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[FreeBSD/FreeBSD.git] / sys / i386 / i386 / pmap.c

/*-
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-4-Clause
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1991 Regents of the University of California.
 * All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 1994 John S. Dyson
 * All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 1994 David Greenman
 * All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2005-2010 Alan L. Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
 * the Systems Programming Group of the University of Utah Computer
 * Science Department and William Jolitz of UUNET Technologies Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *      from:   @(#)pmap.c      7.7 (Berkeley)  5/12/91
 */
/*-
 * Copyright (c) 2003 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2018 The FreeBSD Foundation
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Jake Burkholder,
 * Safeport Network Services, and Network Associates Laboratories, the
 * Security Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under
 * DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA
 * CHATS research program.
 *
 * Portions of this software were developed by
 * Konstantin Belousov <kib@FreeBSD.org> under sponsorship from
 * the FreeBSD Foundation.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");

/*
 *      Manages physical address maps.
 *
 *      Since the information managed by this module is
 *      also stored by the logical address mapping module,
 *      this module may throw away valid virtual-to-physical
 *      mappings at almost any time.  However, invalidations
 *      of virtual-to-physical mappings must be done as
 *      requested.
 *
 *      In order to cope with hardware architectures which
 *      make virtual-to-physical map invalidates expensive,
 *      this module may delay invalidate or reduced protection
 *      operations until such time as they are actually
 *      necessary.  This module is given full information as
 *      to which processors are currently using which maps,
 *      and to when physical maps must be made correct.
 */

#include "opt_apic.h"
#include "opt_cpu.h"
#include "opt_pmap.h"
#include "opt_smp.h"
#include "opt_vm.h"

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/ktr.h>
#include <sys/lock.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/msgbuf.h>
#include <sys/mutex.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/rwlock.h>
#include <sys/sf_buf.h>
#include <sys/sx.h>
#include <sys/vmmeter.h>
#include <sys/sched.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/smp.h>
#include <sys/vmem.h>

#include <vm/vm.h>
#include <vm/vm_param.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_page.h>
#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_object.h>
#include <vm/vm_extern.h>
#include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
#include <vm/vm_pager.h>
#include <vm/vm_phys.h>
#include <vm/vm_radix.h>
#include <vm/vm_reserv.h>
#include <vm/uma.h>

#ifdef DEV_APIC
#include <sys/bus.h>
#include <machine/intr_machdep.h>
#include <x86/apicvar.h>
#endif
#include <machine/bootinfo.h>
#include <machine/cpu.h>
#include <machine/cputypes.h>
#include <machine/md_var.h>
#include <machine/pcb.h>
#include <machine/specialreg.h>
#ifdef SMP
#include <machine/smp.h>
#endif

#ifndef PMAP_SHPGPERPROC
#define PMAP_SHPGPERPROC 200
#endif

#if !defined(DIAGNOSTIC)
#ifdef __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
#define PMAP_INLINE     __attribute__((__gnu_inline__)) inline
#else
#define PMAP_INLINE     extern inline
#endif
#else
#define PMAP_INLINE
#endif

#ifdef PV_STATS
#define PV_STAT(x)      do { x ; } while (0)
#else
#define PV_STAT(x)      do { } while (0)
#endif

#define pa_index(pa)    ((pa) >> PDRSHIFT)
#define pa_to_pvh(pa)   (&pv_table[pa_index(pa)])

/*
 * Get PDEs and PTEs for user/kernel address space
 */
#define pmap_pde(m, v)  (&((m)->pm_pdir[(vm_offset_t)(v) >> PDRSHIFT]))
#define pdir_pde(m, v) (m[(vm_offset_t)(v) >> PDRSHIFT])

#define pmap_pde_v(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_V) != 0)
#define pmap_pte_w(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_W) != 0)
#define pmap_pte_m(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_M) != 0)
#define pmap_pte_u(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_A) != 0)
#define pmap_pte_v(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_V) != 0)

#define pmap_pte_set_w(pte, v)  ((v) ? atomic_set_int((u_int *)(pte), PG_W) : \
    atomic_clear_int((u_int *)(pte), PG_W))
#define pmap_pte_set_prot(pte, v) ((*(int *)pte &= ~PG_PROT), (*(int *)pte |= (v)))

struct pmap kernel_pmap_store;

vm_offset_t virtual_avail;      /* VA of first avail page (after kernel bss) */
vm_offset_t virtual_end;        /* VA of last avail page (end of kernel AS) */
static int pgeflag = 0;         /* PG_G or-in */
static int pseflag = 0;         /* PG_PS or-in */

static int nkpt = NKPT;
vm_offset_t kernel_vm_end = /* 0 + */ NKPT * NBPDR;

#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
pt_entry_t pg_nx;
static uma_zone_t pdptzone;
#endif

static SYSCTL_NODE(_vm, OID_AUTO, pmap, CTLFLAG_RD, 0, "VM/pmap parameters");

static int pat_works = 1;
SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pat_works, CTLFLAG_RD, &pat_works, 1,
    "Is page attribute table fully functional?");

static int pg_ps_enabled = 1;
SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pg_ps_enabled, CTLFLAG_RDTUN | CTLFLAG_NOFETCH,
    &pg_ps_enabled, 0, "Are large page mappings enabled?");

#define PAT_INDEX_SIZE  8
static int pat_index[PAT_INDEX_SIZE];   /* cache mode to PAT index conversion */

/*
 * pmap_mapdev support pre initialization (i.e. console)
 */
#define PMAP_PREINIT_MAPPING_COUNT      8
static struct pmap_preinit_mapping {
        vm_paddr_t      pa;
        vm_offset_t     va;
        vm_size_t       sz;
        int             mode;
} pmap_preinit_mapping[PMAP_PREINIT_MAPPING_COUNT];
static int pmap_initialized;

static struct rwlock_padalign pvh_global_lock;

/*
 * Data for the pv entry allocation mechanism
 */
static TAILQ_HEAD(pch, pv_chunk) pv_chunks = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(pv_chunks);
static int pv_entry_count = 0, pv_entry_max = 0, pv_entry_high_water = 0;
static struct md_page *pv_table;
static int shpgperproc = PMAP_SHPGPERPROC;

struct pv_chunk *pv_chunkbase;          /* KVA block for pv_chunks */
int pv_maxchunks;                       /* How many chunks we have KVA for */
vm_offset_t pv_vafree;                  /* freelist stored in the PTE */

/*
 * All those kernel PT submaps that BSD is so fond of
 */
pt_entry_t *CMAP3;
static pd_entry_t *KPTD;
caddr_t ptvmmap = 0;
caddr_t CADDR3;

/*
 * Crashdump maps.
 */
static caddr_t crashdumpmap;

static pt_entry_t *PMAP1 = NULL, *PMAP2, *PMAP3;
static pt_entry_t *PADDR1 = NULL, *PADDR2, *PADDR3;
#ifdef SMP
static int PMAP1cpu, PMAP3cpu;
static int PMAP1changedcpu;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, PMAP1changedcpu, CTLFLAG_RD, 
           &PMAP1changedcpu, 0,
           "Number of times pmap_pte_quick changed CPU with same PMAP1");
#endif
static int PMAP1changed;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, PMAP1changed, CTLFLAG_RD, 
           &PMAP1changed, 0,
           "Number of times pmap_pte_quick changed PMAP1");
static int PMAP1unchanged;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, PMAP1unchanged, CTLFLAG_RD, 
           &PMAP1unchanged, 0,
           "Number of times pmap_pte_quick didn't change PMAP1");
static struct mtx PMAP2mutex;

int pti;

/*
 * Internal flags for pmap_enter()'s helper functions.
 */
#define PMAP_ENTER_NORECLAIM    0x1000000       /* Don't reclaim PV entries. */
#define PMAP_ENTER_NOREPLACE    0x2000000       /* Don't replace mappings. */

static void     free_pv_chunk(struct pv_chunk *pc);
static void     free_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, pv_entry_t pv);
static pv_entry_t get_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, boolean_t try);
static void     pmap_pv_demote_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa);
static bool     pmap_pv_insert_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t pde,
                    u_int flags);
#if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
static void     pmap_pv_promote_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa);
#endif
static void     pmap_pvh_free(struct md_page *pvh, pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va);
static pv_entry_t pmap_pvh_remove(struct md_page *pvh, pmap_t pmap,
                    vm_offset_t va);
static int      pmap_pvh_wired_mappings(struct md_page *pvh, int count);

static boolean_t pmap_demote_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pde, vm_offset_t va);
static bool     pmap_enter_4mpage(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m,
                    vm_prot_t prot);
static int      pmap_enter_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t newpde,
                    u_int flags, vm_page_t m);
static vm_page_t pmap_enter_quick_locked(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va,
    vm_page_t m, vm_prot_t prot, vm_page_t mpte);
static void pmap_flush_page(vm_page_t m);
static int pmap_insert_pt_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t mpte);
static void pmap_invalidate_pde_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va,
                    pd_entry_t pde);
static void pmap_fill_ptp(pt_entry_t *firstpte, pt_entry_t newpte);
static boolean_t pmap_is_modified_pvh(struct md_page *pvh);
static boolean_t pmap_is_referenced_pvh(struct md_page *pvh);
static void pmap_kenter_attr(vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa, int mode);
static void pmap_kenter_pde(vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t newpde);
static void pmap_pde_attr(pd_entry_t *pde, int cache_bits);
#if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
static void pmap_promote_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pde, vm_offset_t va);
#endif
static boolean_t pmap_protect_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pde, vm_offset_t sva,
    vm_prot_t prot);
static void pmap_pte_attr(pt_entry_t *pte, int cache_bits);
static void pmap_remove_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pdq, vm_offset_t sva,
    struct spglist *free);
static int pmap_remove_pte(pmap_t pmap, pt_entry_t *ptq, vm_offset_t sva,
    struct spglist *free);
static vm_page_t pmap_remove_pt_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va);
static void pmap_remove_page(struct pmap *pmap, vm_offset_t va,
    struct spglist *free);
static bool     pmap_remove_ptes(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva,
                    struct spglist *free);
static void pmap_remove_entry(struct pmap *pmap, vm_page_t m,
                                        vm_offset_t va);
static void pmap_insert_entry(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m);
static boolean_t pmap_try_insert_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va,
    vm_page_t m);
static void pmap_update_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t *pde,
    pd_entry_t newpde);
static void pmap_update_pde_invalidate(vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t newpde);

static vm_page_t pmap_allocpte(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, u_int flags);

static vm_page_t _pmap_allocpte(pmap_t pmap, u_int ptepindex, u_int flags);
static void _pmap_unwire_ptp(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m, struct spglist *free);
static pt_entry_t *pmap_pte_quick(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va);
static void pmap_pte_release(pt_entry_t *pte);
static int pmap_unuse_pt(pmap_t, vm_offset_t, struct spglist *);
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
static void *pmap_pdpt_allocf(uma_zone_t zone, vm_size_t bytes, int domain,
    uint8_t *flags, int wait);
#endif
static void pmap_init_trm(void);

static __inline void pagezero(void *page);

CTASSERT(1 << PDESHIFT == sizeof(pd_entry_t));
CTASSERT(1 << PTESHIFT == sizeof(pt_entry_t));

void pmap_cold(void);
extern char _end[];
u_long physfree;        /* phys addr of next free page */
u_long vm86phystk;      /* PA of vm86/bios stack */
u_long vm86paddr;       /* address of vm86 region */
int vm86pa;             /* phys addr of vm86 region */
u_long KERNend;         /* phys addr end of kernel (just after bss) */
pd_entry_t *IdlePTD;    /* phys addr of kernel PTD */
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
pdpt_entry_t *IdlePDPT; /* phys addr of kernel PDPT */
#endif
pt_entry_t *KPTmap;     /* address of kernel page tables */
u_long KPTphys;         /* phys addr of kernel page tables */
extern u_long tramp_idleptd;

static u_long
allocpages(u_int cnt, u_long *physfree)
{
        u_long res;

        res = *physfree;
        *physfree += PAGE_SIZE * cnt;
        bzero((void *)res, PAGE_SIZE * cnt);
        return (res);
}

static void
pmap_cold_map(u_long pa, u_long va, u_long cnt)
{
        pt_entry_t *pt;

        for (pt = (pt_entry_t *)KPTphys + atop(va); cnt > 0;
            cnt--, pt++, va += PAGE_SIZE, pa += PAGE_SIZE)
                *pt = pa | PG_V | PG_RW | PG_A | PG_M;
}

static void
pmap_cold_mapident(u_long pa, u_long cnt)
{

        pmap_cold_map(pa, pa, cnt);
}

_Static_assert(2 * NBPDR == KERNBASE, "Broken double-map of zero PTD");

/*
 * Called from locore.s before paging is enabled.  Sets up the first
 * kernel page table.  Since kernel is mapped with PA == VA, this code
 * does not require relocations.
 */
void
pmap_cold(void)
{
        pt_entry_t *pt;
        u_long a;
        u_int cr3, ncr4;

        physfree = (u_long)&_end;
        if (bootinfo.bi_esymtab != 0)
                physfree = bootinfo.bi_esymtab;
        if (bootinfo.bi_kernend != 0)
                physfree = bootinfo.bi_kernend;
        physfree = roundup2(physfree, NBPDR);
        KERNend = physfree;

        /* Allocate Kernel Page Tables */
        KPTphys = allocpages(NKPT, &physfree);
        KPTmap = (pt_entry_t *)KPTphys;

        /* Allocate Page Table Directory */
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        /* XXX only need 32 bytes (easier for now) */
        IdlePDPT = (pdpt_entry_t *)allocpages(1, &physfree);
#endif
        IdlePTD = (pd_entry_t *)allocpages(NPGPTD, &physfree);

        /*
         * Allocate KSTACK.  Leave a guard page between IdlePTD and
         * proc0kstack, to control stack overflow for thread0 and
         * prevent corruption of the page table.  We leak the guard
         * physical memory due to 1:1 mappings.
         */
        allocpages(1, &physfree);
        proc0kstack = allocpages(TD0_KSTACK_PAGES, &physfree);

        /* vm86/bios stack */
        vm86phystk = allocpages(1, &physfree);

        /* pgtable + ext + IOPAGES */
        vm86paddr = vm86pa = allocpages(3, &physfree);

        /* Install page tables into PTD.  Page table page 1 is wasted. */
        for (a = 0; a < NKPT; a++)
                IdlePTD[a] = (KPTphys + ptoa(a)) | PG_V | PG_RW | PG_A | PG_M;

#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        /* PAE install PTD pointers into PDPT */
        for (a = 0; a < NPGPTD; a++)
                IdlePDPT[a] = ((u_int)IdlePTD + ptoa(a)) | PG_V;
#endif

        /*
         * Install recursive mapping for kernel page tables into
         * itself.
         */
        for (a = 0; a < NPGPTD; a++)
                IdlePTD[PTDPTDI + a] = ((u_int)IdlePTD + ptoa(a)) | PG_V |
                    PG_RW;

        /*
         * Initialize page table pages mapping physical address zero
         * through the (physical) end of the kernel.  Many of these
         * pages must be reserved, and we reserve them all and map
         * them linearly for convenience.  We do this even if we've
         * enabled PSE above; we'll just switch the corresponding
         * kernel PDEs before we turn on paging.
         *
         * This and all other page table entries allow read and write
         * access for various reasons.  Kernel mappings never have any
         * access restrictions.
         */
        pmap_cold_mapident(0, atop(NBPDR));
        pmap_cold_map(0, NBPDR, atop(NBPDR));
        pmap_cold_mapident(KERNBASE, atop(KERNend - KERNBASE));

        /* Map page table directory */
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        pmap_cold_mapident((u_long)IdlePDPT, 1);
#endif
        pmap_cold_mapident((u_long)IdlePTD, NPGPTD);

        /* Map early KPTmap.  It is really pmap_cold_mapident. */
        pmap_cold_map(KPTphys, (u_long)KPTmap, NKPT);

        /* Map proc0kstack */
        pmap_cold_mapident(proc0kstack, TD0_KSTACK_PAGES);
        /* ISA hole already mapped */

        pmap_cold_mapident(vm86phystk, 1);
        pmap_cold_mapident(vm86pa, 3);

        /* Map page 0 into the vm86 page table */
        *(pt_entry_t *)vm86pa = 0 | PG_RW | PG_U | PG_A | PG_M | PG_V;

        /* ...likewise for the ISA hole for vm86 */
        for (pt = (pt_entry_t *)vm86pa + atop(ISA_HOLE_START), a = 0;
            a < atop(ISA_HOLE_LENGTH); a++, pt++)
                *pt = (ISA_HOLE_START + ptoa(a)) | PG_RW | PG_U | PG_A |
                    PG_M | PG_V;

        /* Enable PSE, PGE, VME, and PAE if configured. */
        ncr4 = 0;
        if ((cpu_feature & CPUID_PSE) != 0) {
                ncr4 |= CR4_PSE;
                pseflag = PG_PS;
                /*
                 * Superpage mapping of the kernel text.  Existing 4k
                 * page table pages are wasted.
                 */
                for (a = KERNBASE; a < KERNend; a += NBPDR)
                        IdlePTD[a >> PDRSHIFT] = a | PG_PS | PG_A | PG_M |
                            PG_RW | PG_V;
        }
        if ((cpu_feature & CPUID_PGE) != 0) {
                ncr4 |= CR4_PGE;
                pgeflag = PG_G;
        }
        ncr4 |= (cpu_feature & CPUID_VME) != 0 ? CR4_VME : 0;
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        ncr4 |= CR4_PAE;
#endif
        if (ncr4 != 0)
                load_cr4(rcr4() | ncr4);

        /* Now enable paging */
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        cr3 = (u_int)IdlePDPT;
#else
        cr3 = (u_int)IdlePTD;
#endif
        tramp_idleptd = cr3;
        load_cr3(cr3);
        load_cr0(rcr0() | CR0_PG);

        /*
         * Now running relocated at KERNBASE where the system is
         * linked to run.
         */

        /*
         * Remove the lowest part of the double mapping of low memory
         * to get some null pointer checks.
         */
        IdlePTD[0] = 0;
        load_cr3(cr3);          /* invalidate TLB */
}

/*
 *      Bootstrap the system enough to run with virtual memory.
 *
 *      On the i386 this is called after mapping has already been enabled
 *      in locore.s with the page table created in pmap_cold(),
 *      and just syncs the pmap module with what has already been done.
 */
void
pmap_bootstrap(vm_paddr_t firstaddr)
{
        vm_offset_t va;
        pt_entry_t *pte, *unused;
        struct pcpu *pc;
        int i;

        /*
         * Add a physical memory segment (vm_phys_seg) corresponding to the
         * preallocated kernel page table pages so that vm_page structures
         * representing these pages will be created.  The vm_page structures
         * are required for promotion of the corresponding kernel virtual
         * addresses to superpage mappings.
         */
        vm_phys_add_seg(KPTphys, KPTphys + ptoa(nkpt));

        /*
         * Initialize the first available kernel virtual address.  However,
         * using "firstaddr" may waste a few pages of the kernel virtual
         * address space, because locore may not have mapped every physical
         * page that it allocated.  Preferably, locore would provide a first
         * unused virtual address in addition to "firstaddr".
         */
        virtual_avail = (vm_offset_t)firstaddr;

        virtual_end = VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS;

        /*
         * Initialize the kernel pmap (which is statically allocated).
         */
        PMAP_LOCK_INIT(kernel_pmap);
        kernel_pmap->pm_pdir = IdlePTD;
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        kernel_pmap->pm_pdpt = IdlePDPT;
#endif
        CPU_FILL(&kernel_pmap->pm_active);      /* don't allow deactivation */
        TAILQ_INIT(&kernel_pmap->pm_pvchunk);

        /*
         * Initialize the global pv list lock.
         */
        rw_init(&pvh_global_lock, "pmap pv global");

        /*
         * Reserve some special page table entries/VA space for temporary
         * mapping of pages.
         */
#define SYSMAP(c, p, v, n)      \
        v = (c)va; va += ((n)*PAGE_SIZE); p = pte; pte += (n);

        va = virtual_avail;
        pte = vtopte(va);


        /*
         * Initialize temporary map objects on the current CPU for use
         * during early boot.
         * CMAP1/CMAP2 are used for zeroing and copying pages.
         * CMAP3 is used for the boot-time memory test.
         */
        pc = get_pcpu();
        mtx_init(&pc->pc_cmap_lock, "SYSMAPS", NULL, MTX_DEF);
        SYSMAP(caddr_t, pc->pc_cmap_pte1, pc->pc_cmap_addr1, 1)
        SYSMAP(caddr_t, pc->pc_cmap_pte2, pc->pc_cmap_addr2, 1)
        SYSMAP(vm_offset_t, pte, pc->pc_qmap_addr, 1)

        SYSMAP(caddr_t, CMAP3, CADDR3, 1);

        /*
         * Crashdump maps.
         */
        SYSMAP(caddr_t, unused, crashdumpmap, MAXDUMPPGS)

        /*
         * ptvmmap is used for reading arbitrary physical pages via /dev/mem.
         */
        SYSMAP(caddr_t, unused, ptvmmap, 1)

        /*
         * msgbufp is used to map the system message buffer.
         */
        SYSMAP(struct msgbuf *, unused, msgbufp, atop(round_page(msgbufsize)))

