1 /******************************************************************************
3 * Module Name: utxface - External interfaces for "global" ACPI functions
5 *****************************************************************************/
7 /******************************************************************************
11 * Some or all of this work - Copyright (c) 1999 - 2010, Intel Corp.
12 * All rights reserved.
16 * 2.1. This is your license from Intel Corp. under its intellectual property
17 * rights. You may have additional license terms from the party that provided
18 * you this software, covering your right to use that party's intellectual
21 * 2.2. Intel grants, free of charge, to any person ("Licensee") obtaining a
22 * copy of the source code appearing in this file ("Covered Code") an
23 * irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide license under Intel's copyrights in the
24 * base code distributed originally by Intel ("Original Intel Code") to copy,
25 * make derivatives, distribute, use and display any portion of the Covered
26 * Code in any form, with the right to sublicense such rights; and
28 * 2.3. Intel grants Licensee a non-exclusive and non-transferable patent
29 * license (with the right to sublicense), under only those claims of Intel
30 * patents that are infringed by the Original Intel Code, to make, use, sell,
31 * offer to sell, and import the Covered Code and derivative works thereof
32 * solely to the minimum extent necessary to exercise the above copyright
33 * license, and in no event shall the patent license extend to any additions
34 * to or modifications of the Original Intel Code. No other license or right
35 * is granted directly or by implication, estoppel or otherwise;
37 * The above copyright and patent license is granted only if the following
42 * 3.1. Redistribution of Source with Rights to Further Distribute Source.
43 * Redistribution of source code of any substantial portion of the Covered
44 * Code or modification with rights to further distribute source must include
45 * the above Copyright Notice, the above License, this list of Conditions,
46 * and the following Disclaimer and Export Compliance provision. In addition,
47 * Licensee must cause all Covered Code to which Licensee contributes to
48 * contain a file documenting the changes Licensee made to create that Covered
49 * Code and the date of any change. Licensee must include in that file the
50 * documentation of any changes made by any predecessor Licensee. Licensee
51 * must include a prominent statement that the modification is derived,
52 * directly or indirectly, from Original Intel Code.
54 * 3.2. Redistribution of Source with no Rights to Further Distribute Source.
55 * Redistribution of source code of any substantial portion of the Covered
56 * Code or modification without rights to further distribute source must
57 * include the following Disclaimer and Export Compliance provision in the
58 * documentation and/or other materials provided with distribution. In
59 * addition, Licensee may not authorize further sublicense of source of any
60 * portion of the Covered Code, and must include terms to the effect that the
61 * license from Licensee to its licensee is limited to the intellectual
62 * property embodied in the software Licensee provides to its licensee, and
63 * not to intellectual property embodied in modifications its licensee may
66 * 3.3. Redistribution of Executable. Redistribution in executable form of any
67 * substantial portion of the Covered Code or modification must reproduce the
68 * above Copyright Notice, and the following Disclaimer and Export Compliance
69 * provision in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
72 * 3.4. Intel retains all right, title, and interest in and to the Original
75 * 3.5. Neither the name Intel nor any other trademark owned or controlled by
76 * Intel shall be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or
77 * other dealings in products derived from or relating to the Covered Code
78 * without prior written authorization from Intel.
80 * 4. Disclaimer and Export Compliance
82 * 4.1. INTEL MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND REGARDING ANY SOFTWARE PROVIDED
83 * HERE. ANY SOFTWARE ORIGINATING FROM INTEL OR DERIVED FROM INTEL SOFTWARE
84 * IS PROVIDED "AS IS," AND INTEL WILL NOT PROVIDE ANY SUPPORT, ASSISTANCE,
85 * INSTALLATION, TRAINING OR OTHER SERVICES. INTEL WILL NOT PROVIDE ANY
86 * UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS OR EXTENSIONS. INTEL SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY
87 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT AND FITNESS FOR A
90 * 4.2. IN NO EVENT SHALL INTEL HAVE ANY LIABILITY TO LICENSEE, ITS LICENSEES
91 * OR ANY OTHER THIRD PARTY, FOR ANY LOST PROFITS, LOST DATA, LOSS OF USE OR
92 * COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES, OR FOR ANY INDIRECT,
93 * SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT, UNDER ANY
94 * CAUSE OF ACTION OR THEORY OF LIABILITY, AND IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER INTEL
95 * HAS ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THESE LIMITATIONS
96 * SHALL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING THE FAILURE OF THE ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY
99 * 4.3. Licensee shall not export, either directly or indirectly, any of this
100 * software or system incorporating such software without first obtaining any
101 * required license or other approval from the U. S. Department of Commerce or
102 * any other agency or department of the United States Government. In the
103 * event Licensee exports any such software from the United States or
104 * re-exports any such software from a foreign destination, Licensee shall
105 * ensure that the distribution and export/re-export of the software is in
106 * compliance with all laws, regulations, orders, or other restrictions of the
107 * U.S. Export Administration Regulations. Licensee agrees that neither it nor
108 * any of its subsidiaries will export/re-export any technical data, process,
109 * software, or service, directly or indirectly, to any country for which the
110 * United States government or any agency thereof requires an export license,
111 * other governmental approval, or letter of assurance, without first obtaining
112 * such license, approval or letter.
