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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
76 device special files managed by
79 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
81 file descriptor files;
91 system configuration files and scripts
93 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
95 default system configuration files;
99 bluetooth configuration files
101 gnats configuration files;
105 local timezone information;
109 Sendmail control files
111 mtree configuration files;
115 named configuration files;
119 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
122 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
127 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
131 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
135 ppp configuration files;
139 OpenSSH configuration files;
143 OpenSSL configuration files
146 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
151 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
153 class-specific libraries for the
158 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
163 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
164 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
167 empty directory commonly used by
168 system administrators as a temporary mount point
174 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
178 root's HOME directory
180 system programs and administration utilities
181 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
183 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
185 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
187 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
189 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
191 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
196 useful and semi-frivolous programs
198 standard C include files
200 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
202 C include files for alternate queueing
204 C include files for Internet service protocols
206 C include files for the SNMP daemon
210 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
211 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
213 The SCSI device on top of CAM
216 C include files for programming various
219 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
221 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
224 Open Firmware support
230 The parallel port bus;
236 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
245 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
247 per-process file descriptors file system
254 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
274 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
290 ISC utility library libisc include files
292 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
297 C include files for libmilter,
302 machine-specific C include files
304 miscellaneous network C include files
308 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
312 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
316 kernel key-management service;
320 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
325 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
327 include files for the signalling API
329 include files that describe signalling messages and
330 declare associated functions
332 include files for the signalling AAL layer
334 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
339 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
341 Objective C include files
343 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
347 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
349 get a line from a user, with editing;
353 remote procedure calls;
357 definition of RPC service structures; see
363 system C include files (kernel data structures)
368 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
375 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
376 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
392 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
394 a.out archive libraries
396 shared libraries for compatibility
397 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
399 a.out backward compatibility libraries
402 DTrace library scripts
404 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
408 miscellaneous utility data files
409 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
418 various prebuilt lint libraries;
424 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
425 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
427 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
429 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
431 utilities and filters for LP print system;
448 local executables, libraries, etc.
449 Also used as the default destination for the
452 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
456 Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
457 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
458 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
460 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
464 ports collection (optional).
466 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
468 architecture-independent files
470 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
472 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
480 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
483 terms, proper names, and jargon
487 words from Webster's 2nd International
495 miscellaneous documentation;
496 source for most of the printed
502 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
504 Frequently Asked Questions
506 implementation notes for IPv6
508 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
510 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
515 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
517 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
519 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
523 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
527 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
529 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
531 UNIX System Manager's Manual
536 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
538 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
542 various examples for users and programmers
544 ASCII text files used by various games
546 device description file for device name
548 GNU Info hypertext system
556 macros for use with the me macro package;
560 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
561 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
565 terminal characteristics database;
574 national language support files;
578 data files for security policies such as
586 (dot) files for new accounts
588 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
589 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
591 Tree definition files for use with
597 files used by syscons;
600 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
608 console keyboard maps;
617 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
622 text processing macros;
628 localization support and utilities for
631 timezone configuration information;
637 third-party, and/or local source files
639 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
641 source code for files in /bin
643 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
645 source code for contributed software
647 source code for contributed cryptography software
649 source code for files in /etc
651 source code for files in /usr/games
653 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
655 source code for files in /usr/include
657 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
659 source code for files in /usr/lib
661 source code for files in /usr/libexec
663 files required to produce a
667 source code for files in /sbin
669 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
671 source for files in /usr/share
675 tools used for maintenance and testing of
678 source code for files in /usr/bin
680 source code for files in /usr/sbin
684 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
686 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
688 system accounting files
690 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
692 execution accounting file;
698 timed command scheduling files;
701 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
703 directory containing job files
705 directory containing output spool files
709 miscellaneous backup files
711 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
719 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
727 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
729 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
732 for privilege separation.
734 miscellaneous game status and score files
736 kerberos server databases; see
739 miscellaneous system log files
741 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
755 system messages database;
759 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
764 file system quota information files
766 system information files describing various info about
767 system since it was booted
769 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
778 group for command connection sockets; see
781 database of current users;
794 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
796 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
798 undelivered submission mail queue;
802 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
804 undelivered mail queue;
808 line printer spooling directories
812 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
813 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
815 the directory where recovery files are stored
822 This manual page documents the default
824 file system layout, but
825 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
826 administrator's discretion.
827 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
844 manual page appeared in