        /*
         * KPTmap is used by pmap_kextract().
         *
         * KPTmap is first initialized by locore.  However, that initial
         * KPTmap can only support NKPT page table pages.  Here, a larger
         * KPTmap is created that can support KVA_PAGES page table pages.
         */
        SYSMAP(pt_entry_t *, KPTD, KPTmap, KVA_PAGES)

        for (i = 0; i < NKPT; i++)
                KPTD[i] = (KPTphys + ptoa(i)) | PG_RW | PG_V;

        /*
         * PADDR1 and PADDR2 are used by pmap_pte_quick() and pmap_pte(),
         * respectively.
         */
        SYSMAP(pt_entry_t *, PMAP1, PADDR1, 1)
        SYSMAP(pt_entry_t *, PMAP2, PADDR2, 1)
        SYSMAP(pt_entry_t *, PMAP3, PADDR3, 1)

        mtx_init(&PMAP2mutex, "PMAP2", NULL, MTX_DEF);

        virtual_avail = va;

        /*
         * Initialize the PAT MSR if present.
         * pmap_init_pat() clears and sets CR4_PGE, which, as a
         * side-effect, invalidates stale PG_G TLB entries that might
         * have been created in our pre-boot environment.  We assume
         * that PAT support implies PGE and in reverse, PGE presence
         * comes with PAT.  Both features were added for Pentium Pro.
         */
        pmap_init_pat();
}

static void
pmap_init_reserved_pages(void)
{
        struct pcpu *pc;
        vm_offset_t pages;
        int i;

        CPU_FOREACH(i) {
                pc = pcpu_find(i);
                mtx_init(&pc->pc_copyout_mlock, "cpmlk", NULL, MTX_DEF |
                    MTX_NEW);
                pc->pc_copyout_maddr = kva_alloc(ptoa(2));
                if (pc->pc_copyout_maddr == 0)
                        panic("unable to allocate non-sleepable copyout KVA");
                sx_init(&pc->pc_copyout_slock, "cpslk");
                pc->pc_copyout_saddr = kva_alloc(ptoa(2));
                if (pc->pc_copyout_saddr == 0)
                        panic("unable to allocate sleepable copyout KVA");
                pc->pc_pmap_eh_va = kva_alloc(ptoa(1));
                if (pc->pc_pmap_eh_va == 0)
                        panic("unable to allocate pmap_extract_and_hold KVA");
                pc->pc_pmap_eh_ptep = (char *)vtopte(pc->pc_pmap_eh_va);

                /*
                 * Skip if the mappings have already been initialized,
                 * i.e. this is the BSP.
                 */
                if (pc->pc_cmap_addr1 != 0)
                        continue;

                mtx_init(&pc->pc_cmap_lock, "SYSMAPS", NULL, MTX_DEF);
                pages = kva_alloc(PAGE_SIZE * 3);
                if (pages == 0)
                        panic("unable to allocate CMAP KVA");
                pc->pc_cmap_pte1 = vtopte(pages);
                pc->pc_cmap_pte2 = vtopte(pages + PAGE_SIZE);
                pc->pc_cmap_addr1 = (caddr_t)pages;
                pc->pc_cmap_addr2 = (caddr_t)(pages + PAGE_SIZE);
                pc->pc_qmap_addr = pages + atop(2);
        }
}
 
SYSINIT(rpages_init, SI_SUB_CPU, SI_ORDER_ANY, pmap_init_reserved_pages, NULL);

/*
 * Setup the PAT MSR.
 */
void
pmap_init_pat(void)
{
        int pat_table[PAT_INDEX_SIZE];
        uint64_t pat_msr;
        u_long cr0, cr4;
        int i;

        /* Set default PAT index table. */
        for (i = 0; i < PAT_INDEX_SIZE; i++)
                pat_table[i] = -1;
        pat_table[PAT_WRITE_BACK] = 0;
        pat_table[PAT_WRITE_THROUGH] = 1;
        pat_table[PAT_UNCACHEABLE] = 3;
        pat_table[PAT_WRITE_COMBINING] = 3;
        pat_table[PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED] = 3;
        pat_table[PAT_UNCACHED] = 3;

        /*
         * Bail if this CPU doesn't implement PAT.
         * We assume that PAT support implies PGE.
         */
        if ((cpu_feature & CPUID_PAT) == 0) {
                for (i = 0; i < PAT_INDEX_SIZE; i++)
                        pat_index[i] = pat_table[i];
                pat_works = 0;
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Due to some Intel errata, we can only safely use the lower 4
         * PAT entries.
         *
         *   Intel Pentium III Processor Specification Update
         * Errata E.27 (Upper Four PAT Entries Not Usable With Mode B
         * or Mode C Paging)
         *
         *   Intel Pentium IV  Processor Specification Update
         * Errata N46 (PAT Index MSB May Be Calculated Incorrectly)
         */
        if (cpu_vendor_id == CPU_VENDOR_INTEL &&
            !(CPUID_TO_FAMILY(cpu_id) == 6 && CPUID_TO_MODEL(cpu_id) >= 0xe))
                pat_works = 0;

        /* Initialize default PAT entries. */
        pat_msr = PAT_VALUE(0, PAT_WRITE_BACK) |
            PAT_VALUE(1, PAT_WRITE_THROUGH) |
            PAT_VALUE(2, PAT_UNCACHED) |
            PAT_VALUE(3, PAT_UNCACHEABLE) |
            PAT_VALUE(4, PAT_WRITE_BACK) |
            PAT_VALUE(5, PAT_WRITE_THROUGH) |
            PAT_VALUE(6, PAT_UNCACHED) |
            PAT_VALUE(7, PAT_UNCACHEABLE);

        if (pat_works) {
                /*
                 * Leave the indices 0-3 at the default of WB, WT, UC-, and UC.
                 * Program 5 and 6 as WP and WC.
                 * Leave 4 and 7 as WB and UC.
                 */
                pat_msr &= ~(PAT_MASK(5) | PAT_MASK(6));
                pat_msr |= PAT_VALUE(5, PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED) |
                    PAT_VALUE(6, PAT_WRITE_COMBINING);
                pat_table[PAT_UNCACHED] = 2;
                pat_table[PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED] = 5;
                pat_table[PAT_WRITE_COMBINING] = 6;
        } else {
                /*
                 * Just replace PAT Index 2 with WC instead of UC-.
                 */
                pat_msr &= ~PAT_MASK(2);
                pat_msr |= PAT_VALUE(2, PAT_WRITE_COMBINING);
                pat_table[PAT_WRITE_COMBINING] = 2;
        }

        /* Disable PGE. */
        cr4 = rcr4();
        load_cr4(cr4 & ~CR4_PGE);

        /* Disable caches (CD = 1, NW = 0). */
        cr0 = rcr0();
        load_cr0((cr0 & ~CR0_NW) | CR0_CD);

        /* Flushes caches and TLBs. */
        wbinvd();
        invltlb();

        /* Update PAT and index table. */
        wrmsr(MSR_PAT, pat_msr);
        for (i = 0; i < PAT_INDEX_SIZE; i++)
                pat_index[i] = pat_table[i];

        /* Flush caches and TLBs again. */
        wbinvd();
        invltlb();

        /* Restore caches and PGE. */
        load_cr0(cr0);
        load_cr4(cr4);
}

/*
 * Initialize a vm_page's machine-dependent fields.
 */
void
pmap_page_init(vm_page_t m)
{

        TAILQ_INIT(&m->md.pv_list);
        m->md.pat_mode = PAT_WRITE_BACK;
}

#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
static void *
pmap_pdpt_allocf(uma_zone_t zone, vm_size_t bytes, int domain, uint8_t *flags,
    int wait)
{

        /* Inform UMA that this allocator uses kernel_map/object. */
        *flags = UMA_SLAB_KERNEL;
        return ((void *)kmem_alloc_contig_domain(domain, bytes, wait, 0x0ULL,
            0xffffffffULL, 1, 0, VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT));
}
#endif

/*
 * Abuse the pte nodes for unmapped kva to thread a kva freelist through.
 * Requirements:
 *  - Must deal with pages in order to ensure that none of the PG_* bits
 *    are ever set, PG_V in particular.
 *  - Assumes we can write to ptes without pte_store() atomic ops, even
 *    on PAE systems.  This should be ok.
 *  - Assumes nothing will ever test these addresses for 0 to indicate
 *    no mapping instead of correctly checking PG_V.
 *  - Assumes a vm_offset_t will fit in a pte (true for i386).
 * Because PG_V is never set, there can be no mappings to invalidate.
 */
static vm_offset_t
pmap_ptelist_alloc(vm_offset_t *head)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        vm_offset_t va;

        va = *head;
        if (va == 0)
                panic("pmap_ptelist_alloc: exhausted ptelist KVA");
        pte = vtopte(va);
        *head = *pte;
        if (*head & PG_V)
                panic("pmap_ptelist_alloc: va with PG_V set!");
        *pte = 0;
        return (va);
}

static void
pmap_ptelist_free(vm_offset_t *head, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;

        if (va & PG_V)
                panic("pmap_ptelist_free: freeing va with PG_V set!");
        pte = vtopte(va);
        *pte = *head;           /* virtual! PG_V is 0 though */
        *head = va;
}

static void
pmap_ptelist_init(vm_offset_t *head, void *base, int npages)
{
        int i;
        vm_offset_t va;

        *head = 0;
        for (i = npages - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                va = (vm_offset_t)base + i * PAGE_SIZE;
                pmap_ptelist_free(head, va);
        }
}


/*
 *      Initialize the pmap module.
 *      Called by vm_init, to initialize any structures that the pmap
 *      system needs to map virtual memory.
 */
void
pmap_init(void)
{
        struct pmap_preinit_mapping *ppim;
        vm_page_t mpte;
        vm_size_t s;
        int i, pv_npg;

        /*
         * Initialize the vm page array entries for the kernel pmap's
         * page table pages.
         */ 
        PMAP_LOCK(kernel_pmap);
        for (i = 0; i < NKPT; i++) {
                mpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(KPTphys + ptoa(i));
                KASSERT(mpte >= vm_page_array &&
                    mpte < &vm_page_array[vm_page_array_size],
                    ("pmap_init: page table page is out of range"));
                mpte->pindex = i + KPTDI;
                mpte->phys_addr = KPTphys + ptoa(i);
                mpte->wire_count = 1;
                if (pseflag != 0 &&
                    KERNBASE <= i << PDRSHIFT && i << PDRSHIFT < KERNend &&
                    pmap_insert_pt_page(kernel_pmap, mpte))
                        panic("pmap_init: pmap_insert_pt_page failed");
        }
        PMAP_UNLOCK(kernel_pmap);
        vm_wire_add(NKPT);

        /*
         * Initialize the address space (zone) for the pv entries.  Set a
         * high water mark so that the system can recover from excessive
         * numbers of pv entries.
         */
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vm.pmap.shpgperproc", &shpgperproc);
        pv_entry_max = shpgperproc * maxproc + vm_cnt.v_page_count;
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vm.pmap.pv_entries", &pv_entry_max);
        pv_entry_max = roundup(pv_entry_max, _NPCPV);
        pv_entry_high_water = 9 * (pv_entry_max / 10);

        /*
         * If the kernel is running on a virtual machine, then it must assume
         * that MCA is enabled by the hypervisor.  Moreover, the kernel must
         * be prepared for the hypervisor changing the vendor and family that
         * are reported by CPUID.  Consequently, the workaround for AMD Family
         * 10h Erratum 383 is enabled if the processor's feature set does not
         * include at least one feature that is only supported by older Intel
         * or newer AMD processors.
         */
        if (vm_guest != VM_GUEST_NO && (cpu_feature & CPUID_SS) == 0 &&
            (cpu_feature2 & (CPUID2_SSSE3 | CPUID2_SSE41 | CPUID2_AESNI |
            CPUID2_AVX | CPUID2_XSAVE)) == 0 && (amd_feature2 & (AMDID2_XOP |
            AMDID2_FMA4)) == 0)
                workaround_erratum383 = 1;

        /*
         * Are large page mappings supported and enabled?
         */
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vm.pmap.pg_ps_enabled", &pg_ps_enabled);
        if (pseflag == 0)
                pg_ps_enabled = 0;
        else if (pg_ps_enabled) {
                KASSERT(MAXPAGESIZES > 1 && pagesizes[1] == 0,
                    ("pmap_init: can't assign to pagesizes[1]"));
                pagesizes[1] = NBPDR;
        }

        /*
         * Calculate the size of the pv head table for superpages.
         * Handle the possibility that "vm_phys_segs[...].end" is zero.
         */
        pv_npg = trunc_4mpage(vm_phys_segs[vm_phys_nsegs - 1].end -
            PAGE_SIZE) / NBPDR + 1;

        /*
         * Allocate memory for the pv head table for superpages.
         */
        s = (vm_size_t)(pv_npg * sizeof(struct md_page));
        s = round_page(s);
        pv_table = (struct md_page *)kmem_malloc(s, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
        for (i = 0; i < pv_npg; i++)
                TAILQ_INIT(&pv_table[i].pv_list);

        pv_maxchunks = MAX(pv_entry_max / _NPCPV, maxproc);
        pv_chunkbase = (struct pv_chunk *)kva_alloc(PAGE_SIZE * pv_maxchunks);
        if (pv_chunkbase == NULL)
                panic("pmap_init: not enough kvm for pv chunks");
        pmap_ptelist_init(&pv_vafree, pv_chunkbase, pv_maxchunks);
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        pdptzone = uma_zcreate("PDPT", NPGPTD * sizeof(pdpt_entry_t), NULL,
            NULL, NULL, NULL, (NPGPTD * sizeof(pdpt_entry_t)) - 1,
            UMA_ZONE_VM | UMA_ZONE_NOFREE);
        uma_zone_set_allocf(pdptzone, pmap_pdpt_allocf);
#endif

        pmap_initialized = 1;
        pmap_init_trm();

        if (!bootverbose)
                return;
        for (i = 0; i < PMAP_PREINIT_MAPPING_COUNT; i++) {
                ppim = pmap_preinit_mapping + i;
                if (ppim->va == 0)
                        continue;
                printf("PPIM %u: PA=%#jx, VA=%#x, size=%#x, mode=%#x\n", i,
                    (uintmax_t)ppim->pa, ppim->va, ppim->sz, ppim->mode);
        }

}


SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_max, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_max, 0,
        "Max number of PV entries");
SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, shpgperproc, CTLFLAG_RD, &shpgperproc, 0,
        "Page share factor per proc");

static SYSCTL_NODE(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pde, CTLFLAG_RD, 0,
    "2/4MB page mapping counters");

static u_long pmap_pde_demotions;
SYSCTL_ULONG(_vm_pmap_pde, OID_AUTO, demotions, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &pmap_pde_demotions, 0, "2/4MB page demotions");

static u_long pmap_pde_mappings;
SYSCTL_ULONG(_vm_pmap_pde, OID_AUTO, mappings, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &pmap_pde_mappings, 0, "2/4MB page mappings");

static u_long pmap_pde_p_failures;
SYSCTL_ULONG(_vm_pmap_pde, OID_AUTO, p_failures, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &pmap_pde_p_failures, 0, "2/4MB page promotion failures");

static u_long pmap_pde_promotions;
SYSCTL_ULONG(_vm_pmap_pde, OID_AUTO, promotions, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &pmap_pde_promotions, 0, "2/4MB page promotions");

/***************************************************
 * Low level helper routines.....
 ***************************************************/

boolean_t
pmap_is_valid_memattr(pmap_t pmap __unused, vm_memattr_t mode)
{

        return (mode >= 0 && mode < PAT_INDEX_SIZE &&
            pat_index[(int)mode] >= 0);
}

/*
 * Determine the appropriate bits to set in a PTE or PDE for a specified
 * caching mode.
 */
int
pmap_cache_bits(pmap_t pmap, int mode, boolean_t is_pde)
{
        int cache_bits, pat_flag, pat_idx;

        if (!pmap_is_valid_memattr(pmap, mode))
                panic("Unknown caching mode %d\n", mode);

        /* The PAT bit is different for PTE's and PDE's. */
        pat_flag = is_pde ? PG_PDE_PAT : PG_PTE_PAT;

        /* Map the caching mode to a PAT index. */
        pat_idx = pat_index[mode];

        /* Map the 3-bit index value into the PAT, PCD, and PWT bits. */
        cache_bits = 0;
        if (pat_idx & 0x4)
                cache_bits |= pat_flag;
        if (pat_idx & 0x2)
                cache_bits |= PG_NC_PCD;
        if (pat_idx & 0x1)
                cache_bits |= PG_NC_PWT;
        return (cache_bits);
}

bool
pmap_ps_enabled(pmap_t pmap __unused)
{

        return (pg_ps_enabled);
}

/*
 * The caller is responsible for maintaining TLB consistency.
 */
static void
pmap_kenter_pde(vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t newpde)
{
        pd_entry_t *pde;

        pde = pmap_pde(kernel_pmap, va);
        pde_store(pde, newpde);
}

/*
 * After changing the page size for the specified virtual address in the page
 * table, flush the corresponding entries from the processor's TLB.  Only the
 * calling processor's TLB is affected.
 *
 * The calling thread must be pinned to a processor.
 */
static void
pmap_update_pde_invalidate(vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t newpde)
{

        if ((newpde & PG_PS) == 0)
                /* Demotion: flush a specific 2MB page mapping. */
                invlpg(va);
        else /* if ((newpde & PG_G) == 0) */
                /*
                 * Promotion: flush every 4KB page mapping from the TLB
                 * because there are too many to flush individually.
                 */
                invltlb();
}

void
invltlb_glob(void)
{

        invltlb();
}


#ifdef SMP
/*
 * For SMP, these functions have to use the IPI mechanism for coherence.
 *
 * N.B.: Before calling any of the following TLB invalidation functions,
 * the calling processor must ensure that all stores updating a non-
 * kernel page table are globally performed.  Otherwise, another
 * processor could cache an old, pre-update entry without being
 * invalidated.  This can happen one of two ways: (1) The pmap becomes
 * active on another processor after its pm_active field is checked by
 * one of the following functions but before a store updating the page
 * table is globally performed. (2) The pmap becomes active on another
 * processor before its pm_active field is checked but due to
 * speculative loads one of the following functions stills reads the
 * pmap as inactive on the other processor.
 * 
 * The kernel page table is exempt because its pm_active field is
 * immutable.  The kernel page table is always active on every
 * processor.
 */
void
pmap_invalidate_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{
        cpuset_t *mask, other_cpus;
        u_int cpuid;

        sched_pin();
        if (pmap == kernel_pmap) {
                invlpg(va);
                mask = &all_cpus;
        } else if (!CPU_CMP(&pmap->pm_active, &all_cpus)) {
                mask = &all_cpus;
        } else {
                cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                other_cpus = all_cpus;
                CPU_CLR(cpuid, &other_cpus);
                CPU_AND(&other_cpus, &pmap->pm_active);
                mask = &other_cpus;
        }
        smp_masked_invlpg(*mask, va, pmap);
        sched_unpin();
}

/* 4k PTEs -- Chosen to exceed the total size of Broadwell L2 TLB */
#define PMAP_INVLPG_THRESHOLD   (4 * 1024 * PAGE_SIZE)

void
pmap_invalidate_range(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva)
{
        cpuset_t *mask, other_cpus;
        vm_offset_t addr;
        u_int cpuid;

        if (eva - sva >= PMAP_INVLPG_THRESHOLD) {
                pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
                return;
        }

        sched_pin();
        if (pmap == kernel_pmap) {
                for (addr = sva; addr < eva; addr += PAGE_SIZE)
                        invlpg(addr);
                mask = &all_cpus;
        } else  if (!CPU_CMP(&pmap->pm_active, &all_cpus)) {
                mask = &all_cpus;
        } else {
                cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                other_cpus = all_cpus;
                CPU_CLR(cpuid, &other_cpus);
                CPU_AND(&other_cpus, &pmap->pm_active);
                mask = &other_cpus;
        }
        smp_masked_invlpg_range(*mask, sva, eva, pmap);
        sched_unpin();
}

void
pmap_invalidate_all(pmap_t pmap)
{
        cpuset_t *mask, other_cpus;
        u_int cpuid;

        sched_pin();
        if (pmap == kernel_pmap) {
                invltlb();
                mask = &all_cpus;
        } else if (!CPU_CMP(&pmap->pm_active, &all_cpus)) {
                mask = &all_cpus;
        } else {
                cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                other_cpus = all_cpus;
                CPU_CLR(cpuid, &other_cpus);
                CPU_AND(&other_cpus, &pmap->pm_active);
                mask = &other_cpus;
        }
        smp_masked_invltlb(*mask, pmap);
        sched_unpin();
}

void
pmap_invalidate_cache(void)
{

        sched_pin();
        wbinvd();
        smp_cache_flush();
        sched_unpin();
}

struct pde_action {
        cpuset_t invalidate;    /* processors that invalidate their TLB */
        vm_offset_t va;
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        pd_entry_t newpde;
        u_int store;            /* processor that updates the PDE */
};

static void
pmap_update_pde_kernel(void *arg)
{
        struct pde_action *act = arg;
        pd_entry_t *pde;

        if (act->store == PCPU_GET(cpuid)) {
                pde = pmap_pde(kernel_pmap, act->va);
                pde_store(pde, act->newpde);
        }
}

static void
pmap_update_pde_user(void *arg)
{
        struct pde_action *act = arg;

        if (act->store == PCPU_GET(cpuid))
                pde_store(act->pde, act->newpde);
}

static void
pmap_update_pde_teardown(void *arg)
{
        struct pde_action *act = arg;

        if (CPU_ISSET(PCPU_GET(cpuid), &act->invalidate))
                pmap_update_pde_invalidate(act->va, act->newpde);
}