114 *****************************************************************************/
117 #define __UTXFACE_C__
119 #include <contrib/dev/acpica/include/acpi.h>
120 #include <contrib/dev/acpica/include/accommon.h>
121 #include <contrib/dev/acpica/include/acevents.h>
122 #include <contrib/dev/acpica/include/acnamesp.h>
123 #include <contrib/dev/acpica/include/acdebug.h>
124 #include <contrib/dev/acpica/include/actables.h>
126 #define _COMPONENT ACPI_UTILITIES
127 ACPI_MODULE_NAME ("utxface")
130 #ifndef ACPI_ASL_COMPILER
132 /*******************************************************************************
134 * FUNCTION: AcpiInitializeSubsystem
140 * DESCRIPTION: Initializes all global variables. This is the first function
141 * called, so any early initialization belongs here.
143 ******************************************************************************/
146 AcpiInitializeSubsystem (
152 ACPI_FUNCTION_TRACE (AcpiInitializeSubsystem);
155 AcpiGbl_StartupFlags = ACPI_SUBSYSTEM_INITIALIZE;
156 ACPI_DEBUG_EXEC (AcpiUtInitStackPtrTrace ());
158 /* Initialize the OS-Dependent layer */
160 Status = AcpiOsInitialize ();
161 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
163 ACPI_EXCEPTION ((AE_INFO, Status, "During OSL initialization"));
164 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
167 /* Initialize all globals used by the subsystem */
169 Status = AcpiUtInitGlobals ();
170 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
172 ACPI_EXCEPTION ((AE_INFO, Status, "During initialization of globals"));
173 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
176 /* Create the default mutex objects */
178 Status = AcpiUtMutexInitialize ();
179 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
181 ACPI_EXCEPTION ((AE_INFO, Status, "During Global Mutex creation"));
182 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
186 * Initialize the namespace manager and
187 * the root of the namespace tree
189 Status = AcpiNsRootInitialize ();
190 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
192 ACPI_EXCEPTION ((AE_INFO, Status, "During Namespace initialization"));
193 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
196 /* Initialize the global OSI interfaces list with the static names */
198 Status = AcpiUtInitializeInterfaces ();
199 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
201 ACPI_EXCEPTION ((AE_INFO, Status, "During OSI interfaces initialization"));
202 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
205 /* If configured, initialize the AML debugger */
207 ACPI_DEBUGGER_EXEC (Status = AcpiDbInitialize ());
208 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
211 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiInitializeSubsystem)
214 /*******************************************************************************
216 * FUNCTION: AcpiEnableSubsystem
218 * PARAMETERS: Flags - Init/enable Options
222 * DESCRIPTION: Completes the subsystem initialization including hardware.
223 * Puts system into ACPI mode if it isn't already.
225 ******************************************************************************/
228 AcpiEnableSubsystem (
231 ACPI_STATUS Status = AE_OK;
234 ACPI_FUNCTION_TRACE (AcpiEnableSubsystem);
237 /* Enable ACPI mode */
239 if (!(Flags & ACPI_NO_ACPI_ENABLE))
241 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT ((ACPI_DB_EXEC, "[Init] Going into ACPI mode\n"));
243 AcpiGbl_OriginalMode = AcpiHwGetMode();
245 Status = AcpiEnable ();
246 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
248 ACPI_WARNING ((AE_INFO, "AcpiEnable failed"));
249 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
254 * Obtain a permanent mapping for the FACS. This is required for the
255 * Global Lock and the Firmware Waking Vector
257 Status = AcpiTbInitializeFacs ();
258 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
260 ACPI_WARNING ((AE_INFO, "Could not map the FACS table"));
261 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
265 * Install the default OpRegion handlers. These are installed unless
266 * other handlers have already been installed via the
267 * InstallAddressSpaceHandler interface.
