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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
72 device special files managed by
75 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
77 file descriptor files;
84 system configuration files and scripts
86 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
88 default system configuration files;
92 bluetooth configuration files
94 gnats configuration files;
98 local timezone information;
102 Sendmail control files
104 mtree configuration files;
108 named configuration files;
112 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
115 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
120 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
124 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
128 ppp configuration files;
132 OpenSSH configuration files;
136 OpenSSL configuration files
139 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
144 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
146 class-specific libraries for the
151 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
156 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
157 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
160 empty directory commonly used by
161 system administrators as a temporary mount point
167 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
171 root's HOME directory
173 system programs and administration utilities
174 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
176 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
178 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
180 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
182 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
184 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
187 useful and semi-frivolous programs
189 standard C include files
191 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
193 C include files for alternate queueing
195 C include files for Internet service protocols
197 C include files for the SNMP daemon
201 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
202 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
204 The SCSI device on top of CAM
207 C include files for programming various
210 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
212 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
215 Open Firmware support
221 The parallel port bus;
227 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
236 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
238 per-process file descriptors file system
245 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
259 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
275 ISC utility library libisc include files
277 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
282 C include files for libmilter,
287 machine-specific C include files
289 miscellaneous network C include files
293 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
297 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
301 kernel key-management service;
305 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
310 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
312 include files for the signalling API
314 include files that describe signalling messages and
315 declare associated functions
317 include files for the signalling AAL layer
319 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
324 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
326 Objective C include files
328 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
332 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
334 get a line from a user, with editing;
338 remote procedure calls;
342 definition of RPC service structures; see
348 system C include files (kernel data structures)
353 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
360 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
361 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
377 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
379 a.out archive libraries
381 shared libraries for compatibility
382 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
384 a.out backward compatibility libraries
387 DTrace library scripts
389 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
393 miscellaneous utility data files
394 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
403 various prebuilt lint libraries;
409 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
410 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
412 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
414 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
416 utilities and filters for LP print system;
433 local executables, libraries, etc.
434 Also used as the default destination for the
439 the general layout sketched out by
450 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
453 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
459 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
465 ports collection (optional).
467 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
469 architecture-independent files
471 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
473 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
481 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
484 terms, proper names, and jargon
488 words from Webster's 2nd International
496 miscellaneous documentation;
497 source for most of the printed
503 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
505 Frequently Asked Questions
507 implementation notes for IPv6
509 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
511 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
516 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
518 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
520 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
524 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
528 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
530 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
532 UNIX System Manager's Manual
537 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
539 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
543 various examples for users and programmers
545 ASCII text files used by various games
547 device description file for device name
549 GNU Info hypertext system
557 data files used by mdocml
559 macros for use with the me macro package;
563 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
564 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
568 terminal characteristics database;
577 national language support files;
581 data files for security policies such as
589 (dot) files for new accounts
591 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
592 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
594 Tree definition files for use with
600 files used by syscons;
603 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
611 console keyboard maps;
620 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
625 text processing macros;
631 localization support and utilities for
634 timezone configuration information;
640 third-party, and/or local source files
642 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
644 source code for files in /bin
646 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
648 source code for contributed software
650 source code for contributed cryptography software
652 source code for files in
655 source code for files in
658 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
660 source code for files in
663 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
665 source code for files in
668 source code for files in
671 files required to produce a
675 source code for files in
678 build directory for files in
686 tools used for maintenance and testing of
689 source code for files in
692 source code for files in
697 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
699 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
701 system accounting files
703 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
705 execution accounting file;
711 timed command scheduling files;
714 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
716 directory containing job files
718 directory containing output spool files
722 miscellaneous backup files
724 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
732 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
740 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
742 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
745 for privilege separation.
747 miscellaneous game status and score files
749 kerberos server databases; see
752 miscellaneous system log files
754 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
768 system messages database;
772 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
777 file system quota information files
779 system information files describing various info about
780 system since it was booted
782 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
791 group for command connection sockets; see
794 database of current users;
807 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
809 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
811 undelivered submission mail queue;
815 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
817 undelivered mail queue;
821 line printer spooling directories
825 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
826 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
828 the directory where recovery files are stored
835 This manual page documents the default
837 file system layout, but
838 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
839 administrator's discretion.
840 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
857 manual page appeared in