1 The UNIX system family tree: Research and BSD
2 ---------------------------------------------
14 Sixth Edition (V6) -----*
18 Seventh Edition (V7) |
22 \ 2BSD---------------*
30 4.1BSD --------------> 2.8BSD
32 4.1aBSD -----------\ |
36 *------ 4.1cBSD --------------> 2.9BSD
38 Eighth Edition | 2.9BSD-Seismo
40 +----<--- 4.2BSD 2.9.1BSD
42 +----<--- 4.3BSD -------------> 2.10BSD
44 Ninth Edition | / 2.10.1BSD
45 | 4.3BSD Tahoe-----+ |
55 *---------- 4.3BSD NET/2 -------------------+-------------*
57 386BSD 0.0 | | BSD/386 ALPHA
59 386BSD 0.1 ------------>+ | BSD/386 0.3.[13]
61 | 386BSD 1.0 | | BSD/386 0.9.[34]
64 | | 4.4BSD-Encumbered | |
65 | NetBSD 0.8 | BSD/386 1.0
67 FreeBSD 1.0 NetBSD 0.9 | BSD/386 1.1
68 | | .----- 4.4BSD Lite |
69 FreeBSD 1.1 | / / | \ |
71 FreeBSD 1.1.5 .---|--------' / | \ |
73 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1 / | / | \ |
74 | / NetBSD 1.0 <-' | \ |
76 FreeBSD 2.0 <--' | | BSD/OS 2.0
78 FreeBSD 2.0.5 \ | BSD/OS 2.0.1
79 | .-----\------------- 4.4BSD Lite2 |
81 | | .-----|------Rhapsody | | | |
82 | | | | NetBSD 1.3 | | |
83 | | | | OpenBSD 2.3 | |
86 | | | | NetBSD 1.1 ------. BSD/OS 2.1
87 | FreeBSD 2.1.5 | | | \ |
88 | | | | NetBSD 1.2 \ BSD/OS 3.0
89 | FreeBSD 2.1.6 | | | \ OpenBSD 2.0 |
91 | FreeBSD 2.1.6.1 | | | \ | |
93 | FreeBSD 2.1.7 | | | | | |
94 | | | | | NetBSD 1.2.1 | |
95 | FreeBSD 2.1.7.1 | | | | |
98 *-FreeBSD 2.2 | | | | |
100 | FreeBSD 2.2.1 | | | | |
102 | FreeBSD 2.2.2 | | | OpenBSD 2.1 |
104 | FreeBSD 2.2.5 | | | | |
105 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.2 |
106 | | | | NetBSD 1.3 | |
107 | FreeBSD 2.2.6 | | | | | |
108 | | | | | NetBSD 1.3.1 | BSD/OS 3.1
109 | | | | | | OpenBSD 2.3 |
110 | | | | | NetBSD 1.3.2 | |
111 | FreeBSD 2.2.7 | | | | | |
112 | | | | | | | BSD/OS 4.0
114 | FreeBSD 2.2.8 | | | | | |
115 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.4 |
116 FreeBSD 3.0 <--------* | | v | |
117 | | | NetBSD 1.3.3 | |
118 *---FreeBSD 3.1 | | | |
119 | | | | | BSD/OS 4.0.1
120 | FreeBSD 3.2----* | NetBSD 1.4 OpenBSD 2.5 |
124 | FreeBSD 3.3 | | | | NetBSD 1.4.1 | |
125 | | | | | | | OpenBSD 2.6 |
126 | FreeBSD 3.4 | | | | | | |
127 | | | | | | | | BSD/OS 4.1
128 FreeBSD 4.0 | | | | | NetBSD 1.4.2 | |
131 | FreeBSD 3.5 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.7 |
133 | FreeBSD 3.5.1 | | | | | | |
135 *---FreeBSD 4.1 | | | | | | |
137 | FreeBSD 4.1.1 | | / | | | |