/*
 * Change the page size for the specified virtual address in a way that
 * prevents any possibility of the TLB ever having two entries that map the
 * same virtual address using different page sizes.  This is the recommended
 * workaround for Erratum 383 on AMD Family 10h processors.  It prevents a
 * machine check exception for a TLB state that is improperly diagnosed as a
 * hardware error.
 */
static void
pmap_update_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t *pde, pd_entry_t newpde)
{
        struct pde_action act;
        cpuset_t active, other_cpus;
        u_int cpuid;

        sched_pin();
        cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
        other_cpus = all_cpus;
        CPU_CLR(cpuid, &other_cpus);
        if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                active = all_cpus;
        else
                active = pmap->pm_active;
        if (CPU_OVERLAP(&active, &other_cpus)) {
                act.store = cpuid;
                act.invalidate = active;
                act.va = va;
                act.pde = pde;
                act.newpde = newpde;
                CPU_SET(cpuid, &active);
                smp_rendezvous_cpus(active,
                    smp_no_rendezvous_barrier, pmap == kernel_pmap ?
                    pmap_update_pde_kernel : pmap_update_pde_user,
                    pmap_update_pde_teardown, &act);
        } else {
                if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                        pmap_kenter_pde(va, newpde);
                else
                        pde_store(pde, newpde);
                if (CPU_ISSET(cpuid, &active))
                        pmap_update_pde_invalidate(va, newpde);
        }
        sched_unpin();
}
#else /* !SMP */
/*
 * Normal, non-SMP, 486+ invalidation functions.
 * We inline these within pmap.c for speed.
 */
PMAP_INLINE void
pmap_invalidate_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{

        if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                invlpg(va);
}

PMAP_INLINE void
pmap_invalidate_range(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva)
{
        vm_offset_t addr;

        if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                for (addr = sva; addr < eva; addr += PAGE_SIZE)
                        invlpg(addr);
}

PMAP_INLINE void
pmap_invalidate_all(pmap_t pmap)
{

        if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                invltlb();
}

PMAP_INLINE void
pmap_invalidate_cache(void)
{

        wbinvd();
}

static void
pmap_update_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t *pde, pd_entry_t newpde)
{

        if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                pmap_kenter_pde(va, newpde);
        else
                pde_store(pde, newpde);
        if (pmap == kernel_pmap || !CPU_EMPTY(&pmap->pm_active))
                pmap_update_pde_invalidate(va, newpde);
}
#endif /* !SMP */

static void
pmap_invalidate_pde_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t pde)
{

        /*
         * When the PDE has PG_PROMOTED set, the 2- or 4MB page mapping was
         * created by a promotion that did not invalidate the 512 or 1024 4KB
         * page mappings that might exist in the TLB.  Consequently, at this
         * point, the TLB may hold both 4KB and 2- or 4MB page mappings for
         * the address range [va, va + NBPDR).  Therefore, the entire range
         * must be invalidated here.  In contrast, when PG_PROMOTED is clear,
         * the TLB will not hold any 4KB page mappings for the address range
         * [va, va + NBPDR), and so a single INVLPG suffices to invalidate the
         * 2- or 4MB page mapping from the TLB.
         */
        if ((pde & PG_PROMOTED) != 0)
                pmap_invalidate_range(pmap, va, va + NBPDR - 1);
        else
                pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
}

#define PMAP_CLFLUSH_THRESHOLD  (2 * 1024 * 1024)

void
pmap_invalidate_cache_range(vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva, boolean_t force)
{

        if (force) {
                sva &= ~(vm_offset_t)(cpu_clflush_line_size - 1);
        } else {
                KASSERT((sva & PAGE_MASK) == 0,
                    ("pmap_invalidate_cache_range: sva not page-aligned"));
                KASSERT((eva & PAGE_MASK) == 0,
                    ("pmap_invalidate_cache_range: eva not page-aligned"));
        }

        if ((cpu_feature & CPUID_SS) != 0 && !force)
                ; /* If "Self Snoop" is supported and allowed, do nothing. */
        else if ((cpu_stdext_feature & CPUID_STDEXT_CLFLUSHOPT) != 0 &&
            eva - sva < PMAP_CLFLUSH_THRESHOLD) {
#ifdef DEV_APIC
                /*
                 * XXX: Some CPUs fault, hang, or trash the local APIC
                 * registers if we use CLFLUSH on the local APIC
                 * range.  The local APIC is always uncached, so we
                 * don't need to flush for that range anyway.
                 */
                if (pmap_kextract(sva) == lapic_paddr)
                        return;
#endif
                /*
                 * Otherwise, do per-cache line flush.  Use the sfence
                 * instruction to insure that previous stores are
                 * included in the write-back.  The processor
                 * propagates flush to other processors in the cache
                 * coherence domain.
                 */
                sfence();
                for (; sva < eva; sva += cpu_clflush_line_size)
                        clflushopt(sva);
                sfence();
        } else if ((cpu_feature & CPUID_CLFSH) != 0 &&
            eva - sva < PMAP_CLFLUSH_THRESHOLD) {
#ifdef DEV_APIC
                if (pmap_kextract(sva) == lapic_paddr)
                        return;
#endif
                /*
                 * Writes are ordered by CLFLUSH on Intel CPUs.
                 */
                if (cpu_vendor_id != CPU_VENDOR_INTEL)
                        mfence();
                for (; sva < eva; sva += cpu_clflush_line_size)
                        clflush(sva);
                if (cpu_vendor_id != CPU_VENDOR_INTEL)
                        mfence();
        } else {

                /*
                 * No targeted cache flush methods are supported by CPU,
                 * or the supplied range is bigger than 2MB.
                 * Globally invalidate cache.
                 */
                pmap_invalidate_cache();
        }
}

void
pmap_invalidate_cache_pages(vm_page_t *pages, int count)
{
        int i;

        if (count >= PMAP_CLFLUSH_THRESHOLD / PAGE_SIZE ||
            (cpu_feature & CPUID_CLFSH) == 0) {
                pmap_invalidate_cache();
        } else {
                for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
                        pmap_flush_page(pages[i]);
        }
}

/*
 * Are we current address space or kernel?
 */
static __inline int
pmap_is_current(pmap_t pmap)
{

        return (pmap == kernel_pmap);
}

/*
 * If the given pmap is not the current or kernel pmap, the returned pte must
 * be released by passing it to pmap_pte_release().
 */
pt_entry_t *
pmap_pte(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pd_entry_t newpf;
        pd_entry_t *pde;

        pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
        if (*pde & PG_PS)
                return (pde);
        if (*pde != 0) {
                /* are we current address space or kernel? */
                if (pmap_is_current(pmap))
                        return (vtopte(va));
                mtx_lock(&PMAP2mutex);
                newpf = *pde & PG_FRAME;
                if ((*PMAP2 & PG_FRAME) != newpf) {
                        *PMAP2 = newpf | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M;
                        pmap_invalidate_page(kernel_pmap, (vm_offset_t)PADDR2);
                }
                return (PADDR2 + (i386_btop(va) & (NPTEPG - 1)));
        }
        return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Releases a pte that was obtained from pmap_pte().  Be prepared for the pte
 * being NULL.
 */
static __inline void
pmap_pte_release(pt_entry_t *pte)
{

        if ((pt_entry_t *)((vm_offset_t)pte & ~PAGE_MASK) == PADDR2)
                mtx_unlock(&PMAP2mutex);
}

/*
 * NB:  The sequence of updating a page table followed by accesses to the
 * corresponding pages is subject to the situation described in the "AMD64
 * Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 2: System Programming" rev. 3.23,
 * "7.3.1 Special Coherency Considerations".  Therefore, issuing the INVLPG
 * right after modifying the PTE bits is crucial.
 */
static __inline void
invlcaddr(void *caddr)
{

        invlpg((u_int)caddr);
}

/*
 * Super fast pmap_pte routine best used when scanning
 * the pv lists.  This eliminates many coarse-grained
 * invltlb calls.  Note that many of the pv list
 * scans are across different pmaps.  It is very wasteful
 * to do an entire invltlb for checking a single mapping.
 *
 * If the given pmap is not the current pmap, pvh_global_lock
 * must be held and curthread pinned to a CPU.
 */
static pt_entry_t *
pmap_pte_quick(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pd_entry_t newpf;
        pd_entry_t *pde;

        pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
        if (*pde & PG_PS)
                return (pde);
        if (*pde != 0) {
                /* are we current address space or kernel? */
                if (pmap_is_current(pmap))
                        return (vtopte(va));
                rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
                KASSERT(curthread->td_pinned > 0, ("curthread not pinned"));
                newpf = *pde & PG_FRAME;
                if ((*PMAP1 & PG_FRAME) != newpf) {
                        *PMAP1 = newpf | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M;
#ifdef SMP
                        PMAP1cpu = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
#endif
                        invlcaddr(PADDR1);
                        PMAP1changed++;
                } else
#ifdef SMP
                if (PMAP1cpu != PCPU_GET(cpuid)) {
                        PMAP1cpu = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                        invlcaddr(PADDR1);
                        PMAP1changedcpu++;
                } else
#endif
                        PMAP1unchanged++;
                return (PADDR1 + (i386_btop(va) & (NPTEPG - 1)));
        }
        return (0);
}

static pt_entry_t *
pmap_pte_quick3(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pd_entry_t newpf;
        pd_entry_t *pde;

        pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
        if (*pde & PG_PS)
                return (pde);
        if (*pde != 0) {
                rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
                KASSERT(curthread->td_pinned > 0, ("curthread not pinned"));
                newpf = *pde & PG_FRAME;
                if ((*PMAP3 & PG_FRAME) != newpf) {
                        *PMAP3 = newpf | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M;
#ifdef SMP
                        PMAP3cpu = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
#endif
                        invlcaddr(PADDR3);
                        PMAP1changed++;
                } else
#ifdef SMP
                if (PMAP3cpu != PCPU_GET(cpuid)) {
                        PMAP3cpu = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                        invlcaddr(PADDR3);
                        PMAP1changedcpu++;
                } else
#endif
                        PMAP1unchanged++;
                return (PADDR3 + (i386_btop(va) & (NPTEPG - 1)));
        }
        return (0);
}

static pt_entry_t
pmap_pte_ufast(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t pde)
{
        pt_entry_t *eh_ptep, pte, *ptep;

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        pde &= PG_FRAME;
        critical_enter();
        eh_ptep = (pt_entry_t *)PCPU_GET(pmap_eh_ptep);
        if ((*eh_ptep & PG_FRAME) != pde) {
                *eh_ptep = pde | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M;
                invlcaddr((void *)PCPU_GET(pmap_eh_va));
        }
        ptep = (pt_entry_t *)PCPU_GET(pmap_eh_va) + (i386_btop(va) &
            (NPTEPG - 1));
        pte = *ptep;
        critical_exit();
        return (pte);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        pmap_extract
 *      Function:
 *              Extract the physical page address associated
 *              with the given map/virtual_address pair.
 */
vm_paddr_t 
pmap_extract(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{
        vm_paddr_t rtval;
        pt_entry_t pte;
        pd_entry_t pde;

        rtval = 0;
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        pde = pmap->pm_pdir[va >> PDRSHIFT];
        if (pde != 0) {
                if ((pde & PG_PS) != 0)
                        rtval = (pde & PG_PS_FRAME) | (va & PDRMASK);
                else {
                        pte = pmap_pte_ufast(pmap, va, pde);
                        rtval = (pte & PG_FRAME) | (va & PAGE_MASK);
                }
        }
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        return (rtval);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        pmap_extract_and_hold
 *      Function:
 *              Atomically extract and hold the physical page
 *              with the given pmap and virtual address pair
 *              if that mapping permits the given protection.
 */
vm_page_t
pmap_extract_and_hold(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_prot_t prot)
{
        pd_entry_t pde;
        pt_entry_t pte;
        vm_page_t m;
        vm_paddr_t pa;

        pa = 0;
        m = NULL;
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
retry:
        pde = *pmap_pde(pmap, va);
        if (pde != 0) {
                if (pde & PG_PS) {
                        if ((pde & PG_RW) || (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0) {
                                if (vm_page_pa_tryrelock(pmap, (pde &
                                    PG_PS_FRAME) | (va & PDRMASK), &pa))
                                        goto retry;
                                m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa);
                        }
                } else {
                        pte = pmap_pte_ufast(pmap, va, pde);
                        if (pte != 0 &&
                            ((pte & PG_RW) || (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0)) {
                                if (vm_page_pa_tryrelock(pmap, pte & PG_FRAME,
                                    &pa))
                                        goto retry;
                                m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa);
                        }
                }
                if (m != NULL)
                        vm_page_hold(m);
        }
        PA_UNLOCK_COND(pa);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        return (m);
}

/***************************************************
 * Low level mapping routines.....
 ***************************************************/

/*
 * Add a wired page to the kva.
 * Note: not SMP coherent.
 *
 * This function may be used before pmap_bootstrap() is called.
 */
PMAP_INLINE void 
pmap_kenter(vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;

        pte = vtopte(va);
        pte_store(pte, pa | PG_RW | PG_V);
}

static __inline void
pmap_kenter_attr(vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa, int mode)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;

        pte = vtopte(va);
        pte_store(pte, pa | PG_RW | PG_V | pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap,
            mode, 0));
}

/*
 * Remove a page from the kernel pagetables.
 * Note: not SMP coherent.
 *
 * This function may be used before pmap_bootstrap() is called.
 */
PMAP_INLINE void
pmap_kremove(vm_offset_t va)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;

        pte = vtopte(va);
        pte_clear(pte);
}

/*
 *      Used to map a range of physical addresses into kernel
 *      virtual address space.
 *
 *      The value passed in '*virt' is a suggested virtual address for
 *      the mapping. Architectures which can support a direct-mapped
 *      physical to virtual region can return the appropriate address
 *      within that region, leaving '*virt' unchanged. Other
 *      architectures should map the pages starting at '*virt' and
 *      update '*virt' with the first usable address after the mapped
 *      region.
 */
vm_offset_t
pmap_map(vm_offset_t *virt, vm_paddr_t start, vm_paddr_t end, int prot)
{
        vm_offset_t va, sva;
        vm_paddr_t superpage_offset;
        pd_entry_t newpde;

        va = *virt;
        /*
         * Does the physical address range's size and alignment permit at
         * least one superpage mapping to be created?
         */ 
        superpage_offset = start & PDRMASK;
        if ((end - start) - ((NBPDR - superpage_offset) & PDRMASK) >= NBPDR) {
                /*
                 * Increase the starting virtual address so that its alignment
                 * does not preclude the use of superpage mappings.
                 */
                if ((va & PDRMASK) < superpage_offset)
                        va = (va & ~PDRMASK) + superpage_offset;
                else if ((va & PDRMASK) > superpage_offset)
                        va = ((va + PDRMASK) & ~PDRMASK) + superpage_offset;
        }
        sva = va;
        while (start < end) {
                if ((start & PDRMASK) == 0 && end - start >= NBPDR &&
                    pseflag != 0) {
                        KASSERT((va & PDRMASK) == 0,
                            ("pmap_map: misaligned va %#x", va));
                        newpde = start | PG_PS | PG_RW | PG_V;
                        pmap_kenter_pde(va, newpde);
                        va += NBPDR;
                        start += NBPDR;
                } else {
                        pmap_kenter(va, start);
                        va += PAGE_SIZE;
                        start += PAGE_SIZE;
                }
        }
        pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, sva, va);
        *virt = va;
        return (sva);
}


/*
 * Add a list of wired pages to the kva
 * this routine is only used for temporary
 * kernel mappings that do not need to have
 * page modification or references recorded.
 * Note that old mappings are simply written
 * over.  The page *must* be wired.
 * Note: SMP coherent.  Uses a ranged shootdown IPI.
 */
void
pmap_qenter(vm_offset_t sva, vm_page_t *ma, int count)
{
        pt_entry_t *endpte, oldpte, pa, *pte;
        vm_page_t m;

        oldpte = 0;
        pte = vtopte(sva);
        endpte = pte + count;
        while (pte < endpte) {
                m = *ma++;
                pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) | pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap,
                    m->md.pat_mode, 0);
                if ((*pte & (PG_FRAME | PG_PTE_CACHE)) != pa) {
                        oldpte |= *pte;
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
                        pte_store(pte, pa | pg_nx | PG_RW | PG_V);
#else
                        pte_store(pte, pa | PG_RW | PG_V);
#endif
                }
                pte++;
        }
        if (__predict_false((oldpte & PG_V) != 0))
                pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, sva, sva + count *
                    PAGE_SIZE);
}

/*
 * This routine tears out page mappings from the
 * kernel -- it is meant only for temporary mappings.
 * Note: SMP coherent.  Uses a ranged shootdown IPI.
 */
void
pmap_qremove(vm_offset_t sva, int count)
{
        vm_offset_t va;

        va = sva;
        while (count-- > 0) {
                pmap_kremove(va);
                va += PAGE_SIZE;
        }
        pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, sva, va);
}

/***************************************************
 * Page table page management routines.....
 ***************************************************/
/*
 * Schedule the specified unused page table page to be freed.  Specifically,
 * add the page to the specified list of pages that will be released to the
 * physical memory manager after the TLB has been updated.
 */
static __inline void
pmap_add_delayed_free_list(vm_page_t m, struct spglist *free,
    boolean_t set_PG_ZERO)
{

        if (set_PG_ZERO)
                m->flags |= PG_ZERO;
        else
                m->flags &= ~PG_ZERO;
        SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(free, m, plinks.s.ss);
}

/*
 * Inserts the specified page table page into the specified pmap's collection
 * of idle page table pages.  Each of a pmap's page table pages is responsible
 * for mapping a distinct range of virtual addresses.  The pmap's collection is
 * ordered by this virtual address range.
 */
static __inline int
pmap_insert_pt_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t mpte)
{

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        return (vm_radix_insert(&pmap->pm_root, mpte));
}

/*
 * Removes the page table page mapping the specified virtual address from the
 * specified pmap's collection of idle page table pages, and returns it.
 * Otherwise, returns NULL if there is no page table page corresponding to the
 * specified virtual address.
 */
static __inline vm_page_t
pmap_remove_pt_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        return (vm_radix_remove(&pmap->pm_root, va >> PDRSHIFT));
}

/*
 * Decrements a page table page's wire count, which is used to record the
 * number of valid page table entries within the page.  If the wire count
 * drops to zero, then the page table page is unmapped.  Returns TRUE if the
 * page table page was unmapped and FALSE otherwise.
 */
static inline boolean_t
pmap_unwire_ptp(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m, struct spglist *free)
{

        --m->wire_count;
        if (m->wire_count == 0) {
                _pmap_unwire_ptp(pmap, m, free);
                return (TRUE);
        } else
                return (FALSE);
}

static void
_pmap_unwire_ptp(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m, struct spglist *free)
{

        /*
         * unmap the page table page
         */
        pmap->pm_pdir[m->pindex] = 0;
        --pmap->pm_stats.resident_count;

        /*
         * There is not need to invalidate the recursive mapping since
         * we never instantiate such mapping for the usermode pmaps,
         * and never remove page table pages from the kernel pmap.
         * Put page on a list so that it is released since all TLB
         * shootdown is done.
         */
        MPASS(pmap != kernel_pmap);
        pmap_add_delayed_free_list(m, free, TRUE);
}

/*
 * After removing a page table entry, this routine is used to
 * conditionally free the page, and manage the hold/wire counts.
 */
static int
pmap_unuse_pt(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, struct spglist *free)
{
        pd_entry_t ptepde;
        vm_page_t mpte;

        if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                return (0);
        ptepde = *pmap_pde(pmap, va);
        mpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(ptepde & PG_FRAME);
        return (pmap_unwire_ptp(pmap, mpte, free));
}

/*
 * Initialize the pmap for the swapper process.
 */
void
pmap_pinit0(pmap_t pmap)
{

        PMAP_LOCK_INIT(pmap);
        pmap->pm_pdir = IdlePTD;
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        pmap->pm_pdpt = IdlePDPT;
#endif
        pmap->pm_root.rt_root = 0;
        CPU_ZERO(&pmap->pm_active);
        PCPU_SET(curpmap, pmap);
        TAILQ_INIT(&pmap->pm_pvchunk);
        bzero(&pmap->pm_stats, sizeof pmap->pm_stats);
}

/*
 * Initialize a preallocated and zeroed pmap structure,
 * such as one in a vmspace structure.
 */
int
pmap_pinit(pmap_t pmap)
{
        vm_page_t m;
        int i;

        /*
         * No need to allocate page table space yet but we do need a valid
         * page directory table.
         */
        if (pmap->pm_pdir == NULL) {
                pmap->pm_pdir = (pd_entry_t *)kva_alloc(NBPTD);
                if (pmap->pm_pdir == NULL)
                        return (0);
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
                pmap->pm_pdpt = uma_zalloc(pdptzone, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
                KASSERT(((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdpt &
                    ((NPGPTD * sizeof(pdpt_entry_t)) - 1)) == 0,
                    ("pmap_pinit: pdpt misaligned"));
                KASSERT(pmap_kextract((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdpt) < (4ULL<<30),
                    ("pmap_pinit: pdpt above 4g"));
#endif
                pmap->pm_root.rt_root = 0;
        }
        KASSERT(vm_radix_is_empty(&pmap->pm_root),
            ("pmap_pinit: pmap has reserved page table page(s)"));

