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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
36 .Nd layout of file systems
38 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width "/libexec/"
41 root directory of the file system
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width "defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
57 loadable kernel modules containing binary firmware for hardware that needs
58 firmware downloaded to it to function
60 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
61 at boot time) and kernel modules
63 third-party loadable kernel modules;
71 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
79 device special files managed by
82 .Bl -tag -width "net/" -compact
84 file descriptor files;
89 system configuration files and scripts
91 .Bl -tag -width "bluetooth/" -compact
93 default system configuration files;
97 bluetooth configuration files
99 local timezone information;
103 Sendmail control files
105 mtree configuration files;
109 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
112 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
117 system and daemon startup/control scripts;
121 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
125 ppp configuration files;
129 OpenSSH configuration files;
133 OpenSSL configuration files
136 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
141 .Bl -tag -width "geom/" -compact
143 class-specific libraries for the
148 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
153 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
154 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
157 empty directory commonly used by
158 system administrators as a temporary mount point
160 automounted NFS shares;
168 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
172 root's HOME directory
174 system programs and administration utilities
175 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
177 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
179 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
181 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
183 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
185 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
188 standard C include files
190 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
192 C include files for Internet service protocols
194 C include files for the SNMP daemon
198 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
199 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
201 SCSI device on top of CAM
204 C include files for programming various
207 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
209 various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
212 Open Firmware support
224 physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
232 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
234 per-process file descriptors file system
238 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
252 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
268 C include files for libmilter,
273 machine-specific C include files
275 miscellaneous network C include files
276 .Bl -tag -width "altq/" -compact
278 C include files for alternate queueing
281 C include files for 802.11 wireless networking;
285 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
289 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
293 kernel key-management service;
299 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
301 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
303 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
305 get a line from a user, with editing;
309 remote procedure calls;
313 definition of RPC service structures; see
319 system C include files (kernel data structures)
324 .\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
331 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
332 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
348 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
350 a.out archive libraries
352 shared libraries for compatibility
353 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
355 a.out backward compatibility libraries
358 standalone debug data for the kernel and base system libraries and binaries
360 DTrace library scripts
362 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
366 miscellaneous utility data files
367 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
376 various prebuilt lint libraries;
382 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
383 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
385 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
387 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
389 utilities and filters for LP print system;
406 local executables, libraries, etc.
407 Also used as the default destination for the
412 the general layout sketched out by
423 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
426 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
432 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
441 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
443 architecture-independent files
445 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
447 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
455 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
458 terms, proper names, and jargon
460 words from Webster's 2nd International
464 miscellaneous documentation;
465 source for most of the printed
471 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
473 Frequently Asked Questions
475 implementation notes for IPv6
477 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
479 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
484 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
486 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
488 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
492 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
496 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
498 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
500 UNIX System Manager's Manual
505 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
507 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
511 various examples for users and programmers
513 firmware images loaded by userland programs
515 ASCII text files used by various games
517 device description file for device name
519 known trusted and revoked keys.
520 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
535 macros for use with the me macro package;
539 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
540 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
544 terminal characteristics database;
553 national language support files;
557 data files for security policies such as
565 (dot) files for new accounts
567 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
568 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
570 tree definition files for use with
576 files used by syscons;
579 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
587 console keyboard maps;
596 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
601 text processing macros;
607 localization support and utilities for
613 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
621 console keyboard maps;
627 .\" console screen maps
630 timezone configuration information;
636 third-party, and/or local source files
638 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
640 source code for files in /bin
642 utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
644 source code for contributed software
646 source code for contributed cryptography software
648 source code for files in
651 utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
653 source code for files in
656 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
658 source code for files in
663 source code for files in
666 files required to produce a
670 source code for files in
673 source code for files in
676 build directory for files in
683 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa opencrypto/" -compact
685 AMD64 architecture support
687 ARM architecture support
689 ARMv8 architecture support
697 CDDL-licensed optional sources, including ZFS
708 i386 (32 bit) architecture support
710 main part of the kernel
712 MIPS architecture support
730 PowerPC/POWER architecture support
732 RISC-V architecture support
738 SPARC64 architecture support
744 code shared by AMD64 and i386 architectures
747 support for experimental DIRDEPS_BUILD
749 source code for files in
752 tools used for maintenance and testing of
755 source code for files in
758 source code for files in
771 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
773 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
775 system accounting files
777 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
779 execution accounting file;
785 timed command scheduling files;
788 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
790 directory containing job files
792 directory containing output spool files
796 miscellaneous backup files
798 miscellaneous cached files
799 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
806 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
814 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
822 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
824 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
827 for privilege separation.
829 miscellaneous game status and score files
831 kerberos server databases; see
834 miscellaneous system log files
836 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
850 system messages database;
854 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
859 file system quota information files
861 system information files describing various info about
862 system since it was booted
864 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
868 group for command connection sockets; see
871 database of current users;
884 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
886 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
888 undelivered submission mail queue;
892 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
894 undelivered mail queue;
898 line printer spooling directories
902 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
903 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
905 the directory where recovery files are stored
912 This manual page documents the default
914 file system layout, but
915 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
916 administrator's discretion.
917 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
934 manual page appeared in