139 | FreeBSD 4.2 Darwin/ | NetBSD 1.4.3 | |
140 | | Mac OS X | OpenBSD 2.8 BSD/OS 4.2
143 | | 10.0 NetBSD 1.5 | |
144 | FreeBSD 4.3 | | | | |
145 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.9 |
146 | | | | NetBSD 1.5.1 | |
148 | FreeBSD 4.4-. | | NetBSD 1.5.2 | |
149 | | | Mac OS X | | | |
150 | | | 10.1 | | OpenBSD 3.0 |
151 | FreeBSD 4.5 | | | | | |
152 | | \ | | | | BSD/OS 4.3
153 | FreeBSD 4.6 \ | | | OpenBSD 3.1 |
154 | | \ | | NetBSD 1.5.3 | |
155 | FreeBSD 4.6.2 Mac OS X | | |
157 | FreeBSD 4.7 | | | |
158 | | | NetBSD 1.6 OpenBSD 3.2 |
159 | FreeBSD 4.8 | | | | |
160 | | | | NetBSD 1.6.1 | |
161 | |--------. | | | OpenBSD 3.3 BSD/OS 5.0
163 | FreeBSD 4.9 | | | | OpenBSD 3.4 BSD/OS 5.1 ISE
165 | | | | | NetBSD 1.6.2 |
167 | | | | | | OpenBSD 3.5
169 | FreeBSD 4.10 | | | |
171 | FreeBSD 4.11 | | | |
173 | v `-|------|-----------------|---------------------.
177 FreeBSD 5.1 | | | DragonFly 1.0
179 | ----- Mac OS X | | |
183 | FreeBSD 5.2.1 | | | |
185 *---FreeBSD 5.3 | | | |
186 | | | | OpenBSD 3.6 |
188 | | | | | | DragonFly 1.2.0
189 | | Mac OS X | NetBSD 2.0.2 | |
190 | FreeBSD 5.4 10.4 | | | |
191 | | | | | OpenBSD 3.7 |
195 FreeBSD 6 -current | NetBSD -current OpenBSD -current |
202 Time tolerance +/- 6 months, depending on which book/article you read; if it
203 was the announcement in Usenet or if it was available as tape.
205 [44B] McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels,
206 and John Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of
207 the 4.4BSD Operating System.
208 [APL] Apple website [http://www.apple.com/macosx/]
209 [BSDI] Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
210 [DFB] DragonFlyBSD Project, The.
211 [DOC] README, COPYRIGHT on tape.
212 [FBD] FreeBSD Project, The.
213 [KB] Keith Bostic. BSD2.10 available from Usenix. comp.unix.sources,
214 Volume 11, Info 4, April, 1987.
215 [KKK] Mike Karels, Kirk McKusick, and Keith Bostic. tahoe announcement.
216 comp.bugs.4bsd.ucb-fixes, June 15, 1988.
217 [KSJ] Michael J. Karels, Carl F. Smith, and William F. Jolitz.
218 Changes in the Kernel in 2.9BSD. Second Berkeley Software
219 Distribution UNIX Version 2.9, July, 1983.
220 [NBD] NetBSD Project, The.
221 [OBD] OpenBSD Project, The.
222 [QCU] Salus, Peter H. A quarter century of UNIX.
223 [SMS] Steven M. Schultz. 2.11BSD, UNIX for the PDP-11.
224 [USE] Usenet announcement.
225 [WRS] Wind River Systems, Inc.
