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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
72 device special files managed by
75 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
77 file descriptor files;
84 system configuration files and scripts
86 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
88 default system configuration files;
92 bluetooth configuration files
94 gnats configuration files;
98 local timezone information;
102 Sendmail control files
104 mtree configuration files;
108 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
111 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
116 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
120 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
124 ppp configuration files;
128 OpenSSH configuration files;
132 OpenSSL configuration files
135 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
140 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
142 class-specific libraries for the
147 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
152 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
153 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
156 empty directory commonly used by
157 system administrators as a temporary mount point
163 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
167 root's HOME directory
169 system programs and administration utilities
170 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
172 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
174 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
176 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
178 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
180 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
183 useful and semi-frivolous programs
185 standard C include files
187 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
189 C include files for alternate queueing
191 C include files for Internet service protocols
193 C include files for the SNMP daemon
197 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
198 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
200 The SCSI device on top of CAM
203 C include files for programming various
206 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
208 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
211 Open Firmware support
217 The parallel port bus;
223 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
232 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
234 per-process file descriptors file system
241 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
255 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
271 ISC utility library libisc include files
273 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
278 C include files for libmilter,
283 machine-specific C include files
285 miscellaneous network C include files
289 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
293 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
297 kernel key-management service;
301 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
306 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
308 include files for the signalling API
310 include files that describe signalling messages and
311 declare associated functions
313 include files for the signalling AAL layer
315 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
320 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
322 Objective C include files
324 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
328 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
330 get a line from a user, with editing;
334 remote procedure calls;
338 definition of RPC service structures; see
344 system C include files (kernel data structures)
349 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
356 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
357 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
373 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
375 a.out archive libraries
377 shared libraries for compatibility
378 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
380 a.out backward compatibility libraries
383 DTrace library scripts
385 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
389 miscellaneous utility data files
390 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
399 various prebuilt lint libraries;
405 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
406 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
408 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
410 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
412 utilities and filters for LP print system;
429 local executables, libraries, etc.
430 Also used as the default destination for the
435 the general layout sketched out by
446 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
449 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
455 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
461 ports collection (optional).
463 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
465 architecture-independent files
467 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
469 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
477 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
480 terms, proper names, and jargon
484 words from Webster's 2nd International
492 miscellaneous documentation;
493 source for most of the printed
499 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
501 Frequently Asked Questions
503 implementation notes for IPv6
505 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
507 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
512 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
514 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
516 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
520 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
524 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
526 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
528 UNIX System Manager's Manual
533 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
535 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
539 various examples for users and programmers
541 ASCII text files used by various games
543 device description file for device name
545 GNU Info hypertext system
547 known trusted and revoked keys.
548 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
563 data files used by mdocml
565 macros for use with the me macro package;
569 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
570 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
574 terminal characteristics database;
583 national language support files;
587 data files for security policies such as
595 (dot) files for new accounts
597 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
598 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
600 Tree definition files for use with
606 files used by syscons;
609 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
617 console keyboard maps;
626 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
631 text processing macros;
637 localization support and utilities for
640 timezone configuration information;
646 third-party, and/or local source files
648 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
650 source code for files in /bin
652 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
654 source code for contributed software
656 source code for contributed cryptography software
658 source code for files in
661 source code for files in
664 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
666 source code for files in
669 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
671 source code for files in
674 source code for files in
677 files required to produce a
681 source code for files in
684 build directory for files in
692 tools used for maintenance and testing of
695 source code for files in
698 source code for files in
711 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
713 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
715 system accounting files
717 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
719 execution accounting file;
725 timed command scheduling files;
728 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
730 directory containing job files
732 directory containing output spool files
736 miscellaneous backup files
738 miscellaneous cached files
739 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
746 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
754 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
762 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
764 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
767 for privilege separation.
769 miscellaneous game status and score files
771 kerberos server databases; see
774 miscellaneous system log files
776 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
790 system messages database;
794 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
799 file system quota information files
801 system information files describing various info about
802 system since it was booted
804 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
808 group for command connection sockets; see
811 database of current users;
824 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
826 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
828 undelivered submission mail queue;
832 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
834 undelivered mail queue;
838 line printer spooling directories
842 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
843 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
845 the directory where recovery files are stored
852 This manual page documents the default
854 file system layout, but
855 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
856 administrator's discretion.
857 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
874 manual page appeared in