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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
36 .Nd layout of file systems
38 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width "/libexec/"
41 root directory of the file system
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width "defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
57 loadable kernel modules containing binary firmware for hardware that needs
58 firmware downloaded to it to function
60 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
61 at boot time) and kernel modules
63 third-party loadable kernel modules;
67 Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) overlays; see
76 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
84 device special files managed by
87 .Bl -tag -width "net/" -compact
89 file descriptor files;
94 system configuration files and scripts
96 .Bl -tag -width "bluetooth/" -compact
98 default system configuration files;
102 bluetooth configuration files
104 local timezone information;
108 Sendmail control files
110 mtree configuration files;
114 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
117 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
122 system and daemon startup/control scripts;
126 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
130 ppp configuration files;
134 OpenSSH configuration files;
138 OpenSSL configuration files
141 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
146 .Bl -tag -width "geom/" -compact
148 class-specific libraries for the
153 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
158 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
159 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
162 empty directory commonly used by
163 system administrators as a temporary mount point
165 automounted NFS shares;
173 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
177 root's HOME directory
179 system programs and administration utilities
180 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
182 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
184 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
186 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
188 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
190 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
193 standard C include files
195 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
197 C include files for Internet service protocols
199 C include files for the SNMP daemon
203 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
204 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
206 SCSI device on top of CAM
209 C include files for programming various
212 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
214 various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
217 Open Firmware support
229 physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
237 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
239 per-process file descriptors file system
243 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
257 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
273 C include files for libmilter,
278 machine-specific C include files
280 miscellaneous network C include files
281 .Bl -tag -width "altq/" -compact
283 C include files for alternate queueing
286 C include files for 802.11 wireless networking;
290 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
294 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
298 kernel key-management service;
305 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
307 include files for the signalling API
309 include files that describe signalling messages and
310 declare associated functions
312 include files for the signalling AAL layer
314 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
319 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
321 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
323 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
325 get a line from a user, with editing;
329 remote procedure calls;
333 definition of RPC service structures; see
339 system C include files (kernel data structures)
344 .\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
351 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
352 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
368 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
370 a.out archive libraries
372 shared libraries for compatibility
373 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
375 a.out backward compatibility libraries
378 standalone debug data for the kernel and base system libraries and binaries
380 DTrace library scripts
382 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
386 miscellaneous utility data files
387 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
396 various prebuilt lint libraries;
402 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
403 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
405 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
407 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
409 utilities and filters for LP print system;
426 local executables, libraries, etc.
427 Also used as the default destination for the
432 the general layout sketched out by
443 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
446 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
452 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
461 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
463 architecture-independent files
465 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
467 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
475 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
478 terms, proper names, and jargon
480 words from Webster's 2nd International
484 miscellaneous documentation;
485 source for most of the printed
491 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
493 Frequently Asked Questions
495 implementation notes for IPv6
497 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
502 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
504 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
506 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
510 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
514 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
516 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
518 UNIX System Manager's Manual
523 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
525 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
529 various examples for users and programmers
531 firmware images loaded by userland programs
533 ASCII text files used by various games
535 device description file for device name
537 known trusted and revoked keys.
538 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
553 macros for use with the me macro package;
557 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
558 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
562 terminal characteristics database;
571 national language support files;
575 data files for security policies such as
583 (dot) files for new accounts
585 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
586 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
588 tree definition files for use with
594 files used by syscons;
597 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
605 console keyboard maps;
614 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
619 text processing macros;
625 localization support and utilities for
631 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
639 console keyboard maps;
645 .\" console screen maps
648 timezone configuration information;
654 third-party, and/or local source files
656 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
658 source code for files in /bin
660 utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
662 source code for contributed software
664 source code for contributed cryptography software
666 source code for files in
669 utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
671 source code for files in
674 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
676 source code for files in
681 source code for files in
684 files required to produce a
688 source code for files in
691 source code for files in
694 build directory for files in
700 boot loader source code
703 .Bl -tag -width "opencrypto/" -compact
705 AMD64 architecture support
707 ARM architecture support
709 ARMv8 architecture support
717 CDDL-licensed optional sources, including ZFS
728 i386 (32 bit) architecture support
730 main part of the kernel
732 MIPS architecture support
750 PowerPC/POWER architecture support
752 RISC-V architecture support
758 SPARC64 architecture support
764 code shared by AMD64 and i386 architectures
767 support for experimental DIRDEPS_BUILD
769 source code for files in
772 tools used for maintenance and testing of
775 source code for files in
778 source code for files in
791 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
793 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
795 system accounting files
797 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
799 execution accounting file;
805 timed command scheduling files;
808 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
810 directory containing job files
812 directory containing output spool files
816 miscellaneous backup files
818 miscellaneous cached files
819 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
826 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
834 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
842 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
844 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
847 for privilege separation.
849 miscellaneous game status and score files
851 kerberos server databases; see
854 miscellaneous system log files
856 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
870 system messages database;
874 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
879 file system quota information files
881 system information files describing various info about
882 system since it was booted
884 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
888 group for command connection sockets; see
891 database of current users;
904 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
906 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
908 undelivered submission mail queue;
912 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
914 undelivered mail queue;
918 line printer spooling directories
922 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
923 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
925 the directory where recovery files are stored
932 This manual page documents the default
934 file system layout, but
935 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
936 administrator's discretion.
937 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
954 manual page appeared in