226 [dmr] Dennis Ritchie, via E-Mail
231 First Edition 1971-11-03 [QCU]
232 DEC PDP-11/20, Assembler
233 Second Edition 1972-06-12 [QCU]
234 10 UNIX installations
235 Third Edition 1973-02-xx [QCU]
236 Pipes, 16 installations
237 Fourth Edition 1973-11-xx [QCU]
238 rewriting in C effected,
239 above 30 installations
240 Fifth Edition 1974-06-xx [QCU]
241 above 50 installations
242 Sixth Edition 1975-05-xx [QCU]
244 Seventh Edition 1979-01-xx [QCU]
246 Eighth Edition 1985-02-xx [QCU]
247 VAX 11/750, VAX 11/780 [dmr]
248 descended from 4.1c BSD [dmr]
249 descended from 4.1 BSD [44B]
250 scooping-out and replacement of the character-device
251 and networking part by the streams mechanism
253 Ninth Edition 1986-09-xx [QCU]
254 Tenth Edition 1989-10-xx [QCU]
258 PDP-11, Pascal, ex(1)
259 30 free copies of 1BSD sent out
260 35 tapes sold for 50 USD [QCU]
262 75 2BSD tapes shipped
264 2.8BSD 1981-07-xx [KSJ]
266 2.8.1BSD 1982-01-xx [QCU]
267 set of performance improvements
268 2.9BSD 1983-07-xx [KSJ]
270 2.9BSD-Seismo 1985-08-xx [SMS]
271 2.10BSD 1987-04-xx [KKK]
272 2.10.1BSD 1989-01-xx [SMS]
273 2.11BSD 1992-02-xx [SMS]
274 2.11BSD rev #430 1999-12-13 [SMS]
276 32V 1978-1[01]-xx [QCU]
278 virtual memory, page replacement,
281 4.1BSD 1981-07-08 [DOC]
283 alpha release, 100 sites, networking [44B]
284 4.1bBSD internal release, fast filesystem [44B]
286 beta release, IPC [44B]
287 4.2BSD 1983-09-xx [QCU]
289 4.3BSD 1986-06-xx [QCU]
290 1986-04-05 [KB], [DOC]
291 4.3BSD Tahoe 1988-06-15 [QCU], [DOC]
292 4.3BSD NET/1 1988-11-xx [QCU]
294 4.3BSD Reno 1990-06-29 [QCU], [DOC]
295 4.3BSD NET/2 1991-06-28 [QCU], [DOC]
297 BSD/386 ALPHA 1991-12-xx [BSDI]
298 first code released to people outside BSDI
299 386BSD 0.0 1992-02-xx [DOC]
300 BSD/386 0.3.1 1992-04-xx [BSDI] first ext. beta; B customers
301 BSD/386 0.3.3 1992-06-xx [BSDI] first CDROM version
302 386BSD 0.1 1992-07-28 [DOC]
303 4.4BSD Alpha 1992-07-07
304 BSD/386 0.9.3 1992-10-xx [BSDI]
305 first external gamma; G customers
306 BSD/386 0.9.4 1992-12-xx [BSDI]
307 would have been 1.0 except for request
308 for preliminary injunction
309 BSD/386 1.0 1993-03-xx [BSDI]
310 injunction denied; first official release
311 NetBSD 0.8 1993-04-20 [NBD]
312 4.4BSD 1993-06-01 [USE]
313 NetBSD 0.9 1993-08-23 [NBD]
314 FreeBSD 1.0 1993-11-01 [FBD]
315 BSD/386 1.1 1994-02-xx [BSDI]
316 4.4BSD Lite 1994-03-01 [USE]
317 FreeBSD 1.1 1994-05-07 [FBD]
318 FreeBSD 1.1.5 1994-06-30 [FBD]
319 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1 1994-07-05 [FBD]
320 supersedes 1.1.5 5 days after release.