        /*
         * allocate the page directory page(s)
         */
        for (i = 0; i < NPGPTD;) {
                m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, 0, VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ |
                    VM_ALLOC_WIRED | VM_ALLOC_ZERO);
                if (m == NULL) {
                        vm_wait(NULL);
                } else {
                        pmap->pm_ptdpg[i] = m;
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
                        pmap->pm_pdpt[i] = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) | PG_V;
#endif
                        i++;
                }
        }

        pmap_qenter((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdir, pmap->pm_ptdpg, NPGPTD);

        for (i = 0; i < NPGPTD; i++)
                if ((pmap->pm_ptdpg[i]->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                        pagezero(pmap->pm_pdir + (i * NPDEPG));

        /* Install the trampoline mapping. */
        pmap->pm_pdir[TRPTDI] = PTD[TRPTDI];

        CPU_ZERO(&pmap->pm_active);
        TAILQ_INIT(&pmap->pm_pvchunk);
        bzero(&pmap->pm_stats, sizeof pmap->pm_stats);

        return (1);
}

/*
 * this routine is called if the page table page is not
 * mapped correctly.
 */
static vm_page_t
_pmap_allocpte(pmap_t pmap, u_int ptepindex, u_int flags)
{
        vm_paddr_t ptepa;
        vm_page_t m;

        /*
         * Allocate a page table page.
         */
        if ((m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, ptepindex, VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ |
            VM_ALLOC_WIRED | VM_ALLOC_ZERO)) == NULL) {
                if ((flags & PMAP_ENTER_NOSLEEP) == 0) {
                        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
                        vm_wait(NULL);
                        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
                        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                }

                /*
                 * Indicate the need to retry.  While waiting, the page table
                 * page may have been allocated.
                 */
                return (NULL);
        }
        if ((m->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                pmap_zero_page(m);

        /*
         * Map the pagetable page into the process address space, if
         * it isn't already there.
         */

        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;

        ptepa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
        pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex] =
                (pd_entry_t) (ptepa | PG_U | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M);

        return (m);
}

static vm_page_t
pmap_allocpte(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, u_int flags)
{
        u_int ptepindex;
        pd_entry_t ptepa;
        vm_page_t m;

        /*
         * Calculate pagetable page index
         */
        ptepindex = va >> PDRSHIFT;
retry:
        /*
         * Get the page directory entry
         */
        ptepa = pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex];

        /*
         * This supports switching from a 4MB page to a
         * normal 4K page.
         */
        if (ptepa & PG_PS) {
                (void)pmap_demote_pde(pmap, &pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex], va);
                ptepa = pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex];
        }

        /*
         * If the page table page is mapped, we just increment the
         * hold count, and activate it.
         */
        if (ptepa) {
                m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(ptepa & PG_FRAME);
                m->wire_count++;
        } else {
                /*
                 * Here if the pte page isn't mapped, or if it has
                 * been deallocated. 
                 */
                m = _pmap_allocpte(pmap, ptepindex, flags);
                if (m == NULL && (flags & PMAP_ENTER_NOSLEEP) == 0)
                        goto retry;
        }
        return (m);
}


/***************************************************
* Pmap allocation/deallocation routines.
 ***************************************************/

/*
 * Release any resources held by the given physical map.
 * Called when a pmap initialized by pmap_pinit is being released.
 * Should only be called if the map contains no valid mappings.
 */
void
pmap_release(pmap_t pmap)
{
        vm_page_t m;
        int i;

        KASSERT(pmap->pm_stats.resident_count == 0,
            ("pmap_release: pmap resident count %ld != 0",
            pmap->pm_stats.resident_count));
        KASSERT(vm_radix_is_empty(&pmap->pm_root),
            ("pmap_release: pmap has reserved page table page(s)"));
        KASSERT(CPU_EMPTY(&pmap->pm_active),
            ("releasing active pmap %p", pmap));

        pmap_qremove((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdir, NPGPTD);

        for (i = 0; i < NPGPTD; i++) {
                m = pmap->pm_ptdpg[i];
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
                KASSERT(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) == (pmap->pm_pdpt[i] & PG_FRAME),
                    ("pmap_release: got wrong ptd page"));
#endif
                vm_page_unwire_noq(m);
                vm_page_free(m);
        }
}

static int
kvm_size(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        unsigned long ksize = VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS - KERNBASE;

        return (sysctl_handle_long(oidp, &ksize, 0, req));
}
SYSCTL_PROC(_vm, OID_AUTO, kvm_size, CTLTYPE_LONG|CTLFLAG_RD, 
    0, 0, kvm_size, "IU", "Size of KVM");

static int
kvm_free(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        unsigned long kfree = VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS - kernel_vm_end;

        return (sysctl_handle_long(oidp, &kfree, 0, req));
}
SYSCTL_PROC(_vm, OID_AUTO, kvm_free, CTLTYPE_LONG|CTLFLAG_RD, 
    0, 0, kvm_free, "IU", "Amount of KVM free");

/*
 * grow the number of kernel page table entries, if needed
 */
void
pmap_growkernel(vm_offset_t addr)
{
        vm_paddr_t ptppaddr;
        vm_page_t nkpg;
        pd_entry_t newpdir;

        mtx_assert(&kernel_map->system_mtx, MA_OWNED);
        addr = roundup2(addr, NBPDR);
        if (addr - 1 >= kernel_map->max_offset)
                addr = kernel_map->max_offset;
        while (kernel_vm_end < addr) {
                if (pdir_pde(PTD, kernel_vm_end)) {
                        kernel_vm_end = (kernel_vm_end + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                        if (kernel_vm_end - 1 >= kernel_map->max_offset) {
                                kernel_vm_end = kernel_map->max_offset;
                                break;
                        }
                        continue;
                }

                nkpg = vm_page_alloc(NULL, kernel_vm_end >> PDRSHIFT,
                    VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_WIRED |
                    VM_ALLOC_ZERO);
                if (nkpg == NULL)
                        panic("pmap_growkernel: no memory to grow kernel");

                nkpt++;

                if ((nkpg->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                        pmap_zero_page(nkpg);
                ptppaddr = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(nkpg);
                newpdir = (pd_entry_t) (ptppaddr | PG_V | PG_RW | PG_A | PG_M);
                pdir_pde(KPTD, kernel_vm_end) = newpdir;

                pmap_kenter_pde(kernel_vm_end, newpdir);
                kernel_vm_end = (kernel_vm_end + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                if (kernel_vm_end - 1 >= kernel_map->max_offset) {
                        kernel_vm_end = kernel_map->max_offset;
                        break;
                }
        }
}


/***************************************************
 * page management routines.
 ***************************************************/

CTASSERT(sizeof(struct pv_chunk) == PAGE_SIZE);
CTASSERT(_NPCM == 11);
CTASSERT(_NPCPV == 336);

static __inline struct pv_chunk *
pv_to_chunk(pv_entry_t pv)
{

        return ((struct pv_chunk *)((uintptr_t)pv & ~(uintptr_t)PAGE_MASK));
}

#define PV_PMAP(pv) (pv_to_chunk(pv)->pc_pmap)

#define PC_FREE0_9      0xfffffffful    /* Free values for index 0 through 9 */
#define PC_FREE10       0x0000fffful    /* Free values for index 10 */

static const uint32_t pc_freemask[_NPCM] = {
        PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9,
        PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9,
        PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9,
        PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE10
};

SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_count, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_count, 0,
        "Current number of pv entries");

#ifdef PV_STATS
static int pc_chunk_count, pc_chunk_allocs, pc_chunk_frees, pc_chunk_tryfail;

SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pc_chunk_count, CTLFLAG_RD, &pc_chunk_count, 0,
        "Current number of pv entry chunks");
SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pc_chunk_allocs, CTLFLAG_RD, &pc_chunk_allocs, 0,
        "Current number of pv entry chunks allocated");
SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pc_chunk_frees, CTLFLAG_RD, &pc_chunk_frees, 0,
        "Current number of pv entry chunks frees");
SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pc_chunk_tryfail, CTLFLAG_RD, &pc_chunk_tryfail, 0,
        "Number of times tried to get a chunk page but failed.");

static long pv_entry_frees, pv_entry_allocs;
static int pv_entry_spare;

SYSCTL_LONG(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_frees, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_frees, 0,
        "Current number of pv entry frees");
SYSCTL_LONG(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_allocs, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_allocs, 0,
        "Current number of pv entry allocs");
SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_spare, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_spare, 0,
        "Current number of spare pv entries");
#endif

/*
 * We are in a serious low memory condition.  Resort to
 * drastic measures to free some pages so we can allocate
 * another pv entry chunk.
 */
static vm_page_t
pmap_pv_reclaim(pmap_t locked_pmap)
{
        struct pch newtail;
        struct pv_chunk *pc;
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        pmap_t pmap;
        pt_entry_t *pte, tpte;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        vm_offset_t va;
        vm_page_t m, m_pc;
        struct spglist free;
        uint32_t inuse;
        int bit, field, freed;

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(locked_pmap, MA_OWNED);
        pmap = NULL;
        m_pc = NULL;
        SLIST_INIT(&free);
        TAILQ_INIT(&newtail);
        while ((pc = TAILQ_FIRST(&pv_chunks)) != NULL && (pv_vafree == 0 ||
            SLIST_EMPTY(&free))) {
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&pv_chunks, pc, pc_lru);
                if (pmap != pc->pc_pmap) {
                        if (pmap != NULL) {
                                pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
                                if (pmap != locked_pmap)
                                        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                        }
                        pmap = pc->pc_pmap;
                        /* Avoid deadlock and lock recursion. */
                        if (pmap > locked_pmap)
                                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                        else if (pmap != locked_pmap && !PMAP_TRYLOCK(pmap)) {
                                pmap = NULL;
                                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&newtail, pc, pc_lru);
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Destroy every non-wired, 4 KB page mapping in the chunk.
                 */
                freed = 0;
                for (field = 0; field < _NPCM; field++) {
                        for (inuse = ~pc->pc_map[field] & pc_freemask[field];
                            inuse != 0; inuse &= ~(1UL << bit)) {
                                bit = bsfl(inuse);
                                pv = &pc->pc_pventry[field * 32 + bit];
                                va = pv->pv_va;
                                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
                                if ((*pde & PG_PS) != 0)
                                        continue;
                                pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
                                tpte = *pte;
                                if ((tpte & PG_W) == 0)
                                        tpte = pte_load_clear(pte);
                                pmap_pte_release(pte);
                                if ((tpte & PG_W) != 0)
                                        continue;
                                KASSERT(tpte != 0,
                                    ("pmap_pv_reclaim: pmap %p va %x zero pte",
                                    pmap, va));
                                if ((tpte & PG_G) != 0)
                                        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
                                m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(tpte & PG_FRAME);
                                if ((tpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                                        vm_page_dirty(m);
                                if ((tpte & PG_A) != 0)
                                        vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                                TAILQ_REMOVE(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                                if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list) &&
                                    (m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0) {
                                        pvh = pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
                                        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&pvh->pv_list)) {
                                                vm_page_aflag_clear(m,
                                                    PGA_WRITEABLE);
                                        }
                                }
                                pc->pc_map[field] |= 1UL << bit;
                                pmap_unuse_pt(pmap, va, &free);
                                freed++;
                        }
                }
                if (freed == 0) {
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&newtail, pc, pc_lru);
                        continue;
                }
                /* Every freed mapping is for a 4 KB page. */
                pmap->pm_stats.resident_count -= freed;
                PV_STAT(pv_entry_frees += freed);
                PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare += freed);
                pv_entry_count -= freed;
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
                for (field = 0; field < _NPCM; field++)
                        if (pc->pc_map[field] != pc_freemask[field]) {
                                TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc,
                                    pc_list);
                                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&newtail, pc, pc_lru);

                                /*
                                 * One freed pv entry in locked_pmap is
                                 * sufficient.
                                 */
                                if (pmap == locked_pmap)
                                        goto out;
                                break;
                        }
                if (field == _NPCM) {
                        PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare -= _NPCPV);
                        PV_STAT(pc_chunk_count--);
                        PV_STAT(pc_chunk_frees++);
                        /* Entire chunk is free; return it. */
                        m_pc = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pmap_kextract((vm_offset_t)pc));
                        pmap_qremove((vm_offset_t)pc, 1);
                        pmap_ptelist_free(&pv_vafree, (vm_offset_t)pc);
                        break;
                }
        }
out:
        TAILQ_CONCAT(&pv_chunks, &newtail, pc_lru);
        if (pmap != NULL) {
                pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
                if (pmap != locked_pmap)
                        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
        if (m_pc == NULL && pv_vafree != 0 && SLIST_EMPTY(&free)) {
                m_pc = SLIST_FIRST(&free);
                SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(&free, plinks.s.ss);
                /* Recycle a freed page table page. */
                m_pc->wire_count = 1;
        }
        vm_page_free_pages_toq(&free, true);
        return (m_pc);
}

/*
 * free the pv_entry back to the free list
 */
static void
free_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, pv_entry_t pv)
{
        struct pv_chunk *pc;
        int idx, field, bit;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        PV_STAT(pv_entry_frees++);
        PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare++);
        pv_entry_count--;
        pc = pv_to_chunk(pv);
        idx = pv - &pc->pc_pventry[0];
        field = idx / 32;
        bit = idx % 32;
        pc->pc_map[field] |= 1ul << bit;
        for (idx = 0; idx < _NPCM; idx++)
                if (pc->pc_map[idx] != pc_freemask[idx]) {
                        /*
                         * 98% of the time, pc is already at the head of the
                         * list.  If it isn't already, move it to the head.
                         */
                        if (__predict_false(TAILQ_FIRST(&pmap->pm_pvchunk) !=
                            pc)) {
                                TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
                                TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc,
                                    pc_list);
                        }
                        return;
                }
        TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
        free_pv_chunk(pc);
}

static void
free_pv_chunk(struct pv_chunk *pc)
{
        vm_page_t m;

        TAILQ_REMOVE(&pv_chunks, pc, pc_lru);
        PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare -= _NPCPV);
        PV_STAT(pc_chunk_count--);
        PV_STAT(pc_chunk_frees++);
        /* entire chunk is free, return it */
        m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pmap_kextract((vm_offset_t)pc));
        pmap_qremove((vm_offset_t)pc, 1);
        vm_page_unwire(m, PQ_NONE);
        vm_page_free(m);
        pmap_ptelist_free(&pv_vafree, (vm_offset_t)pc);
}

/*
 * get a new pv_entry, allocating a block from the system
 * when needed.
 */
static pv_entry_t
get_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, boolean_t try)
{
        static const struct timeval printinterval = { 60, 0 };
        static struct timeval lastprint;
        int bit, field;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        struct pv_chunk *pc;
        vm_page_t m;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        PV_STAT(pv_entry_allocs++);
        pv_entry_count++;
        if (pv_entry_count > pv_entry_high_water)
                if (ratecheck(&lastprint, &printinterval))
                        printf("Approaching the limit on PV entries, consider "
                            "increasing either the vm.pmap.shpgperproc or the "
                            "vm.pmap.pv_entry_max tunable.\n");
retry:
        pc = TAILQ_FIRST(&pmap->pm_pvchunk);
        if (pc != NULL) {
                for (field = 0; field < _NPCM; field++) {
                        if (pc->pc_map[field]) {
                                bit = bsfl(pc->pc_map[field]);
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (field < _NPCM) {
                        pv = &pc->pc_pventry[field * 32 + bit];
                        pc->pc_map[field] &= ~(1ul << bit);
                        /* If this was the last item, move it to tail */
                        for (field = 0; field < _NPCM; field++)
                                if (pc->pc_map[field] != 0) {
                                        PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare--);
                                        return (pv);    /* not full, return */
                                }
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
                        PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare--);
                        return (pv);
                }
        }
        /*
         * Access to the ptelist "pv_vafree" is synchronized by the pvh
         * global lock.  If "pv_vafree" is currently non-empty, it will
         * remain non-empty until pmap_ptelist_alloc() completes.
         */
        if (pv_vafree == 0 || (m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, 0, VM_ALLOC_NORMAL |
            VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_WIRED)) == NULL) {
                if (try) {
                        pv_entry_count--;
                        PV_STAT(pc_chunk_tryfail++);
                        return (NULL);
                }
                m = pmap_pv_reclaim(pmap);
                if (m == NULL)
                        goto retry;
        }
        PV_STAT(pc_chunk_count++);
        PV_STAT(pc_chunk_allocs++);
        pc = (struct pv_chunk *)pmap_ptelist_alloc(&pv_vafree);
        pmap_qenter((vm_offset_t)pc, &m, 1);
        pc->pc_pmap = pmap;
        pc->pc_map[0] = pc_freemask[0] & ~1ul;  /* preallocated bit 0 */
        for (field = 1; field < _NPCM; field++)
                pc->pc_map[field] = pc_freemask[field];
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pv_chunks, pc, pc_lru);
        pv = &pc->pc_pventry[0];
        TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
        PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare += _NPCPV - 1);
        return (pv);
}

static __inline pv_entry_t
pmap_pvh_remove(struct md_page *pvh, pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pv_entry_t pv;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &pvh->pv_list, pv_next) {
                if (pmap == PV_PMAP(pv) && va == pv->pv_va) {
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&pvh->pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                        break;
                }
        }
        return (pv);
}

static void
pmap_pv_demote_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        vm_offset_t va_last;
        vm_page_t m;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        KASSERT((pa & PDRMASK) == 0,
            ("pmap_pv_demote_pde: pa is not 4mpage aligned"));

        /*
         * Transfer the 4mpage's pv entry for this mapping to the first
         * page's pv list.
         */
        pvh = pa_to_pvh(pa);
        va = trunc_4mpage(va);
        pv = pmap_pvh_remove(pvh, pmap, va);
        KASSERT(pv != NULL, ("pmap_pv_demote_pde: pv not found"));
        m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa);
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
        /* Instantiate the remaining NPTEPG - 1 pv entries. */
        va_last = va + NBPDR - PAGE_SIZE;
        do {
                m++;
                KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
                    ("pmap_pv_demote_pde: page %p is not managed", m));
                va += PAGE_SIZE;
                pmap_insert_entry(pmap, va, m);
        } while (va < va_last);
}

#if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
static void
pmap_pv_promote_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        vm_offset_t va_last;
        vm_page_t m;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        KASSERT((pa & PDRMASK) == 0,
            ("pmap_pv_promote_pde: pa is not 4mpage aligned"));

        /*
         * Transfer the first page's pv entry for this mapping to the
         * 4mpage's pv list.  Aside from avoiding the cost of a call
         * to get_pv_entry(), a transfer avoids the possibility that
         * get_pv_entry() calls pmap_collect() and that pmap_collect()
         * removes one of the mappings that is being promoted.
         */
        m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa);
        va = trunc_4mpage(va);
        pv = pmap_pvh_remove(&m->md, pmap, va);
        KASSERT(pv != NULL, ("pmap_pv_promote_pde: pv not found"));
        pvh = pa_to_pvh(pa);
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pvh->pv_list, pv, pv_next);
        /* Free the remaining NPTEPG - 1 pv entries. */
        va_last = va + NBPDR - PAGE_SIZE;
        do {
                m++;
                va += PAGE_SIZE;
                pmap_pvh_free(&m->md, pmap, va);
        } while (va < va_last);
}
#endif /* VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0 */

static void
pmap_pvh_free(struct md_page *pvh, pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pv_entry_t pv;

        pv = pmap_pvh_remove(pvh, pmap, va);
        KASSERT(pv != NULL, ("pmap_pvh_free: pv not found"));
        free_pv_entry(pmap, pv);
}

static void
pmap_remove_entry(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m, vm_offset_t va)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        pmap_pvh_free(&m->md, pmap, va);
        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list) && (m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0) {
                pvh = pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
                if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&pvh->pv_list))
                        vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
        }
}

/*
 * Create a pv entry for page at pa for
 * (pmap, va).
 */
static void
pmap_insert_entry(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m)
{
        pv_entry_t pv;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        pv = get_pv_entry(pmap, FALSE);
        pv->pv_va = va;
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
}

/*
 * Conditionally create a pv entry.
 */
static boolean_t
pmap_try_insert_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m)
{
        pv_entry_t pv;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        if (pv_entry_count < pv_entry_high_water && 
            (pv = get_pv_entry(pmap, TRUE)) != NULL) {
                pv->pv_va = va;
                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                return (TRUE);
        } else
                return (FALSE);
}

/*
 * Create the pv entries for each of the pages within a superpage.
 */
static bool
pmap_pv_insert_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t pde, u_int flags)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        bool noreclaim;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        noreclaim = (flags & PMAP_ENTER_NORECLAIM) != 0;
        if ((noreclaim && pv_entry_count >= pv_entry_high_water) ||
            (pv = get_pv_entry(pmap, noreclaim)) == NULL)
                return (false);
        pv->pv_va = va;
        pvh = pa_to_pvh(pde & PG_PS_FRAME);
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pvh->pv_list, pv, pv_next);
        return (true);
}

/*
 * Fills a page table page with mappings to consecutive physical pages.
 */
static void
pmap_fill_ptp(pt_entry_t *firstpte, pt_entry_t newpte)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;

        for (pte = firstpte; pte < firstpte + NPTEPG; pte++) {
                *pte = newpte;  
                newpte += PAGE_SIZE;
        }
}

