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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
36 .Nd layout of file systems
38 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
41 root directory of the file system
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
55 third-party loadable kernel modules;
60 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
68 device special files managed by
71 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
73 file descriptor files;
80 system configuration files and scripts
82 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
84 default system configuration files;
88 bluetooth configuration files
90 gnats configuration files;
94 local timezone information;
98 Sendmail control files
100 mtree configuration files;
104 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
107 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
112 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
116 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
120 ppp configuration files;
124 OpenSSH configuration files;
128 OpenSSL configuration files
131 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
136 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
138 class-specific libraries for the
143 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
148 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
149 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
152 empty directory commonly used by
153 system administrators as a temporary mount point
159 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
163 root's HOME directory
165 system programs and administration utilities
166 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
168 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
170 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
172 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
174 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
176 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
179 useful and semi-frivolous programs
181 standard C include files
183 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
185 C include files for alternate queueing
187 C include files for Internet service protocols
189 C include files for the SNMP daemon
193 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
194 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
196 The SCSI device on top of CAM
199 C include files for programming various
202 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
204 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
207 Open Firmware support
213 The parallel port bus;
219 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
228 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
230 per-process file descriptors file system
237 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
251 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
267 ISC utility library libisc include files
269 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
274 C include files for libmilter,
279 machine-specific C include files
281 miscellaneous network C include files
283 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
287 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
291 kernel key-management service;
298 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
300 include files for the signalling API
302 include files that describe signalling messages and
303 declare associated functions
305 include files for the signalling AAL layer
307 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
312 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
314 Objective C include files
316 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
320 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
322 get a line from a user, with editing;
326 remote procedure calls;
330 definition of RPC service structures; see
336 system C include files (kernel data structures)
341 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
348 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
349 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
365 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
367 a.out archive libraries
369 shared libraries for compatibility
370 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
372 a.out backward compatibility libraries
375 DTrace library scripts
377 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
379 Private system libraries not for use by third-party programs.
380 ABI and API stability are not guaranteed.
384 miscellaneous utility data files
385 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
394 various prebuilt lint libraries;
400 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
401 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
403 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
405 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
407 utilities and filters for LP print system;
424 local executables, libraries, etc.
425 Also used as the default destination for the
430 the general layout sketched out by
441 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
444 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
450 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
456 ports collection (optional).
458 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
460 architecture-independent files
462 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
464 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
472 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
475 terms, proper names, and jargon
479 words from Webster's 2nd International
487 miscellaneous documentation;
488 source for most of the printed
494 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
496 Frequently Asked Questions
498 implementation notes for IPv6
500 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
502 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
507 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
509 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
511 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
515 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
519 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
521 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
523 UNIX System Manager's Manual
528 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
530 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
534 various examples for users and programmers
536 ASCII text files used by various games
538 device description file for device name
540 GNU Info hypertext system
542 known trusted and revoked keys.
543 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
558 data files used by mdocml
560 macros for use with the me macro package;
564 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
565 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
569 terminal characteristics database;
578 national language support files;
582 data files for security policies such as
590 (dot) files for new accounts
592 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
593 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
595 Tree definition files for use with
601 files used by syscons;
604 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
612 console keyboard maps;
621 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
626 text processing macros;
632 localization support and utilities for
635 timezone configuration information;
641 third-party, and/or local source files
643 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
645 source code for files in /bin
647 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
649 source code for contributed software
651 source code for contributed cryptography software
653 source code for files in
656 source code for files in
659 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
661 source code for files in
664 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
666 source code for files in
669 source code for files in
672 files required to produce a
676 source code for files in
679 build directory for files in
687 tools used for maintenance and testing of
690 source code for files in
693 source code for files in
706 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
708 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
710 system accounting files
712 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
714 execution accounting file;
720 timed command scheduling files;
723 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
725 directory containing job files
727 directory containing output spool files
731 miscellaneous backup files
733 miscellaneous cached files
734 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
741 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
749 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
757 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
759 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
762 for privilege separation.
764 miscellaneous game status and score files
766 kerberos server databases; see
769 miscellaneous system log files
771 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
785 system messages database;
789 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
794 file system quota information files
796 system information files describing various info about
797 system since it was booted
799 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
803 group for command connection sockets; see
806 database of current users;
819 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
821 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
823 undelivered submission mail queue;
827 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
829 undelivered mail queue;
833 line printer spooling directories
837 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
838 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
840 the directory where recovery files are stored
847 This manual page documents the default
849 file system layout, but
850 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
851 administrator's discretion.
852 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
869 manual page appeared in