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.Dd April 25, 2022
.Dt TASKQUEUE 9
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm taskqueue
.Nd asynchronous task execution
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In sys/param.h
.In sys/kernel.h
.In sys/malloc.h
.In sys/queue.h
.In sys/taskqueue.h
.Bd -literal
typedef void (*task_fn_t)(void *context, int pending);

typedef void (*taskqueue_enqueue_fn)(void *context);

struct task {
        STAILQ_ENTRY(task)      ta_link;        /* link for queue */
        u_short                 ta_pending;     /* count times queued */
        u_short                 ta_priority;    /* priority of task in queue */
        task_fn_t               ta_func;        /* task handler */
        void                    *ta_context;    /* argument for handler */
};

enum taskqueue_callback_type {
        TASKQUEUE_CALLBACK_TYPE_INIT,
        TASKQUEUE_CALLBACK_TYPE_SHUTDOWN,
};

typedef void (*taskqueue_callback_fn)(void *context);

struct timeout_task;
.Ed
.Ft struct taskqueue *
.Fn taskqueue_create "const char *name" "int mflags" "taskqueue_enqueue_fn enqueue" "void *context"
.Ft struct taskqueue *
.Fn taskqueue_create_fast "const char *name" "int mflags" "taskqueue_enqueue_fn enqueue" "void *context"
.Ft int
.Fn taskqueue_start_threads "struct taskqueue **tqp" "int count" "int pri" "const char *name" "..."
.Ft int
.Fo taskqueue_start_threads_cpuset
.Fa "struct taskqueue **tqp" "int count" "int pri" "cpuset_t *mask"
.Fa "const char *name" "..."
.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo taskqueue_start_threads_in_proc
.Fa "struct taskqueue **tqp" "int count" "int pri" "struct proc *proc"
.Fa "const char *name" "..."
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_set_callback "struct taskqueue *queue" "enum taskqueue_callback_type cb_type" "taskqueue_callback_fn callback" "void *context"
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_free "struct taskqueue *queue"
.Ft int
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct task *task"
.Ft int
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_flags "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct task *task" "int flags"
.Ft int
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_timeout "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct timeout_task *timeout_task" "int ticks"
.Ft int
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_timeout_sbt "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct timeout_task *timeout_task" "sbintime_t sbt" "sbintime_t pr" "int flags"
.Ft int
.Fn taskqueue_cancel "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct task *task" "u_int *pendp"
.Ft int
.Fn taskqueue_cancel_timeout "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct timeout_task *timeout_task" "u_int *pendp"
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_drain "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct task *task"
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_drain_timeout "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct timeout_task *timeout_task"
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_drain_all "struct taskqueue *queue"
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_quiesce "struct taskqueue *queue"
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_block "struct taskqueue *queue"
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_unblock "struct taskqueue *queue"
.Ft int
.Fn taskqueue_member "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct thread *td"
.Ft void
.Fn taskqueue_run "struct taskqueue *queue"
.Fn TASK_INIT "struct task *task" "int priority" "task_fn_t func" "void *context"
.Fn TASK_INITIALIZER "int priority" "task_fn_t func" "void *context"
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DECLARE "name"
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DEFINE "name" "taskqueue_enqueue_fn enqueue" "void *context" "init"
.Fn TASKQUEUE_FAST_DEFINE "name" "taskqueue_enqueue_fn enqueue" "void *context" "init"
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DEFINE_THREAD "name"
.Fn TASKQUEUE_FAST_DEFINE_THREAD "name"
.Fn TIMEOUT_TASK_INIT "struct taskqueue *queue" "struct timeout_task *timeout_task" "int priority" "task_fn_t func" "void *context"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
These functions provide a simple interface for asynchronous execution
of code.
.Pp
The function
.Fn taskqueue_create
is used to create new queues.
The arguments to
.Fn taskqueue_create
include a name that should be unique,
a set of
.Xr malloc 9
flags that specify whether the call to
.Fn malloc
is allowed to sleep,
a function that is called from
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue
when a task is added to the queue,
and a pointer to the memory location where the identity of the
thread that services the queue is recorded.
.\" XXX The rest of the sentence gets lots in relation to the first part.
The function called from
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue
must arrange for the queue to be processed
(for instance by scheduling a software interrupt or waking a kernel
thread).
The memory location where the thread identity is recorded is used
to signal the service thread(s) to terminate--when this value is set to
zero and the thread is signaled it will terminate.
If the queue is intended for use in fast interrupt handlers
.Fn taskqueue_create_fast
should be used in place of
.Fn taskqueue_create .
.Pp
The function
.Fn taskqueue_free
should be used to free the memory used by the queue.
Any tasks that are on the queue will be executed at this time after
which the thread servicing the queue will be signaled that it should exit.
.Pp
