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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
76 device special files managed by
79 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
81 file descriptor files;
91 system configuration files and scripts
93 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
95 default system configuration files;
99 bluetooth configuration files
101 gnats configuration files;
105 isdn4bsd configuration files;
109 local timezone information;
113 Sendmail control files
115 mtree configuration files;
119 named configuration files;
123 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
126 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
131 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
135 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
139 ppp configuration files;
143 OpenSSH configuration files;
147 OpenSSL configuration files
150 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
155 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
157 class-specific libraries for the
162 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
167 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
168 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
171 empty directory commonly used by
172 system administrators as a temporary mount point
178 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
182 root's HOME directory
184 system programs and administration utilities
185 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
187 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
189 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
191 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
193 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
195 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
200 useful and semi-frivolous programs
202 standard C include files
204 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
206 C include files for alternate queueing
208 C include files for Internet service protocols
210 C include files for the SNMP daemon
214 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
215 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
217 The SCSI device on top of CAM
220 C include files for programming various
223 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
225 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
228 Open Firmware support
234 The parallel port bus;
240 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
249 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
251 per-process file descriptors file system
272 alternate uid/gid mappings file system
278 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
294 ISC utility library libisc include files
296 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
301 C include files for libmilter,
306 machine-specific C include files
308 miscellaneous network C include files
316 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
320 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
324 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
326 kernel key-management service
331 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
333 include files for the signalling API
335 include files that describe signalling messages and
336 declare associated functions
338 include files for the signalling AAL layer
340 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
345 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
347 Objective C include files
349 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
353 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
355 get a line from a user, with editing;
359 remote procedure calls;
363 definition of RPC service structures; see
369 system C include files (kernel data structures)
374 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
381 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
382 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
398 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
400 a.out archive libraries
402 shared libraries for compatibility
403 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
405 a.out backward compatibility libraries
408 DTrace library scripts
410 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
414 miscellaneous utility data files
415 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
424 various prebuilt lint libraries;
430 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
431 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
433 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
435 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
437 utilities and filters for LP print system;
454 local executables, libraries, etc.
455 Also used as the default destination for the
458 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
462 Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
463 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
464 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
466 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
470 ports collection (optional).
472 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
474 architecture-independent files
476 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
478 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
486 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
489 terms, proper names, and jargon
493 words from Webster's 2nd International
501 miscellaneous documentation;
502 source for most of the printed
508 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
510 Frequently Asked Questions
512 implementation notes for IPv6
514 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
516 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
521 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
523 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
525 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
529 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
533 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
535 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
537 UNIX System Manager's Manual
542 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
544 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
548 various examples for users and programmers
550 ASCII text files used by various games
552 device description file for device name
554 GNU Info hypertext system
564 macros for use with the me macro package;
568 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
569 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
573 terminal characteristics database;
582 national language support files;
586 data files for security policies such as
594 (dot) files for new accounts
596 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
597 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
599 Tree definition files for use with
605 files used by syscons;
608 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
616 console keyboard maps;
625 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
630 text processing macros;
636 localization support and utilities for
639 timezone configuration information;
645 third-party, and/or local source files
647 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
649 source code for files in /bin
651 source code for contributed software
653 source code for contributed cryptography software
655 source code for files in /etc
657 source code for files in /usr/games
659 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
661 source code for files in /usr/include
663 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
665 source code for files in /usr/lib
667 source code for files in /usr/libexec
669 files required to produce a
673 source code for files in /sbin
675 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
677 source for files in /usr/share
681 tools used for maintenance and testing of
684 source code for files in /usr/bin
686 source code for files in /usr/sbin
690 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
692 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
694 system accounting files
696 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
698 execution accounting file;
704 timed command scheduling files;
707 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
709 directory containing job files
711 directory containing output spool files
715 miscellaneous backup files
717 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
725 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
733 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
735 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
738 for privilege separation.
740 miscellaneous game status and score files
742 kerberos server databases; see
745 miscellaneous system log files
747 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
757 system messages database;
761 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
766 file system quota information files
768 system information files describing various info about
769 system since it was booted
771 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
780 group for command connection sockets; see
783 database of current users;
796 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
798 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
800 undelivered submission mail queue;
804 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
806 undelivered mail queue;
810 line printer spooling directories
814 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
815 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
817 the directory where recovery files are stored
824 This manual page documents the default
826 file system layout, but
827 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
828 administrator's discretion.
829 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
846 manual page appeared in