269 if (!(Flags & ACPI_NO_ADDRESS_SPACE_INIT))
271 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT ((ACPI_DB_EXEC,
272 "[Init] Installing default address space handlers\n"));
274 Status = AcpiEvInstallRegionHandlers ();
275 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
277 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
282 * Initialize ACPI Event handling (Fixed and General Purpose)
284 * Note1: We must have the hardware and events initialized before we can
285 * execute any control methods safely. Any control method can require
286 * ACPI hardware support, so the hardware must be fully initialized before
287 * any method execution!
289 * Note2: Fixed events are initialized and enabled here. GPEs are
290 * initialized, but cannot be enabled until after the hardware is
291 * completely initialized (SCI and GlobalLock activated) and the various
292 * initialization control methods are run (_REG, _STA, _INI) on the
295 if (!(Flags & ACPI_NO_EVENT_INIT))
297 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT ((ACPI_DB_EXEC,
298 "[Init] Initializing ACPI events\n"));
300 Status = AcpiEvInitializeEvents ();
301 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
303 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
308 * Install the SCI handler and Global Lock handler. This completes the
309 * hardware initialization.
311 if (!(Flags & ACPI_NO_HANDLER_INIT))
313 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT ((ACPI_DB_EXEC,
314 "[Init] Installing SCI/GL handlers\n"));
316 Status = AcpiEvInstallXruptHandlers ();
317 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
319 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
323 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
326 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiEnableSubsystem)
329 /*******************************************************************************
331 * FUNCTION: AcpiInitializeObjects
333 * PARAMETERS: Flags - Init/enable Options
337 * DESCRIPTION: Completes namespace initialization by initializing device
338 * objects and executing AML code for Regions, buffers, etc.
340 ******************************************************************************/
343 AcpiInitializeObjects (
346 ACPI_STATUS Status = AE_OK;
349 ACPI_FUNCTION_TRACE (AcpiInitializeObjects);
353 * Run all _REG methods
355 * Note: Any objects accessed by the _REG methods will be automatically
356 * initialized, even if they contain executable AML (see the call to
357 * AcpiNsInitializeObjects below).
359 if (!(Flags & ACPI_NO_ADDRESS_SPACE_INIT))
361 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT ((ACPI_DB_EXEC,
362 "[Init] Executing _REG OpRegion methods\n"));
364 Status = AcpiEvInitializeOpRegions ();
365 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
367 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
372 * Execute any module-level code that was detected during the table load
373 * phase. Although illegal since ACPI 2.0, there are many machines that
374 * contain this type of code. Each block of detected executable AML code
375 * outside of any control method is wrapped with a temporary control
376 * method object and placed on a global list. The methods on this list
377 * are executed below.
379 AcpiNsExecModuleCodeList ();
382 * Initialize the objects that remain uninitialized. This runs the
383 * executable AML that may be part of the declaration of these objects:
384 * OperationRegions, BufferFields, Buffers, and Packages.
386 if (!(Flags & ACPI_NO_OBJECT_INIT))
388 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT ((ACPI_DB_EXEC,
389 "[Init] Completing Initialization of ACPI Objects\n"));
391 Status = AcpiNsInitializeObjects ();
392 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
394 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
399 * Initialize all device objects in the namespace. This runs the device
400 * _STA and _INI methods.
402 if (!(Flags & ACPI_NO_DEVICE_INIT))
404 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT ((ACPI_DB_EXEC,
405 "[Init] Initializing ACPI Devices\n"));
407 Status = AcpiNsInitializeDevices ();
408 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
410 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
415 * Initialize the GPE blocks defined in the FADT (GPE block 0 and 1).
416 * The runtime GPEs are enabled here.
418 * This is where the _PRW methods are executed for the GPEs. These
419 * methods can only be executed after the SCI and Global Lock handlers are
420 * installed and initialized.
422 * GPEs can only be enabled after the _REG, _STA, and _INI methods have
423 * been run. This ensures that all Operation Regions and all Devices have
424 * been initialized and are ready.
426 if (!(Flags & ACPI_NO_EVENT_INIT))
428 Status = AcpiEvInstallFadtGpes ();
429 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
436 * Empty the caches (delete the cached objects) on the assumption that
437 * the table load filled them up more than they will be at runtime --
438 * thus wasting non-paged memory.
440 Status = AcpiPurgeCachedObjects ();
442 AcpiGbl_StartupFlags |= ACPI_INITIALIZED_OK;
443 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
446 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiInitializeObjects)
451 /*******************************************************************************
453 * FUNCTION: AcpiTerminate
459 * DESCRIPTION: Shutdown the ACPICA subsystem and release all resources.