/*
 * Tries to demote a 2- or 4MB page mapping.  If demotion fails, the
 * 2- or 4MB page mapping is invalidated.
 */
static boolean_t
pmap_demote_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pde, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pd_entry_t newpde, oldpde;
        pt_entry_t *firstpte, newpte;
        vm_paddr_t mptepa;
        vm_page_t mpte;
        struct spglist free;
        vm_offset_t sva;

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        oldpde = *pde;
        KASSERT((oldpde & (PG_PS | PG_V)) == (PG_PS | PG_V),
            ("pmap_demote_pde: oldpde is missing PG_PS and/or PG_V"));
        if ((oldpde & PG_A) == 0 || (mpte = pmap_remove_pt_page(pmap, va)) ==
            NULL) {
                KASSERT((oldpde & PG_W) == 0,
                    ("pmap_demote_pde: page table page for a wired mapping"
                    " is missing"));

                /*
                 * Invalidate the 2- or 4MB page mapping and return
                 * "failure" if the mapping was never accessed or the
                 * allocation of the new page table page fails.
                 */
                if ((oldpde & PG_A) == 0 || (mpte = vm_page_alloc(NULL,
                    va >> PDRSHIFT, VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_NORMAL |
                    VM_ALLOC_WIRED)) == NULL) {
                        SLIST_INIT(&free);
                        sva = trunc_4mpage(va);
                        pmap_remove_pde(pmap, pde, sva, &free);
                        if ((oldpde & PG_G) == 0)
                                pmap_invalidate_pde_page(pmap, sva, oldpde);
                        vm_page_free_pages_toq(&free, true);
                        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_demote_pde: failure for va %#x"
                            " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
                        return (FALSE);
                }
                if (pmap != kernel_pmap)
                        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;
        }
        mptepa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(mpte);

        /*
         * If the page mapping is in the kernel's address space, then the
         * KPTmap can provide access to the page table page.  Otherwise,
         * temporarily map the page table page (mpte) into the kernel's
         * address space at either PADDR1 or PADDR2. 
         */
        if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                firstpte = &KPTmap[i386_btop(trunc_4mpage(va))];
        else if (curthread->td_pinned > 0 && rw_wowned(&pvh_global_lock)) {
                if ((*PMAP1 & PG_FRAME) != mptepa) {
                        *PMAP1 = mptepa | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M;
#ifdef SMP
                        PMAP1cpu = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
#endif
                        invlcaddr(PADDR1);
                        PMAP1changed++;
                } else
#ifdef SMP
                if (PMAP1cpu != PCPU_GET(cpuid)) {
                        PMAP1cpu = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                        invlcaddr(PADDR1);
                        PMAP1changedcpu++;
                } else
#endif
                        PMAP1unchanged++;
                firstpte = PADDR1;
        } else {
                mtx_lock(&PMAP2mutex);
                if ((*PMAP2 & PG_FRAME) != mptepa) {
                        *PMAP2 = mptepa | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M;
                        pmap_invalidate_page(kernel_pmap, (vm_offset_t)PADDR2);
                }
                firstpte = PADDR2;
        }
        newpde = mptepa | PG_M | PG_A | (oldpde & PG_U) | PG_RW | PG_V;
        KASSERT((oldpde & PG_A) != 0,
            ("pmap_demote_pde: oldpde is missing PG_A"));
        KASSERT((oldpde & (PG_M | PG_RW)) != PG_RW,
            ("pmap_demote_pde: oldpde is missing PG_M"));
        newpte = oldpde & ~PG_PS;
        if ((newpte & PG_PDE_PAT) != 0)
                newpte ^= PG_PDE_PAT | PG_PTE_PAT;

        /*
         * If the page table page is new, initialize it.
         */
        if (mpte->wire_count == 1) {
                mpte->wire_count = NPTEPG;
                pmap_fill_ptp(firstpte, newpte);
        }
        KASSERT((*firstpte & PG_FRAME) == (newpte & PG_FRAME),
            ("pmap_demote_pde: firstpte and newpte map different physical"
            " addresses"));

        /*
         * If the mapping has changed attributes, update the page table
         * entries.
         */ 
        if ((*firstpte & PG_PTE_PROMOTE) != (newpte & PG_PTE_PROMOTE))
                pmap_fill_ptp(firstpte, newpte);
        
        /*
         * Demote the mapping.  This pmap is locked.  The old PDE has
         * PG_A set.  If the old PDE has PG_RW set, it also has PG_M
         * set.  Thus, there is no danger of a race with another
         * processor changing the setting of PG_A and/or PG_M between
         * the read above and the store below. 
         */
        if (workaround_erratum383)
                pmap_update_pde(pmap, va, pde, newpde);
        else if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                pmap_kenter_pde(va, newpde);
        else
                pde_store(pde, newpde); 
        if (firstpte == PADDR2)
                mtx_unlock(&PMAP2mutex);

        /*
         * Invalidate the recursive mapping of the page table page.
         */
        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, (vm_offset_t)vtopte(va));

        /*
         * Demote the pv entry.  This depends on the earlier demotion
         * of the mapping.  Specifically, the (re)creation of a per-
         * page pv entry might trigger the execution of pmap_collect(),
         * which might reclaim a newly (re)created per-page pv entry
         * and destroy the associated mapping.  In order to destroy
         * the mapping, the PDE must have already changed from mapping
         * the 2mpage to referencing the page table page.
         */
        if ((oldpde & PG_MANAGED) != 0)
                pmap_pv_demote_pde(pmap, va, oldpde & PG_PS_FRAME);

        pmap_pde_demotions++;
        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_demote_pde: success for va %#x"
            " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
        return (TRUE);
}

/*
 * Removes a 2- or 4MB page mapping from the kernel pmap.
 */
static void
pmap_remove_kernel_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pde, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pd_entry_t newpde;
        vm_paddr_t mptepa;
        vm_page_t mpte;

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        mpte = pmap_remove_pt_page(pmap, va);
        if (mpte == NULL)
                panic("pmap_remove_kernel_pde: Missing pt page.");

        mptepa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(mpte);
        newpde = mptepa | PG_M | PG_A | PG_RW | PG_V;

        /*
         * Initialize the page table page.
         */
        pagezero((void *)&KPTmap[i386_btop(trunc_4mpage(va))]);

        /*
         * Remove the mapping.
         */
        if (workaround_erratum383)
                pmap_update_pde(pmap, va, pde, newpde);
        else 
                pmap_kenter_pde(va, newpde);

        /*
         * Invalidate the recursive mapping of the page table page.
         */
        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, (vm_offset_t)vtopte(va));
}

/*
 * pmap_remove_pde: do the things to unmap a superpage in a process
 */
static void
pmap_remove_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pdq, vm_offset_t sva,
    struct spglist *free)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pd_entry_t oldpde;
        vm_offset_t eva, va;
        vm_page_t m, mpte;

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        KASSERT((sva & PDRMASK) == 0,
            ("pmap_remove_pde: sva is not 4mpage aligned"));
        oldpde = pte_load_clear(pdq);
        if (oldpde & PG_W)
                pmap->pm_stats.wired_count -= NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;

        /*
         * Machines that don't support invlpg, also don't support
         * PG_G.
         */
        if ((oldpde & PG_G) != 0)
                pmap_invalidate_pde_page(kernel_pmap, sva, oldpde);

        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count -= NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;
        if (oldpde & PG_MANAGED) {
                pvh = pa_to_pvh(oldpde & PG_PS_FRAME);
                pmap_pvh_free(pvh, pmap, sva);
                eva = sva + NBPDR;
                for (va = sva, m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(oldpde & PG_PS_FRAME);
                    va < eva; va += PAGE_SIZE, m++) {
                        if ((oldpde & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                                vm_page_dirty(m);
                        if (oldpde & PG_A)
                                vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list) &&
                            TAILQ_EMPTY(&pvh->pv_list))
                                vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
                }
        }
        if (pmap == kernel_pmap) {
                pmap_remove_kernel_pde(pmap, pdq, sva);
        } else {
                mpte = pmap_remove_pt_page(pmap, sva);
                if (mpte != NULL) {
                        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count--;
                        KASSERT(mpte->wire_count == NPTEPG,
                            ("pmap_remove_pde: pte page wire count error"));
                        mpte->wire_count = 0;
                        pmap_add_delayed_free_list(mpte, free, FALSE);
                }
        }
}

/*
 * pmap_remove_pte: do the things to unmap a page in a process
 */
static int
pmap_remove_pte(pmap_t pmap, pt_entry_t *ptq, vm_offset_t va,
    struct spglist *free)
{
        pt_entry_t oldpte;
        vm_page_t m;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        oldpte = pte_load_clear(ptq);
        KASSERT(oldpte != 0,
            ("pmap_remove_pte: pmap %p va %x zero pte", pmap, va));
        if (oldpte & PG_W)
                pmap->pm_stats.wired_count -= 1;
        /*
         * Machines that don't support invlpg, also don't support
         * PG_G.
         */
        if (oldpte & PG_G)
                pmap_invalidate_page(kernel_pmap, va);
        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count -= 1;
        if (oldpte & PG_MANAGED) {
                m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(oldpte & PG_FRAME);
                if ((oldpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                        vm_page_dirty(m);
                if (oldpte & PG_A)
                        vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                pmap_remove_entry(pmap, m, va);
        }
        return (pmap_unuse_pt(pmap, va, free));
}

/*
 * Remove a single page from a process address space
 */
static void
pmap_remove_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, struct spglist *free)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        KASSERT(curthread->td_pinned > 0, ("curthread not pinned"));
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        if ((pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, va)) == NULL || *pte == 0)
                return;
        pmap_remove_pte(pmap, pte, va, free);
        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
}

/*
 * Removes the specified range of addresses from the page table page.
 */
static bool
pmap_remove_ptes(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva,
    struct spglist *free)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        bool anyvalid;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        KASSERT(curthread->td_pinned > 0, ("curthread not pinned"));
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        anyvalid = false;
        for (pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, sva); sva != eva; pte++,
            sva += PAGE_SIZE) {
                if (*pte == 0)
                        continue;

                /*
                 * The TLB entry for a PG_G mapping is invalidated by
                 * pmap_remove_pte().
                 */
                if ((*pte & PG_G) == 0)
                        anyvalid = true;

                if (pmap_remove_pte(pmap, pte, sva, free))
                        break;
        }
        return (anyvalid);
}

/*
 *      Remove the given range of addresses from the specified map.
 *
 *      It is assumed that the start and end are properly
 *      rounded to the page size.
 */
void
pmap_remove(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva)
{
        vm_offset_t pdnxt;
        pd_entry_t ptpaddr;
        struct spglist free;
        int anyvalid;

        /*
         * Perform an unsynchronized read.  This is, however, safe.
         */
        if (pmap->pm_stats.resident_count == 0)
                return;

        anyvalid = 0;
        SLIST_INIT(&free);

        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        sched_pin();
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);

        /*
         * special handling of removing one page.  a very
         * common operation and easy to short circuit some
         * code.
         */
        if ((sva + PAGE_SIZE == eva) && 
            ((pmap->pm_pdir[(sva >> PDRSHIFT)] & PG_PS) == 0)) {
                pmap_remove_page(pmap, sva, &free);
                goto out;
        }

        for (; sva < eva; sva = pdnxt) {
                u_int pdirindex;

                /*
                 * Calculate index for next page table.
                 */
                pdnxt = (sva + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                if (pdnxt < sva)
                        pdnxt = eva;
                if (pmap->pm_stats.resident_count == 0)
                        break;

                pdirindex = sva >> PDRSHIFT;
                ptpaddr = pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex];

                /*
                 * Weed out invalid mappings. Note: we assume that the page
                 * directory table is always allocated, and in kernel virtual.
                 */
                if (ptpaddr == 0)
                        continue;

                /*
                 * Check for large page.
                 */
                if ((ptpaddr & PG_PS) != 0) {
                        /*
                         * Are we removing the entire large page?  If not,
                         * demote the mapping and fall through.
                         */
                        if (sva + NBPDR == pdnxt && eva >= pdnxt) {
                                /*
                                 * The TLB entry for a PG_G mapping is
                                 * invalidated by pmap_remove_pde().
                                 */
                                if ((ptpaddr & PG_G) == 0)
                                        anyvalid = 1;
                                pmap_remove_pde(pmap,
                                    &pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex], sva, &free);
                                continue;
                        } else if (!pmap_demote_pde(pmap,
                            &pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex], sva)) {
                                /* The large page mapping was destroyed. */
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Limit our scan to either the end of the va represented
                 * by the current page table page, or to the end of the
                 * range being removed.
                 */
                if (pdnxt > eva)
                        pdnxt = eva;

                if (pmap_remove_ptes(pmap, sva, pdnxt, &free))
                        anyvalid = 1;
        }
out:
        sched_unpin();
        if (anyvalid)
                pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        vm_page_free_pages_toq(&free, true);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        pmap_remove_all
 *      Function:
 *              Removes this physical page from
 *              all physical maps in which it resides.
 *              Reflects back modify bits to the pager.
 *
 *      Notes:
 *              Original versions of this routine were very
 *              inefficient because they iteratively called
 *              pmap_remove (slow...)
 */

void
pmap_remove_all(vm_page_t m)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        pmap_t pmap;
        pt_entry_t *pte, tpte;
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        vm_offset_t va;
        struct spglist free;

        KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
            ("pmap_remove_all: page %p is not managed", m));
        SLIST_INIT(&free);
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        sched_pin();
        if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0)
                goto small_mappings;
        pvh = pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
        while ((pv = TAILQ_FIRST(&pvh->pv_list)) != NULL) {
                va = pv->pv_va;
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
                (void)pmap_demote_pde(pmap, pde, va);
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
small_mappings:
        while ((pv = TAILQ_FIRST(&m->md.pv_list)) != NULL) {
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pmap->pm_stats.resident_count--;
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                KASSERT((*pde & PG_PS) == 0, ("pmap_remove_all: found"
                    " a 4mpage in page %p's pv list", m));
                pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                tpte = pte_load_clear(pte);
                KASSERT(tpte != 0, ("pmap_remove_all: pmap %p va %x zero pte",
                    pmap, pv->pv_va));
                if (tpte & PG_W)
                        pmap->pm_stats.wired_count--;
                if (tpte & PG_A)
                        vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);

                /*
                 * Update the vm_page_t clean and reference bits.
                 */
                if ((tpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                        vm_page_dirty(m);
                pmap_unuse_pt(pmap, pv->pv_va, &free);
                pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                free_pv_entry(pmap, pv);
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
        vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
        sched_unpin();
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        vm_page_free_pages_toq(&free, true);
}

/*
 * pmap_protect_pde: do the things to protect a 4mpage in a process
 */
static boolean_t
pmap_protect_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pde, vm_offset_t sva, vm_prot_t prot)
{
        pd_entry_t newpde, oldpde;
        vm_offset_t eva, va;
        vm_page_t m;
        boolean_t anychanged;

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        KASSERT((sva & PDRMASK) == 0,
            ("pmap_protect_pde: sva is not 4mpage aligned"));
        anychanged = FALSE;
retry:
        oldpde = newpde = *pde;
        if ((oldpde & (PG_MANAGED | PG_M | PG_RW)) ==
            (PG_MANAGED | PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                eva = sva + NBPDR;
                for (va = sva, m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(oldpde & PG_PS_FRAME);
                    va < eva; va += PAGE_SIZE, m++)
                        vm_page_dirty(m);
        }
        if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0)
                newpde &= ~(PG_RW | PG_M);
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                newpde |= pg_nx;
#endif
        if (newpde != oldpde) {
                /*
                 * As an optimization to future operations on this PDE, clear
                 * PG_PROMOTED.  The impending invalidation will remove any
                 * lingering 4KB page mappings from the TLB.
                 */
                if (!pde_cmpset(pde, oldpde, newpde & ~PG_PROMOTED))
                        goto retry;
                if ((oldpde & PG_G) != 0)
                        pmap_invalidate_pde_page(kernel_pmap, sva, oldpde);
                else
                        anychanged = TRUE;
        }
        return (anychanged);
}

/*
 *      Set the physical protection on the
 *      specified range of this map as requested.
 */
void
pmap_protect(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva, vm_prot_t prot)
{
        vm_offset_t pdnxt;
        pd_entry_t ptpaddr;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        boolean_t anychanged, pv_lists_locked;

        KASSERT((prot & ~VM_PROT_ALL) == 0, ("invalid prot %x", prot));
        if (prot == VM_PROT_NONE) {
                pmap_remove(pmap, sva, eva);
                return;
        }

#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        if ((prot & (VM_PROT_WRITE|VM_PROT_EXECUTE)) ==
            (VM_PROT_WRITE|VM_PROT_EXECUTE))
                return;
#else
        if (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE)
                return;
#endif

        if (pmap_is_current(pmap))
                pv_lists_locked = FALSE;
        else {
                pv_lists_locked = TRUE;
resume:
                rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
                sched_pin();
        }
        anychanged = FALSE;

        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        for (; sva < eva; sva = pdnxt) {
                pt_entry_t obits, pbits;
                u_int pdirindex;

                pdnxt = (sva + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                if (pdnxt < sva)
                        pdnxt = eva;

                pdirindex = sva >> PDRSHIFT;
                ptpaddr = pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex];

                /*
                 * Weed out invalid mappings. Note: we assume that the page
                 * directory table is always allocated, and in kernel virtual.
                 */
                if (ptpaddr == 0)
                        continue;

                /*
                 * Check for large page.
                 */
                if ((ptpaddr & PG_PS) != 0) {
                        /*
                         * Are we protecting the entire large page?  If not,
                         * demote the mapping and fall through.
                         */
                        if (sva + NBPDR == pdnxt && eva >= pdnxt) {
                                /*
                                 * The TLB entry for a PG_G mapping is
                                 * invalidated by pmap_protect_pde().
                                 */
                                if (pmap_protect_pde(pmap,
                                    &pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex], sva, prot))
                                        anychanged = TRUE;
                                continue;
                        } else {
                                if (!pv_lists_locked) {
                                        pv_lists_locked = TRUE;
                                        if (!rw_try_wlock(&pvh_global_lock)) {
                                                if (anychanged)
                                                        pmap_invalidate_all(
                                                            pmap);
                                                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                                                goto resume;
                                        }
                                        sched_pin();
                                }
                                if (!pmap_demote_pde(pmap,
                                    &pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex], sva)) {
                                        /*
                                         * The large page mapping was
                                         * destroyed.
                                         */
                                        continue;
                                }
                        }
                }

                if (pdnxt > eva)
                        pdnxt = eva;

                for (pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, sva); sva != pdnxt; pte++,
                    sva += PAGE_SIZE) {
                        vm_page_t m;

retry:
                        /*
                         * Regardless of whether a pte is 32 or 64 bits in
                         * size, PG_RW, PG_A, and PG_M are among the least
                         * significant 32 bits.
                         */
                        obits = pbits = *pte;
                        if ((pbits & PG_V) == 0)
                                continue;

                        if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0) {
                                if ((pbits & (PG_MANAGED | PG_M | PG_RW)) ==
                                    (PG_MANAGED | PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                                        m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pbits & PG_FRAME);
                                        vm_page_dirty(m);
                                }
                                pbits &= ~(PG_RW | PG_M);
                        }
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
                        if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                                pbits |= pg_nx;
#endif

                        if (pbits != obits) {
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
                                if (!atomic_cmpset_64(pte, obits, pbits))
                                        goto retry;
#else
                                if (!atomic_cmpset_int((u_int *)pte, obits,
                                    pbits))
                                        goto retry;
#endif
                                if (obits & PG_G)
                                        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, sva);
                                else
                                        anychanged = TRUE;
                        }
                }
        }
        if (anychanged)
                pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
        if (pv_lists_locked) {
                sched_unpin();
                rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        }
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
}

#if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
/*
 * Tries to promote the 512 or 1024, contiguous 4KB page mappings that are
 * within a single page table page (PTP) to a single 2- or 4MB page mapping.
 * For promotion to occur, two conditions must be met: (1) the 4KB page
 * mappings must map aligned, contiguous physical memory and (2) the 4KB page
 * mappings must have identical characteristics.
 *
 * Managed (PG_MANAGED) mappings within the kernel address space are not
 * promoted.  The reason is that kernel PDEs are replicated in each pmap but
 * pmap_clear_ptes() and pmap_ts_referenced() only read the PDE from the kernel
 * pmap.
 */
static void
pmap_promote_pde(pmap_t pmap, pd_entry_t *pde, vm_offset_t va)
{
        pd_entry_t newpde;
        pt_entry_t *firstpte, oldpte, pa, *pte;
        vm_offset_t oldpteva;
        vm_page_t mpte;

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);

        /*
         * Examine the first PTE in the specified PTP.  Abort if this PTE is
         * either invalid, unused, or does not map the first 4KB physical page
         * within a 2- or 4MB page.
         */
        firstpte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, trunc_4mpage(va));
setpde:
        newpde = *firstpte;
        if ((newpde & ((PG_FRAME & PDRMASK) | PG_A | PG_V)) != (PG_A | PG_V)) {
                pmap_pde_p_failures++;
                CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_promote_pde: failure for va %#x"
                    " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
                return;
        }
        if ((*firstpte & PG_MANAGED) != 0 && pmap == kernel_pmap) {
                pmap_pde_p_failures++;
                CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_promote_pde: failure for va %#x"
                    " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
                return;
        }
        if ((newpde & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == PG_RW) {
                /*
                 * When PG_M is already clear, PG_RW can be cleared without
                 * a TLB invalidation.
                 */
                if (!atomic_cmpset_int((u_int *)firstpte, newpde, newpde &
                    ~PG_RW))  
                        goto setpde;
                newpde &= ~PG_RW;
        }

