73 for most people to use effectively.
75 For two special applications, there are programs that provide
78 for the majority of users.
81 provides an easy to learn language for typesetting mathematics;
88 to typeset mathematics.
91 provides the same convenience for producing tables of arbitrary
94 For producing straight text (which may well contain mathematics or tables), there are a number of `macro packages'
95 that define formatting rules and operations for specific styles
97 and reduce the amount of
100 In particular, the `\-ms'
102 PWB/MM [5], and `\-me' [6]
104 for internal memoranda and external papers
105 provide most of the facilities needed
106 for a wide range of document preparation.\(dg
108 \(dg Most Berkeley Unix sites only have \-ms and \-me.
110 (This memo was prepared with `\-ms'.)
111 There are also packages for viewgraphs,
112 for simulating the older
115 and for other special applications.
116 Typically you will find these packages easier to use
119 once you get beyond the most trivial operations;
120 you should always consider them first.
122 In the few cases where existing packages don't do the whole job,
126 to write an entirely new set of
128 instructions from scratch, but to make small changes
129 to adapt packages that already exist.
132 In accordance with this philosophy of letting someone else
136 described here is only a small part of the whole,
137 although it tries to concentrate on the more useful parts.
138 In any case, there is no attempt to be complete.
139 Rather, the emphasis is on showing how to do simple things,
140 and how to make incremental changes to what already exists.
141 The contents of the remaining sections are:
146 \02. Point sizes and line spacing
147 \03. Fonts and special characters
148 \04. Indents and line length
150 \06. Local motions: Drawing lines and characters
152 \08. Introduction to macros
153 \09. Titles, pages and numbering
154 10. Number registers and arithmetic
155 11. Macros with arguments
159 Appendix: Typesetter character set
165 described here is the C-language version supplied with
167 Version 7 and 32V as documented in [1].
172 you have to prepare not only the actual text you want printed,
173 but some information that tells
179 will find the approach familiar.)
184 the formatting information are often intertwined quite intimately.
187 are placed on a line separate from the text itself,
188 beginning with a period (one command per line).
195 will change the `point size',
197 the size of the letters being printed,
198 to `14 point' (one point is 1/72 inch) like this:
207 Occasionally, though,
208 something special occurs in the middle of a line _
211 Area = \(*p\fIr\fR\|\s8\u2\d\s0
215 Area = \e(*p\efIr\efR\e\^|\^\es8\eu2\ed\es0
217 (which we will explain shortly).
218 The backslash character
223 commands and special characters within a line of text.