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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
36 .Nd layout of file systems
38 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width "/libexec/"
41 root directory of the file system
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width "defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
57 Loadable modules containing binary firmware for hardware that needs
58 firmware downloaded to it to function
60 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
61 at boot time) and kernel modules
63 third-party loadable kernel modules;
72 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
80 device special files managed by
83 .Bl -tag -width "net/" -compact
85 file descriptor files;
90 system configuration files and scripts
92 .Bl -tag -width "bluetooth/" -compact
94 default system configuration files;
98 bluetooth configuration files
100 local timezone information;
104 Sendmail control files
106 mtree configuration files;
110 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
113 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
118 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
122 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
126 ppp configuration files;
130 OpenSSH configuration files;
134 OpenSSL configuration files
137 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
142 .Bl -tag -width "geom/" -compact
144 class-specific libraries for the
149 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
154 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
155 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
158 empty directory commonly used by
159 system administrators as a temporary mount point
161 automounted NFS shares;
169 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
173 root's HOME directory
175 system programs and administration utilities
176 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
178 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
180 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
182 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
184 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
186 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
189 standard C include files
191 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
193 C include files for Internet service protocols
195 C include files for the SNMP daemon
199 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
200 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
202 The SCSI device on top of CAM
205 C include files for programming various
208 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
210 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
213 Open Firmware support
219 The parallel port bus;
225 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
234 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
236 per-process file descriptors file system
240 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
254 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
270 C include files for libmilter,
275 machine-specific C include files
277 miscellaneous network C include files
278 .Bl -tag -width "altq/" -compact
280 C include files for alternate queueing
283 C include files for 802.11 wireless networking;
287 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
291 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
295 kernel key-management service;
302 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
304 include files for the signalling API
306 include files that describe signalling messages and
307 declare associated functions
309 include files for the signalling AAL layer
311 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
316 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
318 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
320 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
322 get a line from a user, with editing;
326 remote procedure calls;
330 definition of RPC service structures; see
336 system C include files (kernel data structures)
341 .\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
348 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
349 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
365 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
367 a.out archive libraries
369 shared libraries for compatibility
370 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
372 a.out backward compatibility libraries
375 standalone debug data for the kernel and base system libraries and binaries
377 DTrace library scripts
379 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
383 miscellaneous utility data files
384 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
393 various prebuilt lint libraries;
399 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
400 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
402 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
404 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
406 utilities and filters for LP print system;
423 local executables, libraries, etc.
424 Also used as the default destination for the
429 the general layout sketched out by
440 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
443 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
449 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
458 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
460 architecture-independent files
462 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
464 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
472 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
475 terms, proper names, and jargon
477 words from Webster's 2nd International
481 miscellaneous documentation;
482 source for most of the printed
488 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
490 Frequently Asked Questions
492 implementation notes for IPv6
494 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
496 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
501 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
503 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
505 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
509 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
513 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
515 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
517 UNIX System Manager's Manual
522 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
524 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
528 various examples for users and programmers
530 Firmware images loaded by userland programs
532 ASCII text files used by various games
534 device description file for device name
536 known trusted and revoked keys.
537 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
552 macros for use with the me macro package;
556 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
557 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
561 terminal characteristics database;
570 national language support files;
574 data files for security policies such as
582 (dot) files for new accounts
584 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
585 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
587 Tree definition files for use with
593 files used by syscons;
596 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
604 console keyboard maps;
613 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
618 text processing macros;
624 localization support and utilities for
630 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
638 console keyboard maps;
644 .\" console screen maps
647 timezone configuration information;
653 third-party, and/or local source files
655 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
657 source code for files in /bin
659 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
661 source code for contributed software
663 source code for contributed cryptography software
665 source code for files in
668 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
670 source code for files in
673 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
675 source code for files in
680 source code for files in
683 files required to produce a
687 source code for files in
690 source code for files in
693 build directory for files in
700 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa opencrypto/" -compact
702 AMD64 architecture support
704 ARM architecture support
706 ARMv8 architecture support
714 CDDL-licensed optional sources, including ZFS
725 i386 (32 bit) architecture support
727 main part of the kernel
729 MIPS architecture support
747 PowerPC/POWER architecture support
749 RISC-V architecture support
755 SPARC64 architecture support
761 code shared by AMD64 and i386 architectures
764 support for experimental DIRDEPS_BUILD
766 source code for files in
769 tools used for maintenance and testing of
772 source code for files in
775 source code for files in
788 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
790 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
792 system accounting files
794 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
796 execution accounting file;
802 timed command scheduling files;
805 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
807 directory containing job files
809 directory containing output spool files
813 miscellaneous backup files
815 miscellaneous cached files
816 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
823 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
831 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
839 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
841 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
844 for privilege separation.
846 miscellaneous game status and score files
848 kerberos server databases; see
851 miscellaneous system log files
853 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
867 system messages database;
871 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
876 file system quota information files
878 system information files describing various info about
879 system since it was booted
881 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
885 group for command connection sockets; see
888 database of current users;
901 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
903 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
905 undelivered submission mail queue;
909 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
911 undelivered mail queue;
915 line printer spooling directories
919 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
920 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
922 the directory where recovery files are stored
929 This manual page documents the default
931 file system layout, but
932 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
933 administrator's discretion.
934 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
951 manual page appeared in