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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
36 .Nd layout of file systems
38 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
41 root directory of the file system
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
55 third-party loadable kernel modules;
60 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
68 device special files managed by
71 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
73 file descriptor files;
80 system configuration files and scripts
82 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
84 default system configuration files;
88 bluetooth configuration files
90 local timezone information;
94 Sendmail control files
96 mtree configuration files;
100 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
103 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
108 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
112 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
116 ppp configuration files;
120 OpenSSH configuration files;
124 OpenSSL configuration files
127 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
132 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
134 class-specific libraries for the
139 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
144 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
145 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
148 empty directory commonly used by
149 system administrators as a temporary mount point
155 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
159 root's HOME directory
161 system programs and administration utilities
162 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
164 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
166 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
168 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
170 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
172 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
175 useful and semi-frivolous programs
177 standard C include files
179 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
181 C include files for alternate queueing
183 C include files for Internet service protocols
185 C include files for the SNMP daemon
189 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
190 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
192 The SCSI device on top of CAM
195 C include files for programming various
198 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
200 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
203 Open Firmware support
209 The parallel port bus;
215 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
224 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
228 per-process file descriptors file system
235 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
249 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
265 ISC utility library libisc include files
267 C include files for libmilter,
272 machine-specific C include files
274 miscellaneous network C include files
276 C include files for 802.11 wireless networking;
280 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
284 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
288 kernel key-management service;
295 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
297 include files for the signalling API
299 include files that describe signalling messages and
300 declare associated functions
302 include files for the signalling AAL layer
304 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
309 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
311 Objective C include files
313 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
317 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
319 get a line from a user, with editing;
323 remote procedure calls;
327 definition of RPC service structures; see
333 system C include files (kernel data structures)
338 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
345 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
346 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
362 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
364 a.out archive libraries
366 shared libraries for compatibility
367 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
369 a.out backward compatibility libraries
372 DTrace library scripts
374 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
376 Private system libraries not for use by third-party programs.
377 ABI and API stability are not guaranteed.
381 miscellaneous utility data files
382 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
391 various prebuilt lint libraries;
397 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
398 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
400 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
402 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
404 utilities and filters for LP print system;
421 local executables, libraries, etc.
422 Also used as the default destination for the
427 the general layout sketched out by
438 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
441 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
447 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
453 ports collection (optional).
455 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
457 architecture-independent files
459 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
461 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
469 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
472 terms, proper names, and jargon
476 words from Webster's 2nd International
484 miscellaneous documentation;
485 source for most of the printed
491 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
493 Frequently Asked Questions
495 implementation notes for IPv6
497 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
499 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
504 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
506 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
508 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
512 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
516 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
518 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
520 UNIX System Manager's Manual
525 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
527 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
531 various examples for users and programmers
533 ASCII text files used by various games
535 device description file for device name
537 GNU Info hypertext system
539 known trusted and revoked keys.
540 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
555 data files used by mdocml
557 macros for use with the me macro package;
561 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
562 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
566 terminal characteristics database;
575 national language support files;
579 data files for security policies such as
587 (dot) files for new accounts
589 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
590 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
592 Tree definition files for use with
598 files used by syscons;
601 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
609 console keyboard maps;
618 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
623 text processing macros;
629 localization support and utilities for
632 timezone configuration information;
640 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
648 console keyboard maps;
654 .\" console screen maps
658 third-party, and/or local source files
660 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
662 source code for files in /bin
664 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
666 source code for contributed software
668 source code for contributed cryptography software
670 source code for files in
673 source code for files in
676 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
678 source code for files in
681 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
683 source code for files in
686 source code for files in
689 files required to produce a
693 source code for files in
696 build directory for files in
704 tools used for maintenance and testing of
707 source code for files in
710 source code for files in
723 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
725 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
727 system accounting files
729 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
731 execution accounting file;
737 timed command scheduling files;
740 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
742 directory containing job files
744 directory containing output spool files
748 miscellaneous backup files
750 miscellaneous cached files
751 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
758 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
766 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
774 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
776 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
779 for privilege separation.
781 miscellaneous game status and score files
783 kerberos server databases; see
786 miscellaneous system log files
788 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
802 system messages database;
806 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
811 file system quota information files
813 system information files describing various info about
814 system since it was booted
816 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
820 group for command connection sockets; see
823 database of current users;
836 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
838 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
840 undelivered submission mail queue;
844 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
846 undelivered mail queue;
850 line printer spooling directories
854 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
855 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
857 the directory where recovery files are stored
864 This manual page documents the default
866 file system layout, but
867 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
868 administrator's discretion.
869 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
886 manual page appeared in