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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
36 .Nd layout of file systems
38 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
41 root directory of the file system
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
57 Loadable modules containing binary firmware for hardware that needs
58 firmware downloaded to it to function
60 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
63 third-party loadable kernel modules;
72 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
80 device special files managed by
83 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
85 file descriptor files;
92 system configuration files and scripts
94 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
96 default system configuration files;
100 bluetooth configuration files
102 local timezone information;
106 Sendmail control files
108 mtree configuration files;
112 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
115 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
120 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
124 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
128 ppp configuration files;
132 OpenSSH configuration files;
136 OpenSSL configuration files
139 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
144 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
146 class-specific libraries for the
151 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
156 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
157 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
160 empty directory commonly used by
161 system administrators as a temporary mount point
163 automounted NFS shares;
171 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
175 root's HOME directory
177 system programs and administration utilities
178 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
180 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
182 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
184 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
186 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
188 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
191 standard C include files
193 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
195 C include files for alternate queueing
197 C include files for Internet service protocols
199 C include files for the SNMP daemon
203 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
204 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
206 The SCSI device on top of CAM
209 C include files for programming various
212 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
214 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
217 Open Firmware support
223 The parallel port bus;
229 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
238 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
242 per-process file descriptors file system
249 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
263 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
279 ISC utility library libisc include files
281 C include files for libmilter,
286 machine-specific C include files
288 miscellaneous network C include files
290 C include files for 802.11 wireless networking;
294 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
298 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
302 kernel key-management service;
309 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
311 include files for the signalling API
313 include files that describe signalling messages and
314 declare associated functions
316 include files for the signalling AAL layer
318 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
323 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
325 Objective C include files
327 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
331 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
333 get a line from a user, with editing;
337 remote procedure calls;
341 definition of RPC service structures; see
347 system C include files (kernel data structures)
352 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
359 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
360 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
376 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
378 a.out archive libraries
380 shared libraries for compatibility
381 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
383 a.out backward compatibility libraries
386 standalone debug data for the base system libraries and binaries
388 DTrace library scripts
390 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
392 Private system libraries not for use by third-party programs.
393 ABI and API stability are not guaranteed.
397 miscellaneous utility data files
398 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
407 various prebuilt lint libraries;
413 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
414 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
416 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
418 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
420 utilities and filters for LP print system;
437 local executables, libraries, etc.
438 Also used as the default destination for the
443 the general layout sketched out by
454 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
457 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
463 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
469 ports collection (optional).
471 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
473 architecture-independent files
475 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
477 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
485 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
488 terms, proper names, and jargon
492 words from Webster's 2nd International
500 miscellaneous documentation;
501 source for most of the printed
507 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
509 Frequently Asked Questions
511 implementation notes for IPv6
513 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
515 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
520 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
522 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
524 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
528 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
532 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
534 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
536 UNIX System Manager's Manual
541 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
543 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
547 various examples for users and programmers
549 ASCII text files used by various games
551 device description file for device name
553 GNU Info hypertext system
555 known trusted and revoked keys.
556 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
571 data files used by mdocml
573 macros for use with the me macro package;
577 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
578 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
582 terminal characteristics database;
591 national language support files;
595 data files for security policies such as
603 (dot) files for new accounts
605 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
606 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
608 Tree definition files for use with
614 files used by syscons;
617 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
625 console keyboard maps;
634 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
639 text processing macros;
645 localization support and utilities for
648 timezone configuration information;
656 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
664 console keyboard maps;
670 .\" console screen maps
674 third-party, and/or local source files
676 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
678 source code for files in /bin
680 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
682 source code for contributed software
684 source code for contributed cryptography software
686 source code for files in
689 source code for files in
692 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
694 source code for files in
697 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
699 source code for files in
702 source code for files in
705 files required to produce a
709 source code for files in
712 build directory for files in
720 tools used for maintenance and testing of
723 source code for files in
726 source code for files in
739 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
741 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
743 system accounting files
745 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
747 execution accounting file;
753 timed command scheduling files;
756 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
758 directory containing job files
760 directory containing output spool files
764 miscellaneous backup files
766 miscellaneous cached files
767 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
774 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
782 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
790 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
792 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
795 for privilege separation.
797 miscellaneous game status and score files
799 kerberos server databases; see
802 miscellaneous system log files
804 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
818 system messages database;
822 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
827 file system quota information files
829 system information files describing various info about
830 system since it was booted
832 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
836 group for command connection sockets; see
839 database of current users;
852 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
854 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
856 undelivered submission mail queue;
860 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
862 undelivered mail queue;
866 line printer spooling directories
870 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
871 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
873 the directory where recovery files are stored
880 This manual page documents the default
882 file system layout, but
883 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
884 administrator's discretion.
885 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
902 manual page appeared in