321 NetBSD 1.0 1994-10-26 [NBD]
322 386BSD 1.0 1994-11-12 [USE]
323 FreeBSD 2.0 1994-11-23 [FBD]
324 BSD/OS 2.0 1995-01-xx [BSDI] 4.4 lite based
325 FreeBSD 2.0.5 1995-06-10 [FBD]
326 BSD/OS 2.0.1 1995-06-xx [BSDI]
327 4.4BSD Lite Release 2 1995-06-xx [44B]
328 the true final distribution from the CSRG
329 FreeBSD 2.1.0 1995-11-19 [FBD]
330 NetBSD 1.1 1995-11-26 [NBD]
331 BSD/OS 2.1 1996-01-xx [BSDI]
332 FreeBSD 2.1.5 1996-07-14 [FBD]
333 NetBSD 1.2 1996-10-04 [NBD]
334 OpenBSD 2.0 1996-10-18 [OBD]
335 FreeBSD 2.1.6 1996-11-16 [FBD]
336 FreeBSD 2.1.6.1 1996-11-25 [FBD] (sendmail security release)
338 FreeBSD 2.1.7 1997-02-20 [FBD]
339 BSD/OS 3.0 1997-02-xx [BSDI] 4.4 lite2 based
340 FreeBSD 2.2.0 1997-03-16 [FBD]
341 FreeBSD 2.2.1 1997-03-25 [FBD]
342 FreeBSD 2.2.2 1997-05-16 [FBD]
343 NetBSD 1.2.1 1997-05-20 [NBD] (patch release)
344 OpenBSD 2.1 1997-06-01 [OBD]
345 FreeBSD 2.2.5 1997-10-22 [FBD]
346 OpenBSD 2.2 1997-12-01 [OBD]
347 NetBSD 1.3 1998-01-04 [NBD]
348 FreeBSD 2.2.6 1998-03-25 [FBD]
349 NetBSD 1.3.1 1998-03-09 [NBD] (patch release)
350 BSD/OS 3.1 1998-03-xx [BSDI]
351 OpenBSD 2.3 1998-05-19 [OBD]
352 NetBSD 1.3.2 1998-05-29 [NBD] (patch release)
353 FreeBSD 2.2.7 1998-07-22 [FBD]
354 BSD/OS 4.0 1998-08-xx [BSDI]
355 2-lock MP support, ELF executables
356 FreeBSD 3.0 1998-10-16 [FBD]
357 FreeBSD-3.0 is a snapshot from -current,
358 while 3.1 and 3.2 are from 3.x-stable which
359 was branched quite some time after 3.0-release
360 FreeBSD 2.2.8 1998-11-29 [FBD]
361 OpenBSD 2.4 1998-12-01 [OBD]
362 NetBSD 1.3.3 1998-12-23 [NBD] (patch release)
363 FreeBSD 3.1 1999-02-15 [FBD]
364 BSD/OS 4.0.1 1999-03-xx [BSDI]
365 NetBSD 1.4 1999-05-12 [NBD]
366 FreeBSD 3.2 1999-05-17 [FBD]
367 OpenBSD 2.5 1999-05-19 [OBD]
368 NetBSD 1.4.1 1999-08-26 [NBD] (patch release)
369 FreeBSD 3.3 1999-09-17 [FBD]
370 OpenBSD 2.6 1999-12-01 [OBD]
371 FreeBSD 3.4 1999-12-20 [FBD]
372 BSD/OS 4.1 1999-12-xx [BSDI]
373 FreeBSD 4.0 2000-03-13 [FBD]
374 NetBSD 1.4.2 2000-03-19 [NBD] (patch release)
375 OpenBSD 2.7 2000-06-15 [OBD]
376 FreeBSD 3.5 2000-06-24 [FBD]
377 FreeBSD 4.1 2000-07-27 [FBD]
378 FreeBSD 3.5.1 2000-07-28 [FBD]
379 FreeBSD 4.1.1 2000-09-25 [FBD] (a network-only patch release)
380 FreeBSD 4.2 2000-11-21 [FBD]
381 NetBSD 1.4.3 2000-11-25 [NBD] (patch release)
382 BSD/OS 4.2 2000-11-29 [BSDI]
383 OpenBSD 2.8 2000-12-01 [OBD]
384 NetBSD 1.5 2000-12-06 [NBD]
385 Mac OS X 10.0 2001-03-24 [APL]
386 FreeBSD 4.3 2001-04-20 [FBD]
387 OpenBSD 2.9 2001-06-01 [OBD]
388 NetBSD 1.5.1 2001-07-11 [NBD] (patch release)
389 NetBSD 1.5.2 2001-09-13 [NBD] (patch release)
390 FreeBSD 4.4 2001-09-18 [FBD]
391 Mac OS X 10.1 2001-09-29 [APL]
392 OpenBSD 3.0 2001-12-01 [OBD]
393 FreeBSD 4.5 2002-01-29 [FBD]
394 BSD/OS 4.3 2002-03-14 [WRS]
395 OpenBSD 3.1 2002-05-19 [OBD]
396 FreeBSD 4.6 2002-06-15 [FBD]
397 NetBSD 1.5.3 2002-07-22 [NBD] (patch release)
398 FreeBSD 4.6.2 2002-08-15 [FBD] (patch release)
399 Mac OS X 10.2 2002-08-23 [APL]
400 NetBSD 1.6 2002-09-14 [NBD]
401 FreeBSD 4.7 2002-10-08 [FBD]
402 OpenBSD 3.2 2002-11-01 [OBD]
403 FreeBSD 5.0 2003-01-17 [FBD]
404 FreeBSD 5.0 is a separate branch off of
405 -current, similar to 3.0.
