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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
72 device special files managed by
75 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
77 file descriptor files;
84 system configuration files and scripts
86 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
88 default system configuration files;
92 bluetooth configuration files
94 gnats configuration files;
98 local timezone information;
102 Sendmail control files
104 mtree configuration files;
108 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
111 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
116 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
120 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
124 ppp configuration files;
128 OpenSSH configuration files;
132 OpenSSL configuration files
135 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
140 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
142 class-specific libraries for the
147 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
152 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
153 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
156 empty directory commonly used by
157 system administrators as a temporary mount point
163 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
167 root's HOME directory
169 system programs and administration utilities
170 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
172 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
174 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
176 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
178 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
180 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
183 useful and semi-frivolous programs
185 standard C include files
187 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
189 C include files for alternate queueing
191 C include files for Internet service protocols
193 C include files for the SNMP daemon
197 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
198 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
200 The SCSI device on top of CAM
203 C include files for programming various
206 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
208 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
211 Open Firmware support
217 The parallel port bus;
223 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
232 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
234 per-process file descriptors file system
241 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
255 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
271 ISC utility library libisc include files
273 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
278 C include files for libmilter,
283 machine-specific C include files
285 miscellaneous network C include files
289 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
293 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
297 kernel key-management service;
301 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
306 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
308 include files for the signalling API
310 include files that describe signalling messages and
311 declare associated functions
313 include files for the signalling AAL layer
315 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
320 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
322 Objective C include files
324 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
328 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
330 get a line from a user, with editing;
334 remote procedure calls;
338 definition of RPC service structures; see
344 system C include files (kernel data structures)
349 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
356 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
357 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
373 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
375 a.out archive libraries
377 shared libraries for compatibility
378 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
380 a.out backward compatibility libraries
383 DTrace library scripts
385 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
387 Private system libraries not for use by third-party programs.
388 ABI and API stability are not guaranteed.
392 miscellaneous utility data files
393 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
402 various prebuilt lint libraries;
408 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
409 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
411 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
413 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
415 utilities and filters for LP print system;
432 local executables, libraries, etc.
433 Also used as the default destination for the
438 the general layout sketched out by
449 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
452 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
458 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
464 ports collection (optional).
466 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
468 architecture-independent files
470 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
472 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
480 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
483 terms, proper names, and jargon
487 words from Webster's 2nd International
495 miscellaneous documentation;
496 source for most of the printed
502 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
504 Frequently Asked Questions
506 implementation notes for IPv6
508 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
510 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
515 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
517 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
519 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
523 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
527 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
529 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
531 UNIX System Manager's Manual
536 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
538 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
542 various examples for users and programmers
544 ASCII text files used by various games
546 device description file for device name
548 GNU Info hypertext system
550 known trusted and revoked keys.
551 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
566 data files used by mdocml
568 macros for use with the me macro package;
572 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
573 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
577 terminal characteristics database;
586 national language support files;
590 data files for security policies such as
598 (dot) files for new accounts
600 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
601 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
603 Tree definition files for use with
609 files used by syscons;
612 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
620 console keyboard maps;
629 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
634 text processing macros;
640 localization support and utilities for
643 timezone configuration information;
649 third-party, and/or local source files
651 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
653 source code for files in /bin
655 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
657 source code for contributed software
659 source code for contributed cryptography software
661 source code for files in
664 source code for files in
667 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
669 source code for files in
672 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
674 source code for files in
677 source code for files in
680 files required to produce a
684 source code for files in
687 build directory for files in
695 tools used for maintenance and testing of
698 source code for files in
701 source code for files in
714 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
716 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
718 system accounting files
720 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
722 execution accounting file;
728 timed command scheduling files;
731 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
733 directory containing job files
735 directory containing output spool files
739 miscellaneous backup files
741 miscellaneous cached files
742 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
749 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
757 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
765 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
767 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
770 for privilege separation.
772 miscellaneous game status and score files
774 kerberos server databases; see
777 miscellaneous system log files
779 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
793 system messages database;
797 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
802 file system quota information files
804 system information files describing various info about
805 system since it was booted
807 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
811 group for command connection sockets; see
814 database of current users;
827 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
829 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
831 undelivered submission mail queue;
835 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
837 undelivered mail queue;
841 line printer spooling directories
845 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
846 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
848 the directory where recovery files are stored
855 This manual page documents the default
857 file system layout, but
858 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
859 administrator's discretion.
860 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
877 manual page appeared in