461 ******************************************************************************/
470 ACPI_FUNCTION_TRACE (AcpiTerminate);
473 /* Just exit if subsystem is already shutdown */
475 if (AcpiGbl_Shutdown)
477 ACPI_ERROR ((AE_INFO, "ACPI Subsystem is already terminated"));
478 return_ACPI_STATUS (AE_OK);
481 /* Subsystem appears active, go ahead and shut it down */
483 AcpiGbl_Shutdown = TRUE;
484 AcpiGbl_StartupFlags = 0;
485 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT ((ACPI_DB_INFO, "Shutting down ACPI Subsystem\n"));
487 /* Terminate the AML Debugger if present */
489 ACPI_DEBUGGER_EXEC (AcpiGbl_DbTerminateThreads = TRUE);
491 /* Shutdown and free all resources */
493 AcpiUtSubsystemShutdown ();
495 /* Free the mutex objects */
497 AcpiUtMutexTerminate ();
502 /* Shut down the debugger */
507 /* Now we can shutdown the OS-dependent layer */
509 Status = AcpiOsTerminate ();
510 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
513 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiTerminate)
516 #ifndef ACPI_ASL_COMPILER
517 /*******************************************************************************
519 * FUNCTION: AcpiSubsystemStatus
523 * RETURN: Status of the ACPI subsystem
525 * DESCRIPTION: Other drivers that use the ACPI subsystem should call this
526 * before making any other calls, to ensure the subsystem
527 * initialized successfully.
529 ******************************************************************************/
532 AcpiSubsystemStatus (
536 if (AcpiGbl_StartupFlags & ACPI_INITIALIZED_OK)
546 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiSubsystemStatus)
549 /*******************************************************************************
551 * FUNCTION: AcpiGetSystemInfo
553 * PARAMETERS: OutBuffer - A buffer to receive the resources for the
556 * RETURN: Status - the status of the call
558 * DESCRIPTION: This function is called to get information about the current
559 * state of the ACPI subsystem. It will return system information
562 * If the function fails an appropriate status will be returned
563 * and the value of OutBuffer is undefined.
565 ******************************************************************************/
569 ACPI_BUFFER *OutBuffer)
571 ACPI_SYSTEM_INFO *InfoPtr;
575 ACPI_FUNCTION_TRACE (AcpiGetSystemInfo);
578 /* Parameter validation */
580 Status = AcpiUtValidateBuffer (OutBuffer);
581 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
583 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
586 /* Validate/Allocate/Clear caller buffer */
588 Status = AcpiUtInitializeBuffer (OutBuffer, sizeof (ACPI_SYSTEM_INFO));
589 if (ACPI_FAILURE (Status))
591 return_ACPI_STATUS (Status);
595 * Populate the return buffer
597 InfoPtr = (ACPI_SYSTEM_INFO *) OutBuffer->Pointer;
599 InfoPtr->AcpiCaVersion = ACPI_CA_VERSION;
601 /* System flags (ACPI capabilities) */
603 InfoPtr->Flags = ACPI_SYS_MODE_ACPI;
605 /* Timer resolution - 24 or 32 bits */
607 if (AcpiGbl_FADT.Flags & ACPI_FADT_32BIT_TIMER)
609 InfoPtr->TimerResolution = 24;
613 InfoPtr->TimerResolution = 32;
616 /* Clear the reserved fields */
618 InfoPtr->Reserved1 = 0;
619 InfoPtr->Reserved2 = 0;
621 /* Current debug levels */
623 InfoPtr->DebugLayer = AcpiDbgLayer;
624 InfoPtr->DebugLevel = AcpiDbgLevel;
626 return_ACPI_STATUS (AE_OK);
629 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiGetSystemInfo)
632 /*******************************************************************************
634 * FUNCTION: AcpiGetStatistics
636 * PARAMETERS: Stats - Where the statistics are returned
638 * RETURN: Status - the status of the call
640 * DESCRIPTION: Get the contents of the various system counters
642 ******************************************************************************/
646 ACPI_STATISTICS *Stats)
648 ACPI_FUNCTION_TRACE (AcpiGetStatistics);
651 /* Parameter validation */
655 return_ACPI_STATUS (AE_BAD_PARAMETER);
658 /* Various interrupt-based event counters */
660 Stats->SciCount = AcpiSciCount;
661 Stats->GpeCount = AcpiGpeCount;
663 ACPI_MEMCPY (Stats->FixedEventCount, AcpiFixedEventCount,
664 sizeof (AcpiFixedEventCount));
669 Stats->MethodCount = AcpiMethodCount;
671 return_ACPI_STATUS (AE_OK);
674 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiGetStatistics)
677 /*****************************************************************************
679 * FUNCTION: AcpiInstallInitializationHandler
681 * PARAMETERS: Handler - Callback procedure
682 * Function - Not (currently) used, see below
686 * DESCRIPTION: Install an initialization handler
688 * TBD: When a second function is added, must save the Function also.
