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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
76 device special files managed by
79 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
81 file descriptor files;
91 system configuration files and scripts
93 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
95 default system configuration files;
99 bluetooth configuration files
101 gnats configuration files;
105 isdn4bsd configuration files;
109 local timezone information;
113 Sendmail control files
115 mtree configuration files;
119 named configuration files;
123 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
126 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
131 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
135 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
139 ppp configuration files;
143 OpenSSH configuration files;
147 OpenSSL configuration files
150 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
155 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
157 class-specific libraries for the
162 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
167 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
168 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
171 empty directory commonly used by
172 system administrators as a temporary mount point
178 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
182 root's HOME directory
184 system programs and administration utilities
185 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
187 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
189 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
191 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
193 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
195 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
200 useful and semi-frivolous programs
202 standard C include files
204 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
206 C include files for alternate queueing
208 C include files for Internet service protocols
210 C include files for the SNMP daemon
214 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
215 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
217 The SCSI device on top of CAM
220 C include files for programming various
223 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
225 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
228 Open Firmware support
234 The parallel port bus;
240 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
249 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
251 per-process file descriptors file system
276 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
292 ISC utility library libisc include files
294 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
299 C include files for libmilter,
304 machine-specific C include files
306 miscellaneous network C include files
310 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
314 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
318 kernel key-management service;
322 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
327 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
329 include files for the signalling API
331 include files that describe signalling messages and
332 declare associated functions
334 include files for the signalling AAL layer
336 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
341 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
343 Objective C include files
345 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
349 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
351 get a line from a user, with editing;
355 remote procedure calls;
359 definition of RPC service structures; see
365 system C include files (kernel data structures)
370 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
377 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
378 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
394 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
396 a.out archive libraries
398 shared libraries for compatibility
399 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
401 a.out backward compatibility libraries
404 DTrace library scripts
406 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
410 miscellaneous utility data files
411 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
420 various prebuilt lint libraries;
426 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
427 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
429 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
431 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
433 utilities and filters for LP print system;
450 local executables, libraries, etc.
451 Also used as the default destination for the
454 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
458 Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
459 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
460 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
462 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
466 ports collection (optional).
468 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
470 architecture-independent files
472 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
474 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
482 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
485 terms, proper names, and jargon
489 words from Webster's 2nd International
497 miscellaneous documentation;
498 source for most of the printed
504 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
506 Frequently Asked Questions
508 implementation notes for IPv6
510 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
512 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
517 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
519 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
521 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
525 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
529 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
531 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
533 UNIX System Manager's Manual
538 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
540 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
544 various examples for users and programmers
546 ASCII text files used by various games
548 device description file for device name
550 GNU Info hypertext system
560 macros for use with the me macro package;
564 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
565 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
569 terminal characteristics database;
578 national language support files;
582 data files for security policies such as
590 (dot) files for new accounts
592 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
593 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
595 Tree definition files for use with
601 files used by syscons;
604 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
612 console keyboard maps;
621 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
626 text processing macros;
632 localization support and utilities for
635 timezone configuration information;
641 third-party, and/or local source files
643 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
645 source code for files in /bin
647 source code for contributed software
649 source code for contributed cryptography software
651 source code for files in /etc
653 source code for files in /usr/games
655 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
657 source code for files in /usr/include
659 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
661 source code for files in /usr/lib
663 source code for files in /usr/libexec
665 files required to produce a
669 source code for files in /sbin
671 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
673 source for files in /usr/share
677 tools used for maintenance and testing of
680 source code for files in /usr/bin
682 source code for files in /usr/sbin
686 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
688 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
690 system accounting files
692 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
694 execution accounting file;
700 timed command scheduling files;
703 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
705 directory containing job files
707 directory containing output spool files
711 miscellaneous backup files
713 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
721 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
729 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
731 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
734 for privilege separation.
736 miscellaneous game status and score files
738 kerberos server databases; see
741 miscellaneous system log files
743 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
753 system messages database;
757 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
762 file system quota information files
764 system information files describing various info about
765 system since it was booted
767 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
776 group for command connection sockets; see
779 database of current users;
792 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
794 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
796 undelivered submission mail queue;
800 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
802 undelivered mail queue;
806 line printer spooling directories
810 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
811 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
813 the directory where recovery files are stored
820 This manual page documents the default
822 file system layout, but
823 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
824 administrator's discretion.
825 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
842 manual page appeared in