Once a taskqueue has been created, its threads should be started using
.Fn taskqueue_start_threads ,
.Fn taskqueue_start_threads_cpuset
or
.Fn taskqueue_start_threads_in_proc .
.Fn taskqueue_start_threads_cpuset
takes a
.Va cpuset
argument which will cause the threads which are started for the taskqueue
to be restricted to run on the given CPUs.
.Fn taskqueue_start_threads_in_proc
takes a
.Va proc
argument which will cause the threads which are started for the taskqueue
to be assigned to the given kernel process.
Callbacks may optionally be registered using
.Fn taskqueue_set_callback .
Currently, callbacks may be registered for the following purposes:
.Bl -tag -width TASKQUEUE_CALLBACK_TYPE_SHUTDOWN
.It Dv TASKQUEUE_CALLBACK_TYPE_INIT
This callback is called by every thread in the taskqueue, before it executes
any tasks.
This callback must be set before the taskqueue's threads are started.
.It Dv TASKQUEUE_CALLBACK_TYPE_SHUTDOWN
This callback is called by every thread in the taskqueue, after it executes
its last task.
This callback will always be called before the taskqueue structure is
reclaimed.
.El
.Pp
To add a task to the list of tasks queued on a taskqueue, call
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue
with pointers to the queue and task.
If the task's
.Va ta_pending
field is non-zero,
then it is simply incremented to reflect the number of times the task
was enqueued, up to a cap of USHRT_MAX.
Otherwise,
the task is added to the list before the first task which has a lower
.Va ta_priority
value or at the end of the list if no tasks have a lower priority.
Enqueueing a task does not perform any memory allocation which makes
it suitable for calling from an interrupt handler.
This function will return
.Er EPIPE
if the queue is being freed.
.Pp
When a task is executed,
first it is removed from the queue,
the value of
.Va ta_pending
is recorded and then the field is zeroed.
The function
.Va ta_func
from the task structure is called with the value of the field
.Va ta_context
as its first argument
and the value of
.Va ta_pending
as its second argument.
After the function
.Va ta_func
returns,
.Xr wakeup 9
is called on the task pointer passed to
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue .
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_flags
accepts an extra
.Va flags
parameter which specifies a set of optional flags to alter the behavior of
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue .
It contains one or more of the following flags:
.Bl -tag -width TASKQUEUE_FAIL_IF_CANCELING
.It Dv TASKQUEUE_FAIL_IF_PENDING
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_flags
fails if the task is already scheduled for execution.
.Er EEXIST
is returned and the
.Va ta_pending
counter value remains unchanged.
.It Dv TASKQUEUE_FAIL_IF_CANCELING
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_flags
fails if the task is in the canceling state and
.Er ECANCELED
is returned.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_timeout
function is used to schedule the enqueue after the specified number of
.Va ticks .
The
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_timeout_sbt
function provides finer control over the scheduling based on
.Va sbt ,
.Va pr ,
and
.Va flags ,
as detailed in
.Xr callout 9 .
If the
.Va ticks
argument is negative, the already scheduled enqueueing is not re-scheduled.
Otherwise, the task is scheduled for enqueueing in the future,
after the absolute value of
.Va ticks
is passed.
This function returns -1 if the task is being drained.
Otherwise, the number of pending calls is returned.
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_cancel
function is used to cancel a task.
The
.Va ta_pending
count is cleared, and the old value returned in the reference
parameter
.Fa pendp ,
if it is
.Pf non- Dv NULL .
If the task is currently running,
.Dv EBUSY
is returned, otherwise 0.
To implement a blocking
.Fn taskqueue_cancel
that waits for a running task to finish, it could look like:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
while (taskqueue_cancel(tq, task, NULL) != 0)
        taskqueue_drain(tq, task);
.Ed
.Pp
Note that, as with
.Fn taskqueue_drain ,
the caller is responsible for ensuring that the task is not re-enqueued
after being canceled.
.Pp
Similarly, the
.Fn taskqueue_cancel_timeout
function is used to cancel the scheduled task execution.
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_drain
function is used to wait for the task to finish, and
the
.Fn taskqueue_drain_timeout
function is used to wait for the scheduled task to finish.
There is no guarantee that the task will not be
enqueued after call to
.Fn taskqueue_drain .
If the caller wants to put the task into a known state,
then before calling
.Fn taskqueue_drain
the caller should use out-of-band means to ensure that the task
would not be enqueued.
For example, if the task is enqueued by an interrupt filter, then
the interrupt could be disabled.
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_drain_all
function is used to wait for all pending and running tasks that
are enqueued on the taskqueue to finish.
Tasks posted to the taskqueue after
.Fn taskqueue_drain_all
begins processing,
including pending enqueues scheduled by a previous call to
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue_timeout ,
do not extend the wait time of
.Fn taskqueue_drain_all
and may complete after
.Fn taskqueue_drain_all
returns.
The
.Fn taskqueue_quiesce
function is used to wait for the queue to become empty and for all
running tasks to finish.
To avoid blocking indefinitely, the caller must ensure by some mechanism
that tasks will eventually stop being posted to the queue.