690 ****************************************************************************/
693 AcpiInstallInitializationHandler (
694 ACPI_INIT_HANDLER Handler,
700 return (AE_BAD_PARAMETER);
703 if (AcpiGbl_InitHandler)
705 return (AE_ALREADY_EXISTS);
708 AcpiGbl_InitHandler = Handler;
712 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiInstallInitializationHandler)
715 /*****************************************************************************
717 * FUNCTION: AcpiPurgeCachedObjects
723 * DESCRIPTION: Empty all caches (delete the cached objects)
725 ****************************************************************************/
728 AcpiPurgeCachedObjects (
731 ACPI_FUNCTION_TRACE (AcpiPurgeCachedObjects);
733 (void) AcpiOsPurgeCache (AcpiGbl_StateCache);
734 (void) AcpiOsPurgeCache (AcpiGbl_OperandCache);
735 (void) AcpiOsPurgeCache (AcpiGbl_PsNodeCache);
736 (void) AcpiOsPurgeCache (AcpiGbl_PsNodeExtCache);
737 return_ACPI_STATUS (AE_OK);
740 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiPurgeCachedObjects)
743 /*****************************************************************************
745 * FUNCTION: AcpiInstallInterface
747 * PARAMETERS: InterfaceName - The interface to install
751 * DESCRIPTION: Install an _OSI interface to the global list
753 ****************************************************************************/
756 AcpiInstallInterface (
757 ACPI_STRING InterfaceName)
760 ACPI_INTERFACE_INFO *InterfaceInfo;
763 /* Parameter validation */
765 if (!InterfaceName || (ACPI_STRLEN (InterfaceName) == 0))
767 return (AE_BAD_PARAMETER);
770 (void) AcpiOsAcquireMutex (AcpiGbl_OsiMutex, ACPI_WAIT_FOREVER);
772 /* Check if the interface name is already in the global list */
774 InterfaceInfo = AcpiUtGetInterface (InterfaceName);
778 * The interface already exists in the list. This is OK if the
779 * interface has been marked invalid -- just clear the bit.
781 if (InterfaceInfo->Flags & ACPI_OSI_INVALID)
783 InterfaceInfo->Flags &= ~ACPI_OSI_INVALID;
788 Status = AE_ALREADY_EXISTS;
793 /* New interface name, install into the global list */
795 Status = AcpiUtInstallInterface (InterfaceName);
798 AcpiOsReleaseMutex (AcpiGbl_OsiMutex);
802 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiInstallInterface)
805 /*****************************************************************************
807 * FUNCTION: AcpiRemoveInterface
809 * PARAMETERS: InterfaceName - The interface to remove
813 * DESCRIPTION: Remove an _OSI interface from the global list
815 ****************************************************************************/
818 AcpiRemoveInterface (
819 ACPI_STRING InterfaceName)
824 /* Parameter validation */
826 if (!InterfaceName || (ACPI_STRLEN (InterfaceName) == 0))
828 return (AE_BAD_PARAMETER);
831 (void) AcpiOsAcquireMutex (AcpiGbl_OsiMutex, ACPI_WAIT_FOREVER);
833 Status = AcpiUtRemoveInterface (InterfaceName);
835 AcpiOsReleaseMutex (AcpiGbl_OsiMutex);
839 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiRemoveInterface)
842 /*****************************************************************************
844 * FUNCTION: AcpiInstallInterfaceHandler
846 * PARAMETERS: Handler - The _OSI interface handler to install
847 * NULL means "remove existing handler"
851 * DESCRIPTION: Install a handler for the predefined _OSI ACPI method.
852 * invoked during execution of the internal implementation of
853 * _OSI. A NULL handler simply removes any existing handler.
855 ****************************************************************************/
858 AcpiInstallInterfaceHandler (
859 ACPI_INTERFACE_HANDLER Handler)
861 ACPI_STATUS Status = AE_OK;
864 (void) AcpiOsAcquireMutex (AcpiGbl_OsiMutex, ACPI_WAIT_FOREVER);
866 if (Handler && AcpiGbl_InterfaceHandler)
868 Status = AE_ALREADY_EXISTS;
872 AcpiGbl_InterfaceHandler = Handler;
875 AcpiOsReleaseMutex (AcpiGbl_OsiMutex);
879 ACPI_EXPORT_SYMBOL (AcpiInstallInterfaceHandler)
881 #endif /* !ACPI_ASL_COMPILER */