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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of filesystems
42 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width "/stand/"
45 root directory of the filesystem
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-part loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
76 block and character device files
78 .Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact
80 script for creating device files;
84 file descriptor files;
92 system configuration files and scripts
94 .Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact
96 default system configuration files;
100 gnats configuration files;
104 isdn4bsd configuration files;
108 configuration files for kerberos version IV;
112 local timezone information;
116 Sendmail control files
118 mtree configuration files;
122 named configuration files;
126 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
131 ppp configuration files;
135 OpenSSL configuration files
138 empty directory commonly used by
139 system administrators as a temporary mount point
146 root's HOME directory
148 system programs and administration utilities
149 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
151 programs used in a standalone environment
153 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
155 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
157 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
159 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
161 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
166 useful and semi-frivolous programs
168 kerberos server databases; see
171 standard C include files
173 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
175 C include files for Internet service protocols
177 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
178 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
180 The SCSI device on top of CAM
183 C include files for programming various
186 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
188 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
191 The parallel port bus;
202 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
204 per-process file descriptors file system
223 alternate uid/gid mappings file system
228 GNU C++ include files
229 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
231 GNU C++ libstdc++ include files
234 ISC utility library libisc include files
236 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
241 C include files for kerberos authentication package;
245 machine-specific C include files
247 misc network C include files
255 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
259 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
263 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
265 kernel key-management service
275 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
277 Objective C include files
279 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
283 POSIX real-time extensions includes;
287 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
289 get a line from a user, with editing;
293 remote procedure calls;
297 definition of RPC service structures; see
303 system C include files (kernel data structures)
308 .\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
315 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
316 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
330 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
332 a.out archive libraries
334 shared libraries for compatibility
335 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
337 a.out backward compatibility libraries
342 misc. utility data files
343 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
345 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
348 .Bl -tag -width 6n -compact
359 various prebuilt lint libraries;
363 Character set conversion tables
365 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
367 contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503;
372 holds the download firmware images
376 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
377 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
379 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
381 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
383 utilities and filters for LP print system;
387 restricted shell for sendmail;
393 local executables, libraries, etc.
394 Also used as the default destination for the
397 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
400 should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
401 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
402 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
404 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
408 ports collection (optional).
410 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
412 architecture-independent files
414 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
416 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
424 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
426 FreeBSD-specific terms, proper names, and jargon
430 words from Webster's 2nd International
438 miscellaneous documentation;
439 source for most of the printed
445 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
447 Frequently Asked Questions
449 implementation notes for IPv6
451 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
453 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
458 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
460 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
464 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
468 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
470 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
472 UNIX System Manager's Manual
477 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
479 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
483 various examples for users and programmers
485 ASCII text files used by various games
487 device description file for device name
489 GNU Info hypertext system
493 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
501 macros for use with the me macro package;
505 misc system-wide ASCII text files
506 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
514 terminal characteristics database;
523 national language support files;
527 pcvt documentation and etc examples;
535 sendmail configuration files;
539 example . (dot) files for new accounts
541 files used by syscons;
544 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact
552 console keyboard maps;
561 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
566 text processing macros;
572 localization support and utilities for
575 timezone configuration information;
581 third-party, and/or local source files
583 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
585 source code for files in /bin
587 source code for contributed software
589 source code for contributed cryptography software
591 source code for files in /etc
593 source code for files in /usr/games
595 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
597 source code for files in /usr/include
599 source code for kerberos version IV
601 source code for files in /usr/lib
603 source code for files in /usr/libexec
605 files required to produce a
609 source code for files in /sbin
611 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
613 source for files in /usr/share
617 tools used for maintenance and testing of
620 source code for files in /usr/bin
622 source code for files in /usr/sbin
626 X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional).
627 .Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
629 X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports).
631 X11R6 configuration files and scripts.
639 architecture-independent files.
643 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
645 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
647 system accounting files
649 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
651 execution accounting file;
657 timed command scheduling files;
660 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
662 directory containing job files
664 directory containing output spool files
670 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
678 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
686 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
688 misc. game status and score files
690 misc. system log files
692 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
702 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
707 system messages database;
711 filesystem quota information files
713 system information files describing various info about
714 system since it was booted
716 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
725 group for command connection sockets; see
728 database of current users;
741 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
743 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
745 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
747 undelivered mail queue;
751 line printer spooling directories
755 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
756 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
758 the directory where recovery files are stored
765 This manual page documents the default
767 filesystem layout, but
768 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
769 administrator's discretion.
770 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
785 manual page appeared in