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_block
function blocks the taskqueue.
It prevents any enqueued but not running tasks from being executed.
Future calls to
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue
will enqueue tasks, but the tasks will not be run until
.Fn taskqueue_unblock
is called.
Please note that
.Fn taskqueue_block
does not wait for any currently running tasks to finish.
Thus, the
.Fn taskqueue_block
does not provide a guarantee that
.Fn taskqueue_run
is not running after
.Fn taskqueue_block
returns, but it does provide a guarantee that
.Fn taskqueue_run
will not be called again
until
.Fn taskqueue_unblock
is called.
If the caller requires a guarantee that
.Fn taskqueue_run
is not running, then this must be arranged by the caller.
Note that if
.Fn taskqueue_drain
is called on a task that is enqueued on a taskqueue that is blocked by
.Fn taskqueue_block ,
then
.Fn taskqueue_drain
can not return until the taskqueue is unblocked.
This can result in a deadlock if the thread blocked in
.Fn taskqueue_drain
is the thread that is supposed to call
.Fn taskqueue_unblock .
Thus, use of
.Fn taskqueue_drain
after
.Fn taskqueue_block
is discouraged, because the state of the task can not be known in advance.
The same caveat applies to
.Fn taskqueue_drain_all .
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_unblock
function unblocks the previously blocked taskqueue.
All enqueued tasks can be run after this call.
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_member
function returns
.No 1
if the given thread
.Fa td
is part of the given taskqueue
.Fa queue
and
.No 0
otherwise.
.Pp
The
.Fn taskqueue_run
function will run all pending tasks in the specified
.Fa queue .
Normally this function is only used internally.
.Pp
A convenience macro,
.Fn TASK_INIT "task" "priority" "func" "context"
is provided to initialise a
.Va task
structure.
The
.Fn TASK_INITIALIZER
macro generates an initializer for a task structure.
A macro
.Fn TIMEOUT_TASK_INIT "queue" "timeout_task" "priority" "func" "context"
initializes the
.Va timeout_task
structure.
The values of
.Va priority ,
.Va func ,
and
.Va context
are simply copied into the task structure fields and the
.Va ta_pending
field is cleared.
.Pp
Five macros
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DECLARE "name" ,
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DEFINE "name" "enqueue" "context" "init" ,
.Fn TASKQUEUE_FAST_DEFINE "name" "enqueue" "context" "init" ,
and
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DEFINE_THREAD "name"
.Fn TASKQUEUE_FAST_DEFINE_THREAD "name"
are used to declare a reference to a global queue, to define the
implementation of the queue, and declare a queue that uses its own thread.
The
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DEFINE
macro arranges to call
.Fn taskqueue_create
with the values of its
.Va name ,
.Va enqueue
and
.Va context
arguments during system initialisation.
After calling
.Fn taskqueue_create ,
the
.Va init
argument to the macro is executed as a C statement,
allowing any further initialisation to be performed
(such as registering an interrupt handler, etc.).
.Pp
The
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DEFINE_THREAD
macro defines a new taskqueue with its own kernel thread to serve tasks.
The variable
.Vt struct taskqueue *taskqueue_name
is used to enqueue tasks onto the queue.
.Pp
.Fn TASKQUEUE_FAST_DEFINE
and
.Fn TASKQUEUE_FAST_DEFINE_THREAD
act just like
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DEFINE
and
.Fn TASKQUEUE_DEFINE_THREAD
respectively but taskqueue is created with
.Fn taskqueue_create_fast .
.Ss Predefined Task Queues
The system provides four global taskqueues,
.Va taskqueue_fast ,
.Va taskqueue_swi ,
.Va taskqueue_swi_giant ,
and
.Va taskqueue_thread .
The
.Va taskqueue_fast
queue is for swi handlers dispatched from fast interrupt handlers,
where sleep mutexes cannot be used.
The swi taskqueues are run via a software interrupt mechanism.
The
.Va taskqueue_swi
queue runs without the protection of the
.Va Giant
kernel lock, and the
.Va taskqueue_swi_giant
queue runs with the protection of the
.Va Giant
kernel lock.
The thread taskqueue
.Va taskqueue_thread
runs in a kernel thread context, and tasks run from this thread do
not run under the
.Va Giant
kernel lock.
If the caller wants to run under
.Va Giant ,
he should explicitly acquire and release
.Va Giant
in his taskqueue handler routine.
.Pp
To use these queues,
call
.Fn taskqueue_enqueue
with the value of the global taskqueue variable for the queue you wish to
use.
.Pp
The software interrupt queues can be used,
for instance, for implementing interrupt handlers which must perform a
significant amount of processing in the handler.
The hardware interrupt handler would perform minimal processing of the
interrupt and then enqueue a task to finish the work.
This reduces to a minimum
the amount of time spent with interrupts disabled.
.Pp
The thread queue can be used, for instance, by interrupt level routines
that need to call kernel functions that do things that can only be done
from a thread context.
(e.g., call malloc with the M_WAITOK flag.)
.Pp
Note that tasks queued on shared taskqueues such as
.Va taskqueue_swi
may be delayed an indeterminate amount of time before execution.
If queueing delays cannot be tolerated then a private taskqueue should
be created with a dedicated processing thread.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr callout 9 ,
.Xr ithread 9 ,
.Xr kthread 9 ,
.Xr swi 9
.Sh HISTORY
This interface first appeared in
.Fx 5.0 .
There is a similar facility called work_queue in the Linux kernel.
.Sh AUTHORS
This manual page was written by
.An Doug Rabson .