        /* 
         * Examine each of the other PTEs in the specified PTP.  Abort if this
         * PTE maps an unexpected 4KB physical page or does not have identical
         * characteristics to the first PTE.
         */
        pa = (newpde & (PG_PS_FRAME | PG_A | PG_V)) + NBPDR - PAGE_SIZE;
        for (pte = firstpte + NPTEPG - 1; pte > firstpte; pte--) {
setpte:
                oldpte = *pte;
                if ((oldpte & (PG_FRAME | PG_A | PG_V)) != pa) {
                        pmap_pde_p_failures++;
                        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_promote_pde: failure for va %#x"
                            " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
                        return;
                }
                if ((oldpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == PG_RW) {
                        /*
                         * When PG_M is already clear, PG_RW can be cleared
                         * without a TLB invalidation.
                         */
                        if (!atomic_cmpset_int((u_int *)pte, oldpte,
                            oldpte & ~PG_RW))
                                goto setpte;
                        oldpte &= ~PG_RW;
                        oldpteva = (oldpte & PG_FRAME & PDRMASK) |
                            (va & ~PDRMASK);
                        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_promote_pde: protect for va %#x"
                            " in pmap %p", oldpteva, pmap);
                }
                if ((oldpte & PG_PTE_PROMOTE) != (newpde & PG_PTE_PROMOTE)) {
                        pmap_pde_p_failures++;
                        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_promote_pde: failure for va %#x"
                            " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
                        return;
                }
                pa -= PAGE_SIZE;
        }

        /*
         * Save the page table page in its current state until the PDE
         * mapping the superpage is demoted by pmap_demote_pde() or
         * destroyed by pmap_remove_pde(). 
         */
        mpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(*pde & PG_FRAME);
        KASSERT(mpte >= vm_page_array &&
            mpte < &vm_page_array[vm_page_array_size],
            ("pmap_promote_pde: page table page is out of range"));
        KASSERT(mpte->pindex == va >> PDRSHIFT,
            ("pmap_promote_pde: page table page's pindex is wrong"));
        if (pmap_insert_pt_page(pmap, mpte)) {
                pmap_pde_p_failures++;
                CTR2(KTR_PMAP,
                    "pmap_promote_pde: failure for va %#x in pmap %p", va,
                    pmap);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Promote the pv entries.
         */
        if ((newpde & PG_MANAGED) != 0)
                pmap_pv_promote_pde(pmap, va, newpde & PG_PS_FRAME);

        /*
         * Propagate the PAT index to its proper position.
         */
        if ((newpde & PG_PTE_PAT) != 0)
                newpde ^= PG_PDE_PAT | PG_PTE_PAT;

        /*
         * Map the superpage.
         */
        if (workaround_erratum383)
                pmap_update_pde(pmap, va, pde, PG_PS | newpde);
        else if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                pmap_kenter_pde(va, PG_PROMOTED | PG_PS | newpde);
        else
                pde_store(pde, PG_PROMOTED | PG_PS | newpde);

        pmap_pde_promotions++;
        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_promote_pde: success for va %#x"
            " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
}
#endif /* VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0 */

/*
 *      Insert the given physical page (p) at
 *      the specified virtual address (v) in the
 *      target physical map with the protection requested.
 *
 *      If specified, the page will be wired down, meaning
 *      that the related pte can not be reclaimed.
 *
 *      NB:  This is the only routine which MAY NOT lazy-evaluate
 *      or lose information.  That is, this routine must actually
 *      insert this page into the given map NOW.
 */
int
pmap_enter(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m, vm_prot_t prot,
    u_int flags, int8_t psind)
{
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        pt_entry_t newpte, origpte;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        vm_paddr_t opa, pa;
        vm_page_t mpte, om;
        int rv;

        va = trunc_page(va);
        KASSERT((pmap == kernel_pmap && va < VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS) ||
            (pmap != kernel_pmap && va < VM_MAXUSER_ADDRESS),
            ("pmap_enter: toobig k%d %#x", pmap == kernel_pmap, va));
        KASSERT(va < PMAP_TRM_MIN_ADDRESS,
            ("pmap_enter: invalid to pmap_enter into trampoline (va: 0x%x)",
            va));
        KASSERT(pmap != kernel_pmap || (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0 ||
            va < kmi.clean_sva || va >= kmi.clean_eva,
            ("pmap_enter: managed mapping within the clean submap"));
        if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0 && !vm_page_xbusied(m))
                VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(m->object);
        KASSERT((flags & PMAP_ENTER_RESERVED) == 0,
            ("pmap_enter: flags %u has reserved bits set", flags));
        pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
        newpte = (pt_entry_t)(pa | PG_A | PG_V);
        if ((flags & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0)
                newpte |= PG_M;
        if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0)
                newpte |= PG_RW;
        KASSERT((newpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) != PG_M,
            ("pmap_enter: flags includes VM_PROT_WRITE but prot doesn't"));
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                newpte |= pg_nx;
#endif
        if ((flags & PMAP_ENTER_WIRED) != 0)
                newpte |= PG_W;
        if (pmap != kernel_pmap)
                newpte |= PG_U;
        newpte |= pmap_cache_bits(pmap, m->md.pat_mode, psind > 0);
        if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                newpte |= PG_MANAGED;

        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        sched_pin();
        if (psind == 1) {
                /* Assert the required virtual and physical alignment. */ 
                KASSERT((va & PDRMASK) == 0, ("pmap_enter: va unaligned"));
                KASSERT(m->psind > 0, ("pmap_enter: m->psind < psind"));
                rv = pmap_enter_pde(pmap, va, newpte | PG_PS, flags, m);
                goto out;
        }

        pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
        if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                /*
                 * va is for UVA.
                 * In the case that a page table page is not resident,
                 * we are creating it here.  pmap_allocpte() handles
                 * demotion.
                 */
                mpte = pmap_allocpte(pmap, va, flags);
                if (mpte == NULL) {
                        KASSERT((flags & PMAP_ENTER_NOSLEEP) != 0,
                            ("pmap_allocpte failed with sleep allowed"));
                        rv = KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;
                        goto out;
                }
        } else {
                /*
                 * va is for KVA, so pmap_demote_pde() will never fail
                 * to install a page table page.  PG_V is also
                 * asserted by pmap_demote_pde().
                 */
                mpte = NULL;
                KASSERT(pde != NULL && (*pde & PG_V) != 0,
                    ("KVA %#x invalid pde pdir %#jx", va,
                    (uintmax_t)pmap->pm_pdir[PTDPTDI]));
                if ((*pde & PG_PS) != 0)
                        pmap_demote_pde(pmap, pde, va);
        }
        pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, va);

        /*
         * Page Directory table entry is not valid, which should not
         * happen.  We should have either allocated the page table
         * page or demoted the existing mapping above.
         */
        if (pte == NULL) {
                panic("pmap_enter: invalid page directory pdir=%#jx, va=%#x",
                    (uintmax_t)pmap->pm_pdir[PTDPTDI], va);
        }

        origpte = *pte;
        pv = NULL;

        /*
         * Is the specified virtual address already mapped?
         */
        if ((origpte & PG_V) != 0) {
                /*
                 * Wiring change, just update stats. We don't worry about
                 * wiring PT pages as they remain resident as long as there
                 * are valid mappings in them. Hence, if a user page is wired,
                 * the PT page will be also.
                 */
                if ((newpte & PG_W) != 0 && (origpte & PG_W) == 0)
                        pmap->pm_stats.wired_count++;
                else if ((newpte & PG_W) == 0 && (origpte & PG_W) != 0)
                        pmap->pm_stats.wired_count--;

                /*
                 * Remove the extra PT page reference.
                 */
                if (mpte != NULL) {
                        mpte->wire_count--;
                        KASSERT(mpte->wire_count > 0,
                            ("pmap_enter: missing reference to page table page,"
                             " va: 0x%x", va));
                }

                /*
                 * Has the physical page changed?
                 */
                opa = origpte & PG_FRAME;
                if (opa == pa) {
                        /*
                         * No, might be a protection or wiring change.
                         */
                        if ((origpte & PG_MANAGED) != 0 &&
                            (newpte & PG_RW) != 0)
                                vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
                        if (((origpte ^ newpte) & ~(PG_M | PG_A)) == 0)
                                goto unchanged;
                        goto validate;
                }

                /*
                 * The physical page has changed.  Temporarily invalidate
                 * the mapping.  This ensures that all threads sharing the
                 * pmap keep a consistent view of the mapping, which is
                 * necessary for the correct handling of COW faults.  It
                 * also permits reuse of the old mapping's PV entry,
                 * avoiding an allocation.
                 *
                 * For consistency, handle unmanaged mappings the same way.
                 */
                origpte = pte_load_clear(pte);
                KASSERT((origpte & PG_FRAME) == opa,
                    ("pmap_enter: unexpected pa update for %#x", va));
                if ((origpte & PG_MANAGED) != 0) {
                        om = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(opa);

                        /*
                         * The pmap lock is sufficient to synchronize with
                         * concurrent calls to pmap_page_test_mappings() and
                         * pmap_ts_referenced().
                         */
                        if ((origpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                                vm_page_dirty(om);
                        if ((origpte & PG_A) != 0)
                                vm_page_aflag_set(om, PGA_REFERENCED);
                        pv = pmap_pvh_remove(&om->md, pmap, va);
                        if ((newpte & PG_MANAGED) == 0)
                                free_pv_entry(pmap, pv);
                        if ((om->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE) != 0 &&
                            TAILQ_EMPTY(&om->md.pv_list) &&
                            ((om->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0 ||
                            TAILQ_EMPTY(&pa_to_pvh(opa)->pv_list)))
                                vm_page_aflag_clear(om, PGA_WRITEABLE);
                }
                if ((origpte & PG_A) != 0)
                        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
                origpte = 0;
        } else {
                /*
                 * Increment the counters.
                 */
                if ((newpte & PG_W) != 0)
                        pmap->pm_stats.wired_count++;
                pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;
        }

        /*
         * Enter on the PV list if part of our managed memory.
         */
        if ((newpte & PG_MANAGED) != 0) {
                if (pv == NULL) {
                        pv = get_pv_entry(pmap, FALSE);
                        pv->pv_va = va;
                }
                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                if ((newpte & PG_RW) != 0)
                        vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
        }

        /*
         * Update the PTE.
         */
        if ((origpte & PG_V) != 0) {
validate:
                origpte = pte_load_store(pte, newpte);
                KASSERT((origpte & PG_FRAME) == pa,
                    ("pmap_enter: unexpected pa update for %#x", va));
                if ((newpte & PG_M) == 0 && (origpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) ==
                    (PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                        if ((origpte & PG_MANAGED) != 0)
                                vm_page_dirty(m);

                        /*
                         * Although the PTE may still have PG_RW set, TLB
                         * invalidation may nonetheless be required because
                         * the PTE no longer has PG_M set.
                         */
                }
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
                else if ((origpte & PG_NX) != 0 || (newpte & PG_NX) == 0) {
                        /*
                         * This PTE change does not require TLB invalidation.
                         */
                        goto unchanged;
                }
#endif
                if ((origpte & PG_A) != 0)
                        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
        } else
                pte_store(pte, newpte);

unchanged:

#if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
        /*
         * If both the page table page and the reservation are fully
         * populated, then attempt promotion.
         */
        if ((mpte == NULL || mpte->wire_count == NPTEPG) &&
            pg_ps_enabled && (m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0 &&
            vm_reserv_level_iffullpop(m) == 0)
                pmap_promote_pde(pmap, pde, va);
#endif

        rv = KERN_SUCCESS;
out:
        sched_unpin();
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        return (rv);
}

/*
 * Tries to create a read- and/or execute-only 2 or 4 MB page mapping.  Returns
 * true if successful.  Returns false if (1) a mapping already exists at the
 * specified virtual address or (2) a PV entry cannot be allocated without
 * reclaiming another PV entry.
 */
static bool
pmap_enter_4mpage(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m, vm_prot_t prot)
{
        pd_entry_t newpde;

        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        newpde = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) | pmap_cache_bits(pmap, m->md.pat_mode, 1) |
            PG_PS | PG_V;
        if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                newpde |= PG_MANAGED;
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                newpde |= pg_nx;
#endif
        if (pmap != kernel_pmap)
                newpde |= PG_U;
        return (pmap_enter_pde(pmap, va, newpde, PMAP_ENTER_NOSLEEP |
            PMAP_ENTER_NOREPLACE | PMAP_ENTER_NORECLAIM, NULL) ==
            KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 * Tries to create the specified 2 or 4 MB page mapping.  Returns KERN_SUCCESS
 * if the mapping was created, and either KERN_FAILURE or
 * KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE otherwise.  Returns KERN_FAILURE if
 * PMAP_ENTER_NOREPLACE was specified and a mapping already exists at the
 * specified virtual address.  Returns KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE if
 * PMAP_ENTER_NORECLAIM was specified and a PV entry allocation failed.
 *
 * The parameter "m" is only used when creating a managed, writeable mapping.
 */
static int
pmap_enter_pde(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, pd_entry_t newpde, u_int flags,
    vm_page_t m)
{
        struct spglist free;
        pd_entry_t oldpde, *pde;
        vm_page_t mt;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        KASSERT((newpde & (PG_M | PG_RW)) != PG_RW,
            ("pmap_enter_pde: newpde is missing PG_M"));
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
        pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
        oldpde = *pde;
        if ((oldpde & PG_V) != 0) {
                if ((flags & PMAP_ENTER_NOREPLACE) != 0) {
                        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_enter_pde: failure for va %#lx"
                            " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
                        return (KERN_FAILURE);
                }
                /* Break the existing mapping(s). */
                SLIST_INIT(&free);
                if ((oldpde & PG_PS) != 0) {
                        /*
                         * If the PDE resulted from a promotion, then a
                         * reserved PT page could be freed.
                         */
                        (void)pmap_remove_pde(pmap, pde, va, &free);
                        if ((oldpde & PG_G) == 0)
                                pmap_invalidate_pde_page(pmap, va, oldpde);
                } else {
                        if (pmap_remove_ptes(pmap, va, va + NBPDR, &free))
                               pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
                }
                vm_page_free_pages_toq(&free, true);
                if (pmap == kernel_pmap) {
                        mt = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(*pde & PG_FRAME);
                        if (pmap_insert_pt_page(pmap, mt)) {
                                /*
                                 * XXX Currently, this can't happen because
                                 * we do not perform pmap_enter(psind == 1)
                                 * on the kernel pmap.
                                 */
                                panic("pmap_enter_pde: trie insert failed");
                        }
                } else
                        KASSERT(*pde == 0, ("pmap_enter_pde: non-zero pde %p",
                            pde));
        }
        if ((newpde & PG_MANAGED) != 0) {
                /*
                 * Abort this mapping if its PV entry could not be created.
                 */
                if (!pmap_pv_insert_pde(pmap, va, newpde, flags)) {
                        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_enter_pde: failure for va %#lx"
                            " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
                        return (KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE);
                }
                if ((newpde & PG_RW) != 0) {
                        for (mt = m; mt < &m[NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE]; mt++)
                                vm_page_aflag_set(mt, PGA_WRITEABLE);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Increment counters.
         */
        if ((newpde & PG_W) != 0)
                pmap->pm_stats.wired_count += NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;
        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count += NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;

        /*
         * Map the superpage.  (This is not a promoted mapping; there will not
         * be any lingering 4KB page mappings in the TLB.)
         */
        pde_store(pde, newpde);

        pmap_pde_mappings++;
        CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_enter_pde: success for va %#lx"
            " in pmap %p", va, pmap);
        return (KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 * Maps a sequence of resident pages belonging to the same object.
 * The sequence begins with the given page m_start.  This page is
 * mapped at the given virtual address start.  Each subsequent page is
 * mapped at a virtual address that is offset from start by the same
 * amount as the page is offset from m_start within the object.  The
 * last page in the sequence is the page with the largest offset from
 * m_start that can be mapped at a virtual address less than the given
 * virtual address end.  Not every virtual page between start and end
 * is mapped; only those for which a resident page exists with the
 * corresponding offset from m_start are mapped.
 */
void
pmap_enter_object(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t start, vm_offset_t end,
    vm_page_t m_start, vm_prot_t prot)
{
        vm_offset_t va;
        vm_page_t m, mpte;
        vm_pindex_t diff, psize;

        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(m_start->object);

        psize = atop(end - start);
        mpte = NULL;
        m = m_start;
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        while (m != NULL && (diff = m->pindex - m_start->pindex) < psize) {
                va = start + ptoa(diff);
                if ((va & PDRMASK) == 0 && va + NBPDR <= end &&
                    m->psind == 1 && pg_ps_enabled &&
                    pmap_enter_4mpage(pmap, va, m, prot))
                        m = &m[NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE - 1];
                else
                        mpte = pmap_enter_quick_locked(pmap, va, m, prot,
                            mpte);
                m = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq);
        }
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
}

/*
 * this code makes some *MAJOR* assumptions:
 * 1. Current pmap & pmap exists.
 * 2. Not wired.
 * 3. Read access.
 * 4. No page table pages.
 * but is *MUCH* faster than pmap_enter...
 */

void
pmap_enter_quick(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m, vm_prot_t prot)
{

        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        (void)pmap_enter_quick_locked(pmap, va, m, prot, NULL);
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
}

static vm_page_t
pmap_enter_quick_locked(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m,
    vm_prot_t prot, vm_page_t mpte)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        vm_paddr_t pa;
        struct spglist free;

        KASSERT(pmap != kernel_pmap || va < kmi.clean_sva ||
            va >= kmi.clean_eva || (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0,
            ("pmap_enter_quick_locked: managed mapping within the clean submap"));
        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);

        /*
         * In the case that a page table page is not
         * resident, we are creating it here.
         */
        if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                u_int ptepindex;
                pd_entry_t ptepa;

                /*
                 * Calculate pagetable page index
                 */
                ptepindex = va >> PDRSHIFT;
                if (mpte && (mpte->pindex == ptepindex)) {
                        mpte->wire_count++;
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Get the page directory entry
                         */
                        ptepa = pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex];

                        /*
                         * If the page table page is mapped, we just increment
                         * the hold count, and activate it.
                         */
                        if (ptepa) {
                                if (ptepa & PG_PS)
                                        return (NULL);
                                mpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(ptepa & PG_FRAME);
                                mpte->wire_count++;
                        } else {
                                mpte = _pmap_allocpte(pmap, ptepindex,
                                    PMAP_ENTER_NOSLEEP);
                                if (mpte == NULL)
                                        return (mpte);
                        }
                }
        } else {
                mpte = NULL;
        }

        sched_pin();
        pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, va);
        if (*pte) {
                if (mpte != NULL) {
                        mpte->wire_count--;
                        mpte = NULL;
                }
                sched_unpin();
                return (mpte);
        }

        /*
         * Enter on the PV list if part of our managed memory.
         */
        if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0 &&
            !pmap_try_insert_pv_entry(pmap, va, m)) {
                if (mpte != NULL) {
                        SLIST_INIT(&free);
                        if (pmap_unwire_ptp(pmap, mpte, &free)) {
                                pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
                                vm_page_free_pages_toq(&free, true);
                        }
                        
                        mpte = NULL;
                }
                sched_unpin();
                return (mpte);
        }

        /*
         * Increment counters
         */
        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;

        pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) | pmap_cache_bits(pmap, m->md.pat_mode, 0);
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                pa |= pg_nx;
#endif

        /*
         * Now validate mapping with RO protection
         */
        if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                pte_store(pte, pa | PG_V | PG_U);
        else
                pte_store(pte, pa | PG_V | PG_U | PG_MANAGED);
        sched_unpin();
        return (mpte);
}

/*
 * Make a temporary mapping for a physical address.  This is only intended
 * to be used for panic dumps.
 */
void *
pmap_kenter_temporary(vm_paddr_t pa, int i)
{
        vm_offset_t va;

        va = (vm_offset_t)crashdumpmap + (i * PAGE_SIZE);
        pmap_kenter(va, pa);
        invlpg(va);
        return ((void *)crashdumpmap);
}

/*
 * This code maps large physical mmap regions into the
 * processor address space.  Note that some shortcuts
 * are taken, but the code works.
 */
void
pmap_object_init_pt(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t addr, vm_object_t object,
    vm_pindex_t pindex, vm_size_t size)
{
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        vm_paddr_t pa, ptepa;
        vm_page_t p;
        int pat_mode;

        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
        KASSERT(object->type == OBJT_DEVICE || object->type == OBJT_SG,
            ("pmap_object_init_pt: non-device object"));
        if (pg_ps_enabled &&
            (addr & (NBPDR - 1)) == 0 && (size & (NBPDR - 1)) == 0) {
                if (!vm_object_populate(object, pindex, pindex + atop(size)))
                        return;
                p = vm_page_lookup(object, pindex);
                KASSERT(p->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL,
                    ("pmap_object_init_pt: invalid page %p", p));
                pat_mode = p->md.pat_mode;