406 FreeBSD 4.8 2003-04-03 [FBD]
407 NetBSD 1.6.1 2003-04-21 [NBD] (patch release)
408 OpenBSD 3.3 2003-05-01 [OBD]
409 BSD/OS 5.0 2003-05-?? [WRS]
410 FreeBSD 5.1 2003-06-09 [FBD]
411 Mac OS X 10.3 2003-10-24 [APL]
412 FreeBSD 4.9 2003-10-28 [FBD]
413 BSD/OS 5.1 ISE 2003-10-?? [WRS] (final version)
414 OpenBSD 3.4 2003-11-01 [OBD]
415 FreeBSD 5.2 2004-01-12 [FBD]
416 FreeBSD 5.2.1 2004-02-22 [FBD] (patch release)
417 NetBSD 1.6.2 2004-03-01 [NBD] (patch release)
418 OpenBSD 3.5 2004-04-01 [OBD]
419 FreeBSD 4.10 2004-05-27 [FBD]
420 DragonFly 1.0 2004-07-12 [DFB]
421 OpenBSD 3.6 2004-10-29 [OBD]
422 FreeBSD 5.3 2004-11-06 [FBD]
423 NetBSD 2.0 2004-12-09 [NBD]
424 FreeBSD 4.11 2005-01-25 [FBD]
425 DragonFly 1.2.0 2005-04-08 [DFB]
426 NetBSD 2.0.2 2005-04-14 [NBD] (security/critical release)
427 Mac OS X 10.4 2005-04-29 [APL]
428 FreeBSD 5.4 2005-05-09 [FBD]
429 OpenBSD 3.7 2005-05-19 [OBD]
430 OpenBSD 3.8 2005-11-01 [OBD]
433 ------------------------
435 Leffler, Samuel J., Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J Karels and John
436 Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating
437 System. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley, 1989. ISBN 0-201-06196-1
439 Salus, Peter H. A quarter century of UNIX. Addison-Wesley Publishing
440 Company, Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-201-54777-5
442 McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels, and John
443 Quarterman. The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating
444 System. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley, 1996. ISBN 0-201-54979-4
446 McKusick, Marshall Kirk, George Neville-Neil. The Design and
447 Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System.
448 Addison-Wesley Professional, Published: Aug 2, 2004. ISBN 0-201-70245-2
450 Doug McIlroy. Research Unix Reader.
452 Michael G. Brown. The Role of BSD in the Development of Unix.
453 Presented to the Tasmanian Unix Special Interest Group of the
454 Australian Computer Society, Hobart, August 1993.
456 Peter H. Salus. Unix at 25. Byte Magazine, October 1994.
457 URL: http://www.byte.com/art/9410/sec8/art3.htm
459 Andreas Klemm, Lars Köller. If you're going to San Francisco ...
460 Die freien BSD-Varianten von Unix. c't April 1997, page 368ff.
462 BSD Release Announcements collection.
463 URL: http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/ftp/releases/
465 BSD Hypertext Man Pages
466 URL: http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi
468 UNIX history graphing project
469 URL: http://minnie.tuhs.org/Unix_History/index.html
472 URL: http://www.levenez.com/unix/
474 James Howard: The BSD Family Tree
475 URL: http://www.daemonnews.org/200104/bsd_family.html
476 ("what are the differences between FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD?")
482 Josh Gilliam for suggestions, bug fixes, and finding very old
483 original BSD announcements from Usenet or tapes.
485 Steven M. Schultz for providing 2.8BSD, 2.10BSD, 2.11BSD manual pages.
488 Copyright (c) 1997-2004 Wolfram Schneider <wosch@FreeBSD.ORG>
489 URL: http://cvsweb.freebsd.org/src/share/misc/bsd-family-tree