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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
36 .Nd layout of file systems
38 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width "/libexec/"
41 root directory of the file system
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width "defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
57 loadable kernel modules containing binary firmware for hardware that needs
58 firmware downloaded to it to function
60 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
61 at boot time) and kernel modules
63 third-party loadable kernel modules;
71 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
79 device special files managed by
82 .Bl -tag -width "net/" -compact
84 file descriptor files;
89 system configuration files and scripts
91 .Bl -tag -width "bluetooth/" -compact
93 default system configuration files;
97 bluetooth configuration files
99 local timezone information;
103 Sendmail control files
105 mtree configuration files;
109 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
112 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
117 system and daemon startup/control scripts;
121 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
125 ppp configuration files;
129 OpenSSH configuration files;
133 OpenSSL configuration files
136 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
141 .Bl -tag -width "geom/" -compact
143 class-specific libraries for the
148 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
153 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
154 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
157 empty directory commonly used by
158 system administrators as a temporary mount point
160 automounted NFS shares;
168 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
172 root's HOME directory
174 system programs and administration utilities
175 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
177 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
179 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
181 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
183 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
185 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
188 standard C include files
190 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
192 C include files for Internet service protocols
194 C include files for the SNMP daemon
198 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
199 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
201 SCSI device on top of CAM
204 C include files for programming various
207 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
209 various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
212 Open Firmware support
228 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
230 per-process file descriptors file system
234 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
248 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
264 C include files for libmilter,
269 machine-specific C include files
271 miscellaneous network C include files
272 .Bl -tag -width "altq/" -compact
274 C include files for alternate queueing
277 C include files for 802.11 wireless networking;
281 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
285 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
289 kernel key-management service;
295 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
297 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
299 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
301 get a line from a user, with editing;
305 remote procedure calls;
309 definition of RPC service structures; see
315 system C include files (kernel data structures)
320 .\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
327 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
328 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
344 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
346 a.out archive libraries
348 shared libraries for compatibility
349 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
351 a.out backward compatibility libraries
354 standalone debug data for the kernel and base system libraries and binaries
356 DTrace library scripts
358 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
362 miscellaneous utility data files
363 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
372 various prebuilt lint libraries;
378 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
379 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
381 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
383 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
385 utilities and filters for LP print system;
402 local executables, libraries, etc.
403 Also used as the default destination for the
408 the general layout sketched out by
419 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
422 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
428 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
437 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
439 architecture-independent files
441 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
443 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
451 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
454 terms, proper names, and jargon
456 words from Webster's 2nd International
460 miscellaneous documentation;
461 source for most of the printed
467 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
469 Frequently Asked Questions
471 implementation notes for IPv6
473 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
475 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
480 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
482 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
484 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
488 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
492 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
494 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
496 UNIX System Manager's Manual
501 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
503 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
507 various examples for users and programmers
509 firmware images loaded by userland programs
511 ASCII text files used by various games
513 device description file for device name
515 known trusted and revoked keys.
516 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
531 macros for use with the me macro package;
535 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
536 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
540 terminal characteristics database;
549 national language support files;
553 data files for security policies such as
561 (dot) files for new accounts
563 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
564 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
566 tree definition files for use with
572 files used by syscons;
575 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
583 console keyboard maps;
592 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
597 text processing macros;
603 localization support and utilities for
609 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
617 console keyboard maps;
623 .\" console screen maps
626 timezone configuration information;
632 third-party, and/or local source files
634 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
636 source code for files in /bin
638 utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
640 source code for contributed software
642 source code for contributed cryptography software
644 source code for files in
647 utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
649 source code for files in
652 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
654 source code for files in
659 source code for files in
662 files required to produce a
666 source code for files in
669 source code for files in
672 build directory for files in
679 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa opencrypto/" -compact
681 AMD64 architecture support
683 ARM architecture support
685 ARMv8 architecture support
693 CDDL-licensed optional sources, including ZFS
704 i386 (32 bit) architecture support
706 main part of the kernel
708 MIPS architecture support
726 PowerPC/POWER architecture support
728 RISC-V architecture support
734 SPARC64 architecture support
740 code shared by AMD64 and i386 architectures
743 support for experimental DIRDEPS_BUILD
745 source code for files in
748 tools used for maintenance and testing of
751 source code for files in
754 source code for files in
767 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
769 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
771 system accounting files
773 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
775 execution accounting file;
781 timed command scheduling files;
784 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
786 directory containing job files
788 directory containing output spool files
792 miscellaneous backup files
794 miscellaneous cached files
795 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
802 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
810 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
818 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
820 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
823 for privilege separation.
825 miscellaneous game status and score files
827 kerberos server databases; see
830 miscellaneous system log files
832 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
846 system messages database;
850 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
855 file system quota information files
857 system information files describing various info about
858 system since it was booted
860 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
864 group for command connection sockets; see
867 database of current users;
880 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
882 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
884 undelivered submission mail queue;
888 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
890 undelivered mail queue;
894 line printer spooling directories
898 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
899 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
901 the directory where recovery files are stored
908 This manual page documents the default
910 file system layout, but
911 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
912 administrator's discretion.
913 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
930 manual page appeared in