                /*
                 * Abort the mapping if the first page is not physically
                 * aligned to a 2/4MB page boundary.
                 */
                ptepa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(p);
                if (ptepa & (NBPDR - 1))
                        return;

                /*
                 * Skip the first page.  Abort the mapping if the rest of
                 * the pages are not physically contiguous or have differing
                 * memory attributes.
                 */
                p = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
                for (pa = ptepa + PAGE_SIZE; pa < ptepa + size;
                    pa += PAGE_SIZE) {
                        KASSERT(p->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL,
                            ("pmap_object_init_pt: invalid page %p", p));
                        if (pa != VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(p) ||
                            pat_mode != p->md.pat_mode)
                                return;
                        p = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
                }

                /*
                 * Map using 2/4MB pages.  Since "ptepa" is 2/4M aligned and
                 * "size" is a multiple of 2/4M, adding the PAT setting to
                 * "pa" will not affect the termination of this loop.
                 */
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                for (pa = ptepa | pmap_cache_bits(pmap, pat_mode, 1);
                    pa < ptepa + size; pa += NBPDR) {
                        pde = pmap_pde(pmap, addr);
                        if (*pde == 0) {
                                pde_store(pde, pa | PG_PS | PG_M | PG_A |
                                    PG_U | PG_RW | PG_V);
                                pmap->pm_stats.resident_count += NBPDR /
                                    PAGE_SIZE;
                                pmap_pde_mappings++;
                        }
                        /* Else continue on if the PDE is already valid. */
                        addr += NBPDR;
                }
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
}

/*
 *      Clear the wired attribute from the mappings for the specified range of
 *      addresses in the given pmap.  Every valid mapping within that range
 *      must have the wired attribute set.  In contrast, invalid mappings
 *      cannot have the wired attribute set, so they are ignored.
 *
 *      The wired attribute of the page table entry is not a hardware feature,
 *      so there is no need to invalidate any TLB entries.
 */
void
pmap_unwire(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva)
{
        vm_offset_t pdnxt;
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        boolean_t pv_lists_locked;

        if (pmap_is_current(pmap))
                pv_lists_locked = FALSE;
        else {
                pv_lists_locked = TRUE;
resume:
                rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
                sched_pin();
        }
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        for (; sva < eva; sva = pdnxt) {
                pdnxt = (sva + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                if (pdnxt < sva)
                        pdnxt = eva;
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, sva);
                if ((*pde & PG_V) == 0)
                        continue;
                if ((*pde & PG_PS) != 0) {
                        if ((*pde & PG_W) == 0)
                                panic("pmap_unwire: pde %#jx is missing PG_W",
                                    (uintmax_t)*pde);

                        /*
                         * Are we unwiring the entire large page?  If not,
                         * demote the mapping and fall through.
                         */
                        if (sva + NBPDR == pdnxt && eva >= pdnxt) {
                                /*
                                 * Regardless of whether a pde (or pte) is 32
                                 * or 64 bits in size, PG_W is among the least
                                 * significant 32 bits.
                                 */
                                atomic_clear_int((u_int *)pde, PG_W);
                                pmap->pm_stats.wired_count -= NBPDR /
                                    PAGE_SIZE;
                                continue;
                        } else {
                                if (!pv_lists_locked) {
                                        pv_lists_locked = TRUE;
                                        if (!rw_try_wlock(&pvh_global_lock)) {
                                                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                                                /* Repeat sva. */
                                                goto resume;
                                        }
                                        sched_pin();
                                }
                                if (!pmap_demote_pde(pmap, pde, sva))
                                        panic("pmap_unwire: demotion failed");
                        }
                }
                if (pdnxt > eva)
                        pdnxt = eva;
                for (pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, sva); sva != pdnxt; pte++,
                    sva += PAGE_SIZE) {
                        if ((*pte & PG_V) == 0)
                                continue;
                        if ((*pte & PG_W) == 0)
                                panic("pmap_unwire: pte %#jx is missing PG_W",
                                    (uintmax_t)*pte);

                        /*
                         * PG_W must be cleared atomically.  Although the pmap
                         * lock synchronizes access to PG_W, another processor
                         * could be setting PG_M and/or PG_A concurrently.
                         *
                         * PG_W is among the least significant 32 bits.
                         */
                        atomic_clear_int((u_int *)pte, PG_W);
                        pmap->pm_stats.wired_count--;
                }
        }
        if (pv_lists_locked) {
                sched_unpin();
                rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        }
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
}


/*
 *      Copy the range specified by src_addr/len
 *      from the source map to the range dst_addr/len
 *      in the destination map.
 *
 *      This routine is only advisory and need not do anything.  Since
 *      current pmap is always the kernel pmap when executing in
 *      kernel, and we do not copy from the kernel pmap to a user
 *      pmap, this optimization is not usable in 4/4G full split i386
 *      world.
 */

void
pmap_copy(pmap_t dst_pmap, pmap_t src_pmap, vm_offset_t dst_addr, vm_size_t len,
    vm_offset_t src_addr)
{
        struct spglist free;
        pt_entry_t *src_pte, *dst_pte, ptetemp;
        pd_entry_t srcptepaddr;
        vm_page_t dstmpte, srcmpte;
        vm_offset_t addr, end_addr, pdnxt;
        u_int ptepindex;

        if (dst_addr != src_addr)
                return;

        end_addr = src_addr + len;

        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        if (dst_pmap < src_pmap) {
                PMAP_LOCK(dst_pmap);
                PMAP_LOCK(src_pmap);
        } else {
                PMAP_LOCK(src_pmap);
                PMAP_LOCK(dst_pmap);
        }
        sched_pin();
        for (addr = src_addr; addr < end_addr; addr = pdnxt) {
                KASSERT(addr < PMAP_TRM_MIN_ADDRESS,
                    ("pmap_copy: invalid to pmap_copy the trampoline"));

                pdnxt = (addr + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                if (pdnxt < addr)
                        pdnxt = end_addr;
                ptepindex = addr >> PDRSHIFT;

                srcptepaddr = src_pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex];
                if (srcptepaddr == 0)
                        continue;

                if (srcptepaddr & PG_PS) {
                        if ((addr & PDRMASK) != 0 || addr + NBPDR > end_addr)
                                continue;
                        if (dst_pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex] == 0 &&
                            ((srcptepaddr & PG_MANAGED) == 0 ||
                            pmap_pv_insert_pde(dst_pmap, addr, srcptepaddr,
                            PMAP_ENTER_NORECLAIM))) {
                                dst_pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex] = srcptepaddr &
                                    ~PG_W;
                                dst_pmap->pm_stats.resident_count +=
                                    NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;
                                pmap_pde_mappings++;
                        }
                        continue;
                }

                srcmpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(srcptepaddr & PG_FRAME);
                KASSERT(srcmpte->wire_count > 0,
                    ("pmap_copy: source page table page is unused"));

                if (pdnxt > end_addr)
                        pdnxt = end_addr;

                src_pte = pmap_pte_quick3(src_pmap, addr);
                while (addr < pdnxt) {
                        ptetemp = *src_pte;
                        /*
                         * we only virtual copy managed pages
                         */
                        if ((ptetemp & PG_MANAGED) != 0) {
                                dstmpte = pmap_allocpte(dst_pmap, addr,
                                    PMAP_ENTER_NOSLEEP);
                                if (dstmpte == NULL)
                                        goto out;
                                dst_pte = pmap_pte_quick(dst_pmap, addr);
                                if (*dst_pte == 0 &&
                                    pmap_try_insert_pv_entry(dst_pmap, addr,
                                    PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(ptetemp & PG_FRAME))) {
                                        /*
                                         * Clear the wired, modified, and
                                         * accessed (referenced) bits
                                         * during the copy.
                                         */
                                        *dst_pte = ptetemp & ~(PG_W | PG_M |
                                            PG_A);
                                        dst_pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;
                                } else {
                                        SLIST_INIT(&free);
                                        if (pmap_unwire_ptp(dst_pmap, dstmpte,
                                            &free)) {
                                                pmap_invalidate_page(dst_pmap,
                                                    addr);
                                                vm_page_free_pages_toq(&free,
                                                    true);
                                        }
                                        goto out;
                                }
                                if (dstmpte->wire_count >= srcmpte->wire_count)
                                        break;
                        }
                        addr += PAGE_SIZE;
                        src_pte++;
                }
        }
out:
        sched_unpin();
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(src_pmap);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(dst_pmap);
}

/*
 * Zero 1 page of virtual memory mapped from a hardware page by the caller.
 */
static __inline void
pagezero(void *page)
{
#if defined(I686_CPU)
        if (cpu_class == CPUCLASS_686) {
                if (cpu_feature & CPUID_SSE2)
                        sse2_pagezero(page);
                else
                        i686_pagezero(page);
        } else
#endif
                bzero(page, PAGE_SIZE);
}

/*
 * Zero the specified hardware page.
 */
void
pmap_zero_page(vm_page_t m)
{
        pt_entry_t *cmap_pte2;
        struct pcpu *pc;

        sched_pin();
        pc = get_pcpu();
        cmap_pte2 = pc->pc_cmap_pte2;
        mtx_lock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
        if (*cmap_pte2)
                panic("pmap_zero_page: CMAP2 busy");
        *cmap_pte2 = PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) | PG_A | PG_M |
            pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, m->md.pat_mode, 0);
        invlcaddr(pc->pc_cmap_addr2);
        pagezero(pc->pc_cmap_addr2);
        *cmap_pte2 = 0;

        /*
         * Unpin the thread before releasing the lock.  Otherwise the thread
         * could be rescheduled while still bound to the current CPU, only
         * to unpin itself immediately upon resuming execution.
         */
        sched_unpin();
        mtx_unlock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
}

/*
 * Zero an an area within a single hardware page.  off and size must not
 * cover an area beyond a single hardware page.
 */
void
pmap_zero_page_area(vm_page_t m, int off, int size)
{
        pt_entry_t *cmap_pte2;
        struct pcpu *pc;

        sched_pin();
        pc = get_pcpu();
        cmap_pte2 = pc->pc_cmap_pte2;
        mtx_lock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
        if (*cmap_pte2)
                panic("pmap_zero_page_area: CMAP2 busy");
        *cmap_pte2 = PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) | PG_A | PG_M |
            pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, m->md.pat_mode, 0);
        invlcaddr(pc->pc_cmap_addr2);
        if (off == 0 && size == PAGE_SIZE) 
                pagezero(pc->pc_cmap_addr2);
        else
                bzero(pc->pc_cmap_addr2 + off, size);
        *cmap_pte2 = 0;
        sched_unpin();
        mtx_unlock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
}

/*
 * Copy 1 specified hardware page to another.
 */
void
pmap_copy_page(vm_page_t src, vm_page_t dst)
{
        pt_entry_t *cmap_pte1, *cmap_pte2;
        struct pcpu *pc;

        sched_pin();
        pc = get_pcpu();
        cmap_pte1 = pc->pc_cmap_pte1; 
        cmap_pte2 = pc->pc_cmap_pte2;
        mtx_lock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
        if (*cmap_pte1)
                panic("pmap_copy_page: CMAP1 busy");
        if (*cmap_pte2)
                panic("pmap_copy_page: CMAP2 busy");
        *cmap_pte1 = PG_V | VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(src) | PG_A |
            pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, src->md.pat_mode, 0);
        invlcaddr(pc->pc_cmap_addr1);
        *cmap_pte2 = PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(dst) | PG_A | PG_M |
            pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, dst->md.pat_mode, 0);
        invlcaddr(pc->pc_cmap_addr2);
        bcopy(pc->pc_cmap_addr1, pc->pc_cmap_addr2, PAGE_SIZE);
        *cmap_pte1 = 0;
        *cmap_pte2 = 0;
        sched_unpin();
        mtx_unlock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
}

int unmapped_buf_allowed = 1;

void
pmap_copy_pages(vm_page_t ma[], vm_offset_t a_offset, vm_page_t mb[],
    vm_offset_t b_offset, int xfersize)
{
        vm_page_t a_pg, b_pg;
        char *a_cp, *b_cp;
        vm_offset_t a_pg_offset, b_pg_offset;
        pt_entry_t *cmap_pte1, *cmap_pte2;
        struct pcpu *pc;
        int cnt;

        sched_pin();
        pc = get_pcpu();
        cmap_pte1 = pc->pc_cmap_pte1; 
        cmap_pte2 = pc->pc_cmap_pte2;
        mtx_lock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
        if (*cmap_pte1 != 0)
                panic("pmap_copy_pages: CMAP1 busy");
        if (*cmap_pte2 != 0)
                panic("pmap_copy_pages: CMAP2 busy");
        while (xfersize > 0) {
                a_pg = ma[a_offset >> PAGE_SHIFT];
                a_pg_offset = a_offset & PAGE_MASK;
                cnt = min(xfersize, PAGE_SIZE - a_pg_offset);
                b_pg = mb[b_offset >> PAGE_SHIFT];
                b_pg_offset = b_offset & PAGE_MASK;
                cnt = min(cnt, PAGE_SIZE - b_pg_offset);
                *cmap_pte1 = PG_V | VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(a_pg) | PG_A |
                    pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, a_pg->md.pat_mode, 0);
                invlcaddr(pc->pc_cmap_addr1);
                *cmap_pte2 = PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(b_pg) | PG_A |
                    PG_M | pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, b_pg->md.pat_mode, 0);
                invlcaddr(pc->pc_cmap_addr2);
                a_cp = pc->pc_cmap_addr1 + a_pg_offset;
                b_cp = pc->pc_cmap_addr2 + b_pg_offset;
                bcopy(a_cp, b_cp, cnt);
                a_offset += cnt;
                b_offset += cnt;
                xfersize -= cnt;
        }
        *cmap_pte1 = 0;
        *cmap_pte2 = 0;
        sched_unpin();
        mtx_unlock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
}

/*
 * Returns true if the pmap's pv is one of the first
 * 16 pvs linked to from this page.  This count may
 * be changed upwards or downwards in the future; it
 * is only necessary that true be returned for a small
 * subset of pmaps for proper page aging.
 */
boolean_t
pmap_page_exists_quick(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        int loops = 0;
        boolean_t rv;

        KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
            ("pmap_page_exists_quick: page %p is not managed", m));
        rv = FALSE;
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_next) {
                if (PV_PMAP(pv) == pmap) {
                        rv = TRUE;
                        break;
                }
                loops++;
                if (loops >= 16)
                        break;
        }
        if (!rv && loops < 16 && (m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0) {
                pvh = pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
                TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &pvh->pv_list, pv_next) {
                        if (PV_PMAP(pv) == pmap) {
                                rv = TRUE;
                                break;
                        }
                        loops++;
                        if (loops >= 16)
                                break;
                }
        }
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        return (rv);
}

/*
 *      pmap_page_wired_mappings:
 *
 *      Return the number of managed mappings to the given physical page
 *      that are wired.
 */
int
pmap_page_wired_mappings(vm_page_t m)
{
        int count;

        count = 0;
        if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                return (count);
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        count = pmap_pvh_wired_mappings(&m->md, count);
        if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0) {
            count = pmap_pvh_wired_mappings(pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m)),
                count);
        }
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        return (count);
}

/*
 *      pmap_pvh_wired_mappings:
 *
 *      Return the updated number "count" of managed mappings that are wired.
 */
static int
pmap_pvh_wired_mappings(struct md_page *pvh, int count)
{
        pmap_t pmap;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        pv_entry_t pv;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        sched_pin();
        TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &pvh->pv_list, pv_next) {
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                if ((*pte & PG_W) != 0)
                        count++;
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
        sched_unpin();
        return (count);
}

/*
 * Returns TRUE if the given page is mapped individually or as part of
 * a 4mpage.  Otherwise, returns FALSE.
 */
boolean_t
pmap_page_is_mapped(vm_page_t m)
{
        boolean_t rv;

        if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                return (FALSE);
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        rv = !TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list) ||
            ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0 &&
            !TAILQ_EMPTY(&pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m))->pv_list));
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        return (rv);
}

/*
 * Remove all pages from specified address space
 * this aids process exit speeds.  Also, this code
 * is special cased for current process only, but
 * can have the more generic (and slightly slower)
 * mode enabled.  This is much faster than pmap_remove
 * in the case of running down an entire address space.
 */
void
pmap_remove_pages(pmap_t pmap)
{
        pt_entry_t *pte, tpte;
        vm_page_t m, mpte, mt;
        pv_entry_t pv;
        struct md_page *pvh;
        struct pv_chunk *pc, *npc;
        struct spglist free;
        int field, idx;
        int32_t bit;
        uint32_t inuse, bitmask;
        int allfree;

        if (pmap != PCPU_GET(curpmap)) {
                printf("warning: pmap_remove_pages called with non-current pmap\n");
                return;
        }
        SLIST_INIT(&free);
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        sched_pin();
        TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(pc, &pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc_list, npc) {
                KASSERT(pc->pc_pmap == pmap, ("Wrong pmap %p %p", pmap,
                    pc->pc_pmap));
                allfree = 1;
                for (field = 0; field < _NPCM; field++) {
                        inuse = ~pc->pc_map[field] & pc_freemask[field];
                        while (inuse != 0) {
                                bit = bsfl(inuse);
                                bitmask = 1UL << bit;
                                idx = field * 32 + bit;
                                pv = &pc->pc_pventry[idx];
                                inuse &= ~bitmask;

                                pte = pmap_pde(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                                tpte = *pte;
                                if ((tpte & PG_PS) == 0) {
                                        pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                                        tpte = *pte & ~PG_PTE_PAT;
                                }

                                if (tpte == 0) {
                                        printf(
                                            "TPTE at %p  IS ZERO @ VA %08x\n",
                                            pte, pv->pv_va);
                                        panic("bad pte");
                                }

/*
 * We cannot remove wired pages from a process' mapping at this time
 */
                                if (tpte & PG_W) {
                                        allfree = 0;
                                        continue;
                                }

                                m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(tpte & PG_FRAME);
                                KASSERT(m->phys_addr == (tpte & PG_FRAME),
                                    ("vm_page_t %p phys_addr mismatch %016jx %016jx",
                                    m, (uintmax_t)m->phys_addr,
                                    (uintmax_t)tpte));

                                KASSERT((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0 ||
                                    m < &vm_page_array[vm_page_array_size],
                                    ("pmap_remove_pages: bad tpte %#jx",
                                    (uintmax_t)tpte));

                                pte_clear(pte);

                                /*
                                 * Update the vm_page_t clean/reference bits.
                                 */
                                if ((tpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                                        if ((tpte & PG_PS) != 0) {
                                                for (mt = m; mt < &m[NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE]; mt++)
                                                        vm_page_dirty(mt);
                                        } else
                                                vm_page_dirty(m);
                                }

                                /* Mark free */
                                PV_STAT(pv_entry_frees++);
                                PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare++);
                                pv_entry_count--;
                                pc->pc_map[field] |= bitmask;
                                if ((tpte & PG_PS) != 0) {
                                        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count -= NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;
                                        pvh = pa_to_pvh(tpte & PG_PS_FRAME);
                                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&pvh->pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                                        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&pvh->pv_list)) {
                                                for (mt = m; mt < &m[NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE]; mt++)
                                                        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&mt->md.pv_list))
                                                                vm_page_aflag_clear(mt, PGA_WRITEABLE);
                                        }
                                        mpte = pmap_remove_pt_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                                        if (mpte != NULL) {
                                                pmap->pm_stats.resident_count--;
                                                KASSERT(mpte->wire_count == NPTEPG,
                                                    ("pmap_remove_pages: pte page wire count error"));
                                                mpte->wire_count = 0;
                                                pmap_add_delayed_free_list(mpte, &free, FALSE);
                                        }
                                } else {
                                        pmap->pm_stats.resident_count--;
                                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                                        if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list) &&
                                            (m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0) {
                                                pvh = pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
                                                if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&pvh->pv_list))
                                                        vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
                                        }
                                        pmap_unuse_pt(pmap, pv->pv_va, &free);
                                }
                        }
                }
                if (allfree) {
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
                        free_pv_chunk(pc);
                }
        }
        sched_unpin();
        pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        vm_page_free_pages_toq(&free, true);
}

/*
 *      pmap_is_modified:
 *
 *      Return whether or not the specified physical page was modified
 *      in any physical maps.
 */
boolean_t
pmap_is_modified(vm_page_t m)
{
        boolean_t rv;

        KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
            ("pmap_is_modified: page %p is not managed", m));

        /*
         * If the page is not exclusive busied, then PGA_WRITEABLE cannot be
         * concurrently set while the object is locked.  Thus, if PGA_WRITEABLE
         * is clear, no PTEs can have PG_M set.
         */
        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
        if (!vm_page_xbusied(m) && (m->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0)
                return (FALSE);
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        rv = pmap_is_modified_pvh(&m->md) ||
            ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0 &&
            pmap_is_modified_pvh(pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m))));
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        return (rv);
}

/*
 * Returns TRUE if any of the given mappings were used to modify
 * physical memory.  Otherwise, returns FALSE.  Both page and 2mpage
 * mappings are supported.
 */
static boolean_t
pmap_is_modified_pvh(struct md_page *pvh)
{
        pv_entry_t pv;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        pmap_t pmap;
        boolean_t rv;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        rv = FALSE;
        sched_pin();
        TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &pvh->pv_list, pv_next) {
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                rv = (*pte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW);
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                if (rv)
                        break;
        }
        sched_unpin();
        return (rv);
}

