1 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12 .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
13 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
14 .\" without specific prior written permission.
16 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
17 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
18 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
19 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
20 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
21 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
22 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
23 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
24 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
25 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
36 .Nd layout of file systems
38 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width "/libexec/"
41 root directory of the file system
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width "defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
57 loadable kernel modules containing binary firmware for hardware that needs
58 firmware downloaded to it to function
60 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
61 at boot time) and kernel modules
63 third-party loadable kernel modules;
71 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
79 device special files managed by
82 .Bl -tag -width "net/" -compact
84 file descriptor files;
89 system configuration files and scripts
91 .Bl -tag -width "bluetooth/" -compact
93 default system configuration files;
97 bluetooth configuration files
99 local timezone information;
103 Sendmail control files
105 mtree configuration files;
109 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
112 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
117 system and daemon startup/control scripts;
121 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
125 ppp configuration files;
129 OpenSSH configuration files;
133 OpenSSL configuration files
136 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
141 .Bl -tag -width "geom/" -compact
143 class-specific libraries for the
148 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
153 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
154 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
157 empty directory commonly used by
158 system administrators as a temporary mount point
160 automounted NFS shares;
168 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
172 root's HOME directory
174 system programs and administration utilities
175 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
177 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
179 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
181 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
183 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
185 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
188 standard C include files
190 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
192 C include files for Internet service protocols
194 C include files for the SNMP daemon
198 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
199 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
201 SCSI device on top of CAM
204 C include files for programming various
207 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
209 various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
212 Open Firmware support
224 physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
232 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
234 per-process file descriptors file system
238 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
252 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
268 C include files for libmilter,
273 machine-specific C include files
275 miscellaneous network C include files
276 .Bl -tag -width "altq/" -compact
278 C include files for alternate queueing
281 C include files for 802.11 wireless networking;
285 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
289 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
293 kernel key-management service;
300 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
302 include files for the signalling API
304 include files that describe signalling messages and
305 declare associated functions
307 include files for the signalling AAL layer
309 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
314 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
316 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
318 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
320 get a line from a user, with editing;
324 remote procedure calls;
328 definition of RPC service structures; see
334 system C include files (kernel data structures)
339 .\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
346 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
347 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
363 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
365 a.out archive libraries
367 shared libraries for compatibility
368 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
370 a.out backward compatibility libraries
373 standalone debug data for the kernel and base system libraries and binaries
375 DTrace library scripts
377 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
381 miscellaneous utility data files
382 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
391 various prebuilt lint libraries;
397 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
398 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
400 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
402 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
404 utilities and filters for LP print system;
421 local executables, libraries, etc.
422 Also used as the default destination for the
427 the general layout sketched out by
438 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
441 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
447 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
456 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
458 architecture-independent files
460 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
462 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
470 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
473 terms, proper names, and jargon
475 words from Webster's 2nd International
479 miscellaneous documentation;
480 source for most of the printed
486 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
488 Frequently Asked Questions
490 implementation notes for IPv6
492 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
494 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
499 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
501 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
503 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
507 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
511 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
513 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
515 UNIX System Manager's Manual
520 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
522 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
526 various examples for users and programmers
528 firmware images loaded by userland programs
530 ASCII text files used by various games
532 device description file for device name
534 known trusted and revoked keys.
535 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
550 macros for use with the me macro package;
554 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
555 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
559 terminal characteristics database;
568 national language support files;
572 data files for security policies such as
580 (dot) files for new accounts
582 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
583 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
585 tree definition files for use with
591 files used by syscons;
594 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
602 console keyboard maps;
611 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
616 text processing macros;
622 localization support and utilities for
628 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact
636 console keyboard maps;
642 .\" console screen maps
645 timezone configuration information;
651 third-party, and/or local source files
653 .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
655 source code for files in /bin
657 utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
659 source code for contributed software
661 source code for contributed cryptography software
663 source code for files in
666 utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
668 source code for files in
671 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
673 source code for files in
678 source code for files in
681 files required to produce a
685 source code for files in
688 source code for files in
691 build directory for files in
698 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa opencrypto/" -compact
700 AMD64 architecture support
702 ARM architecture support
704 ARMv8 architecture support
712 CDDL-licensed optional sources, including ZFS
723 i386 (32 bit) architecture support
725 main part of the kernel
727 MIPS architecture support
745 PowerPC/POWER architecture support
747 RISC-V architecture support
753 SPARC64 architecture support
759 code shared by AMD64 and i386 architectures
762 support for experimental DIRDEPS_BUILD
764 source code for files in
767 tools used for maintenance and testing of
770 source code for files in
773 source code for files in
786 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
788 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
790 system accounting files
792 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
794 execution accounting file;
800 timed command scheduling files;
803 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
805 directory containing job files
807 directory containing output spool files
811 miscellaneous backup files
813 miscellaneous cached files
814 .Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact
821 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
829 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
837 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
839 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
842 for privilege separation.
844 miscellaneous game status and score files
846 kerberos server databases; see
849 miscellaneous system log files
851 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
865 system messages database;
869 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
874 file system quota information files
876 system information files describing various info about
877 system since it was booted
879 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
883 group for command connection sockets; see
886 database of current users;
899 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
901 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
903 undelivered submission mail queue;
907 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
909 undelivered mail queue;
913 line printer spooling directories
917 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
918 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
920 the directory where recovery files are stored
927 This manual page documents the default
929 file system layout, but
930 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
931 administrator's discretion.
932 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
949 manual page appeared in