/*
 *      pmap_is_prefaultable:
 *
 *      Return whether or not the specified virtual address is elgible
 *      for prefault.
 */
boolean_t
pmap_is_prefaultable(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t addr)
{
        pd_entry_t pde;
        boolean_t rv;

        rv = FALSE;
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        pde = *pmap_pde(pmap, addr);
        if (pde != 0 && (pde & PG_PS) == 0)
                rv = pmap_pte_ufast(pmap, addr, pde) == 0;
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        return (rv);
}

/*
 *      pmap_is_referenced:
 *
 *      Return whether or not the specified physical page was referenced
 *      in any physical maps.
 */
boolean_t
pmap_is_referenced(vm_page_t m)
{
        boolean_t rv;

        KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
            ("pmap_is_referenced: page %p is not managed", m));
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        rv = pmap_is_referenced_pvh(&m->md) ||
            ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0 &&
            pmap_is_referenced_pvh(pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m))));
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        return (rv);
}

/*
 * Returns TRUE if any of the given mappings were referenced and FALSE
 * otherwise.  Both page and 4mpage mappings are supported.
 */
static boolean_t
pmap_is_referenced_pvh(struct md_page *pvh)
{
        pv_entry_t pv;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        pmap_t pmap;
        boolean_t rv;

        rw_assert(&pvh_global_lock, RA_WLOCKED);
        rv = FALSE;
        sched_pin();
        TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &pvh->pv_list, pv_next) {
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                rv = (*pte & (PG_A | PG_V)) == (PG_A | PG_V);
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                if (rv)
                        break;
        }
        sched_unpin();
        return (rv);
}

/*
 * Clear the write and modified bits in each of the given page's mappings.
 */
void
pmap_remove_write(vm_page_t m)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pv_entry_t next_pv, pv;
        pmap_t pmap;
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        pt_entry_t oldpte, *pte;
        vm_offset_t va;

        KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
            ("pmap_remove_write: page %p is not managed", m));

        /*
         * If the page is not exclusive busied, then PGA_WRITEABLE cannot be
         * set by another thread while the object is locked.  Thus,
         * if PGA_WRITEABLE is clear, no page table entries need updating.
         */
        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
        if (!vm_page_xbusied(m) && (m->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0)
                return;
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        sched_pin();
        if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0)
                goto small_mappings;
        pvh = pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
        TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(pv, &pvh->pv_list, pv_next, next_pv) {
                va = pv->pv_va;
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
                if ((*pde & PG_RW) != 0)
                        (void)pmap_demote_pde(pmap, pde, va);
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
small_mappings:
        TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_next) {
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                KASSERT((*pde & PG_PS) == 0, ("pmap_clear_write: found"
                    " a 4mpage in page %p's pv list", m));
                pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
retry:
                oldpte = *pte;
                if ((oldpte & PG_RW) != 0) {
                        /*
                         * Regardless of whether a pte is 32 or 64 bits
                         * in size, PG_RW and PG_M are among the least
                         * significant 32 bits.
                         */
                        if (!atomic_cmpset_int((u_int *)pte, oldpte,
                            oldpte & ~(PG_RW | PG_M)))
                                goto retry;
                        if ((oldpte & PG_M) != 0)
                                vm_page_dirty(m);
                        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                }
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
        vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
        sched_unpin();
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
}

/*
 *      pmap_ts_referenced:
 *
 *      Return a count of reference bits for a page, clearing those bits.
 *      It is not necessary for every reference bit to be cleared, but it
 *      is necessary that 0 only be returned when there are truly no
 *      reference bits set.
 *
 *      As an optimization, update the page's dirty field if a modified bit is
 *      found while counting reference bits.  This opportunistic update can be
 *      performed at low cost and can eliminate the need for some future calls
 *      to pmap_is_modified().  However, since this function stops after
 *      finding PMAP_TS_REFERENCED_MAX reference bits, it may not detect some
 *      dirty pages.  Those dirty pages will only be detected by a future call
 *      to pmap_is_modified().
 */
int
pmap_ts_referenced(vm_page_t m)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pv_entry_t pv, pvf;
        pmap_t pmap;
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        vm_paddr_t pa;
        int rtval = 0;

        KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
            ("pmap_ts_referenced: page %p is not managed", m));
        pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
        pvh = pa_to_pvh(pa);
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        sched_pin();
        if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0 ||
            (pvf = TAILQ_FIRST(&pvh->pv_list)) == NULL)
                goto small_mappings;
        pv = pvf;
        do {
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                if ((*pde & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                        /*
                         * Although "*pde" is mapping a 2/4MB page, because
                         * this function is called at a 4KB page granularity,
                         * we only update the 4KB page under test.
                         */
                        vm_page_dirty(m);
                }
                if ((*pde & PG_A) != 0) {
                        /*
                         * Since this reference bit is shared by either 1024
                         * or 512 4KB pages, it should not be cleared every
                         * time it is tested.  Apply a simple "hash" function
                         * on the physical page number, the virtual superpage
                         * number, and the pmap address to select one 4KB page
                         * out of the 1024 or 512 on which testing the
                         * reference bit will result in clearing that bit.
                         * This function is designed to avoid the selection of
                         * the same 4KB page for every 2- or 4MB page mapping.
                         *
                         * On demotion, a mapping that hasn't been referenced
                         * is simply destroyed.  To avoid the possibility of a
                         * subsequent page fault on a demoted wired mapping,
                         * always leave its reference bit set.  Moreover,
                         * since the superpage is wired, the current state of
                         * its reference bit won't affect page replacement.
                         */
                        if ((((pa >> PAGE_SHIFT) ^ (pv->pv_va >> PDRSHIFT) ^
                            (uintptr_t)pmap) & (NPTEPG - 1)) == 0 &&
                            (*pde & PG_W) == 0) {
                                atomic_clear_int((u_int *)pde, PG_A);
                                pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                        }
                        rtval++;
                }
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                /* Rotate the PV list if it has more than one entry. */
                if (TAILQ_NEXT(pv, pv_next) != NULL) {
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&pvh->pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pvh->pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                }
                if (rtval >= PMAP_TS_REFERENCED_MAX)
                        goto out;
        } while ((pv = TAILQ_FIRST(&pvh->pv_list)) != pvf);
small_mappings:
        if ((pvf = TAILQ_FIRST(&m->md.pv_list)) == NULL)
                goto out;
        pv = pvf;
        do {
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                KASSERT((*pde & PG_PS) == 0,
                    ("pmap_ts_referenced: found a 4mpage in page %p's pv list",
                    m));
                pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                if ((*pte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                        vm_page_dirty(m);
                if ((*pte & PG_A) != 0) {
                        atomic_clear_int((u_int *)pte, PG_A);
                        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                        rtval++;
                }
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                /* Rotate the PV list if it has more than one entry. */
                if (TAILQ_NEXT(pv, pv_next) != NULL) {
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_next);
                }
        } while ((pv = TAILQ_FIRST(&m->md.pv_list)) != pvf && rtval <
            PMAP_TS_REFERENCED_MAX);
out:
        sched_unpin();
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        return (rtval);
}

/*
 *      Apply the given advice to the specified range of addresses within the
 *      given pmap.  Depending on the advice, clear the referenced and/or
 *      modified flags in each mapping and set the mapped page's dirty field.
 */
void
pmap_advise(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva, int advice)
{
        pd_entry_t oldpde, *pde;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        vm_offset_t va, pdnxt;
        vm_page_t m;
        boolean_t anychanged, pv_lists_locked;

        if (advice != MADV_DONTNEED && advice != MADV_FREE)
                return;
        if (pmap_is_current(pmap))
                pv_lists_locked = FALSE;
        else {
                pv_lists_locked = TRUE;
resume:
                rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
                sched_pin();
        }
        anychanged = FALSE;
        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
        for (; sva < eva; sva = pdnxt) {
                pdnxt = (sva + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                if (pdnxt < sva)
                        pdnxt = eva;
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, sva);
                oldpde = *pde;
                if ((oldpde & PG_V) == 0)
                        continue;
                else if ((oldpde & PG_PS) != 0) {
                        if ((oldpde & PG_MANAGED) == 0)
                                continue;
                        if (!pv_lists_locked) {
                                pv_lists_locked = TRUE;
                                if (!rw_try_wlock(&pvh_global_lock)) {
                                        if (anychanged)
                                                pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
                                        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                                        goto resume;
                                }
                                sched_pin();
                        }
                        if (!pmap_demote_pde(pmap, pde, sva)) {
                                /*
                                 * The large page mapping was destroyed.
                                 */
                                continue;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Unless the page mappings are wired, remove the
                         * mapping to a single page so that a subsequent
                         * access may repromote.  Since the underlying page
                         * table page is fully populated, this removal never
                         * frees a page table page.
                         */
                        if ((oldpde & PG_W) == 0) {
                                pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, sva);
                                KASSERT((*pte & PG_V) != 0,
                                    ("pmap_advise: invalid PTE"));
                                pmap_remove_pte(pmap, pte, sva, NULL);
                                anychanged = TRUE;
                        }
                }
                if (pdnxt > eva)
                        pdnxt = eva;
                va = pdnxt;
                for (pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, sva); sva != pdnxt; pte++,
                    sva += PAGE_SIZE) {
                        if ((*pte & (PG_MANAGED | PG_V)) != (PG_MANAGED | PG_V))
                                goto maybe_invlrng;
                        else if ((*pte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                                if (advice == MADV_DONTNEED) {
                                        /*
                                         * Future calls to pmap_is_modified()
                                         * can be avoided by making the page
                                         * dirty now.
                                         */
                                        m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(*pte & PG_FRAME);
                                        vm_page_dirty(m);
                                }
                                atomic_clear_int((u_int *)pte, PG_M | PG_A);
                        } else if ((*pte & PG_A) != 0)
                                atomic_clear_int((u_int *)pte, PG_A);
                        else
                                goto maybe_invlrng;
                        if ((*pte & PG_G) != 0) {
                                if (va == pdnxt)
                                        va = sva;
                        } else
                                anychanged = TRUE;
                        continue;
maybe_invlrng:
                        if (va != pdnxt) {
                                pmap_invalidate_range(pmap, va, sva);
                                va = pdnxt;
                        }
                }
                if (va != pdnxt)
                        pmap_invalidate_range(pmap, va, sva);
        }
        if (anychanged)
                pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
        if (pv_lists_locked) {
                sched_unpin();
                rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        }
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
}

/*
 *      Clear the modify bits on the specified physical page.
 */
void
pmap_clear_modify(vm_page_t m)
{
        struct md_page *pvh;
        pv_entry_t next_pv, pv;
        pmap_t pmap;
        pd_entry_t oldpde, *pde;
        pt_entry_t oldpte, *pte;
        vm_offset_t va;

        KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
            ("pmap_clear_modify: page %p is not managed", m));
        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
        KASSERT(!vm_page_xbusied(m),
            ("pmap_clear_modify: page %p is exclusive busied", m));

        /*
         * If the page is not PGA_WRITEABLE, then no PTEs can have PG_M set.
         * If the object containing the page is locked and the page is not
         * exclusive busied, then PGA_WRITEABLE cannot be concurrently set.
         */
        if ((m->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0)
                return;
        rw_wlock(&pvh_global_lock);
        sched_pin();
        if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0)
                goto small_mappings;
        pvh = pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
        TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(pv, &pvh->pv_list, pv_next, next_pv) {
                va = pv->pv_va;
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
                oldpde = *pde;
                if ((oldpde & PG_RW) != 0) {
                        if (pmap_demote_pde(pmap, pde, va)) {
                                if ((oldpde & PG_W) == 0) {
                                        /*
                                         * Write protect the mapping to a
                                         * single page so that a subsequent
                                         * write access may repromote.
                                         */
                                        va += VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) - (oldpde &
                                            PG_PS_FRAME);
                                        pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, va);
                                        oldpte = *pte;
                                        if ((oldpte & PG_V) != 0) {
                                                /*
                                                 * Regardless of whether a pte is 32 or 64 bits
                                                 * in size, PG_RW and PG_M are among the least
                                                 * significant 32 bits.
                                                 */
                                                while (!atomic_cmpset_int((u_int *)pte,
                                                    oldpte,
                                                    oldpte & ~(PG_M | PG_RW)))
                                                        oldpte = *pte;
                                                vm_page_dirty(m);
                                                pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
small_mappings:
        TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_next) {
                pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                KASSERT((*pde & PG_PS) == 0, ("pmap_clear_modify: found"
                    " a 4mpage in page %p's pv list", m));
                pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                if ((*pte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                        /*
                         * Regardless of whether a pte is 32 or 64 bits
                         * in size, PG_M is among the least significant
                         * 32 bits. 
                         */
                        atomic_clear_int((u_int *)pte, PG_M);
                        pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                }
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        }
        sched_unpin();
        rw_wunlock(&pvh_global_lock);
}

/*
 * Miscellaneous support routines follow
 */

/* Adjust the cache mode for a 4KB page mapped via a PTE. */
static __inline void
pmap_pte_attr(pt_entry_t *pte, int cache_bits)
{
        u_int opte, npte;

        /*
         * The cache mode bits are all in the low 32-bits of the
         * PTE, so we can just spin on updating the low 32-bits.
         */
        do {
                opte = *(u_int *)pte;
                npte = opte & ~PG_PTE_CACHE;
                npte |= cache_bits;
        } while (npte != opte && !atomic_cmpset_int((u_int *)pte, opte, npte));
}

/* Adjust the cache mode for a 2/4MB page mapped via a PDE. */
static __inline void
pmap_pde_attr(pd_entry_t *pde, int cache_bits)
{
        u_int opde, npde;

        /*
         * The cache mode bits are all in the low 32-bits of the
         * PDE, so we can just spin on updating the low 32-bits.
         */
        do {
                opde = *(u_int *)pde;
                npde = opde & ~PG_PDE_CACHE;
                npde |= cache_bits;
        } while (npde != opde && !atomic_cmpset_int((u_int *)pde, opde, npde));
}

/*
 * Map a set of physical memory pages into the kernel virtual
 * address space. Return a pointer to where it is mapped. This
 * routine is intended to be used for mapping device memory,
 * NOT real memory.
 */
void *
pmap_mapdev_attr(vm_paddr_t pa, vm_size_t size, int mode)
{
        struct pmap_preinit_mapping *ppim;
        vm_offset_t va, offset;
        vm_size_t tmpsize;
        int i;

        offset = pa & PAGE_MASK;
        size = round_page(offset + size);
        pa = pa & PG_FRAME;

        if (pa < PMAP_MAP_LOW && pa + size <= PMAP_MAP_LOW)
                va = pa + PMAP_MAP_LOW;
        else if (!pmap_initialized) {
                va = 0;
                for (i = 0; i < PMAP_PREINIT_MAPPING_COUNT; i++) {
                        ppim = pmap_preinit_mapping + i;
                        if (ppim->va == 0) {
                                ppim->pa = pa;
                                ppim->sz = size;
                                ppim->mode = mode;
                                ppim->va = virtual_avail;
                                virtual_avail += size;
                                va = ppim->va;
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (va == 0)
                        panic("%s: too many preinit mappings", __func__);
        } else {
                /*
                 * If we have a preinit mapping, re-use it.
                 */
                for (i = 0; i < PMAP_PREINIT_MAPPING_COUNT; i++) {
                        ppim = pmap_preinit_mapping + i;
                        if (ppim->pa == pa && ppim->sz == size &&
                            ppim->mode == mode)
                                return ((void *)(ppim->va + offset));
                }
                va = kva_alloc(size);
                if (va == 0)
                        panic("%s: Couldn't allocate KVA", __func__);
        }
        for (tmpsize = 0; tmpsize < size; tmpsize += PAGE_SIZE)
                pmap_kenter_attr(va + tmpsize, pa + tmpsize, mode);
        pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, va, va + tmpsize);
        pmap_invalidate_cache_range(va, va + size, FALSE);
        return ((void *)(va + offset));
}

void *
pmap_mapdev(vm_paddr_t pa, vm_size_t size)
{

        return (pmap_mapdev_attr(pa, size, PAT_UNCACHEABLE));
}

void *
pmap_mapbios(vm_paddr_t pa, vm_size_t size)
{

        return (pmap_mapdev_attr(pa, size, PAT_WRITE_BACK));
}

void
pmap_unmapdev(vm_offset_t va, vm_size_t size)
{
        struct pmap_preinit_mapping *ppim;
        vm_offset_t offset;
        int i;

        if (va >= PMAP_MAP_LOW && va <= KERNBASE && va + size <= KERNBASE)
                return;
        offset = va & PAGE_MASK;
        size = round_page(offset + size);
        va = trunc_page(va);
        for (i = 0; i < PMAP_PREINIT_MAPPING_COUNT; i++) {
                ppim = pmap_preinit_mapping + i;
                if (ppim->va == va && ppim->sz == size) {
                        if (pmap_initialized)
                                return;
                        ppim->pa = 0;
                        ppim->va = 0;
                        ppim->sz = 0;
                        ppim->mode = 0;
                        if (va + size == virtual_avail)
                                virtual_avail = va;
                        return;
                }
        }
        if (pmap_initialized)
                kva_free(va, size);
}

/*
 * Sets the memory attribute for the specified page.
 */
void
pmap_page_set_memattr(vm_page_t m, vm_memattr_t ma)
{

        m->md.pat_mode = ma;
        if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0)
                return;

        /*
         * If "m" is a normal page, flush it from the cache.
         * See pmap_invalidate_cache_range().
         *
         * First, try to find an existing mapping of the page by sf
         * buffer. sf_buf_invalidate_cache() modifies mapping and
         * flushes the cache.
         */    
        if (sf_buf_invalidate_cache(m))
                return;

        /*
         * If page is not mapped by sf buffer, but CPU does not
         * support self snoop, map the page transient and do
         * invalidation. In the worst case, whole cache is flushed by
         * pmap_invalidate_cache_range().
         */
        if ((cpu_feature & CPUID_SS) == 0)
                pmap_flush_page(m);
}

static void
pmap_flush_page(vm_page_t m)
{
        pt_entry_t *cmap_pte2;
        struct pcpu *pc;
        vm_offset_t sva, eva;
        bool useclflushopt;

        useclflushopt = (cpu_stdext_feature & CPUID_STDEXT_CLFLUSHOPT) != 0;
        if (useclflushopt || (cpu_feature & CPUID_CLFSH) != 0) {
                sched_pin();
                pc = get_pcpu();
                cmap_pte2 = pc->pc_cmap_pte2; 
                mtx_lock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
                if (*cmap_pte2)
                        panic("pmap_flush_page: CMAP2 busy");
                *cmap_pte2 = PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) |
                    PG_A | PG_M | pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, m->md.pat_mode,
                    0);
                invlcaddr(pc->pc_cmap_addr2);
                sva = (vm_offset_t)pc->pc_cmap_addr2;
                eva = sva + PAGE_SIZE;

                /*
                 * Use mfence or sfence despite the ordering implied by
                 * mtx_{un,}lock() because clflush on non-Intel CPUs
                 * and clflushopt are not guaranteed to be ordered by
                 * any other instruction.
                 */
                if (useclflushopt)
                        sfence();
                else if (cpu_vendor_id != CPU_VENDOR_INTEL)
                        mfence();
                for (; sva < eva; sva += cpu_clflush_line_size) {
                        if (useclflushopt)
                                clflushopt(sva);
                        else
                                clflush(sva);
                }
                if (useclflushopt)
                        sfence();
                else if (cpu_vendor_id != CPU_VENDOR_INTEL)
                        mfence();
                *cmap_pte2 = 0;
                sched_unpin();
                mtx_unlock(&pc->pc_cmap_lock);
        } else
                pmap_invalidate_cache();
}

/*
 * Changes the specified virtual address range's memory type to that given by
 * the parameter "mode".  The specified virtual address range must be
 * completely contained within either the kernel map.
 *
 * Returns zero if the change completed successfully, and either EINVAL or
 * ENOMEM if the change failed.  Specifically, EINVAL is returned if some part
 * of the virtual address range was not mapped, and ENOMEM is returned if
 * there was insufficient memory available to complete the change.
 */
int
pmap_change_attr(vm_offset_t va, vm_size_t size, int mode)
{
        vm_offset_t base, offset, tmpva;
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        int cache_bits_pte, cache_bits_pde;
        boolean_t changed;

        base = trunc_page(va);
        offset = va & PAGE_MASK;
        size = round_page(offset + size);

        /*
         * Only supported on kernel virtual addresses above the recursive map.
         */
        if (base < VM_MIN_KERNEL_ADDRESS)
                return (EINVAL);

        cache_bits_pde = pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, mode, 1);
        cache_bits_pte = pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, mode, 0);
        changed = FALSE;

        /*
         * Pages that aren't mapped aren't supported.  Also break down
         * 2/4MB pages into 4KB pages if required.
         */
        PMAP_LOCK(kernel_pmap);
        for (tmpva = base; tmpva < base + size; ) {
                pde = pmap_pde(kernel_pmap, tmpva);
                if (*pde == 0) {
                        PMAP_UNLOCK(kernel_pmap);
                        return (EINVAL);
                }
                if (*pde & PG_PS) {
                        /*
                         * If the current 2/4MB page already has
                         * the required memory type, then we need not
                         * demote this page.  Just increment tmpva to
                         * the next 2/4MB page frame.
                         */
                        if ((*pde & PG_PDE_CACHE) == cache_bits_pde) {
                                tmpva = trunc_4mpage(tmpva) + NBPDR;
                                continue;
                        }

                        /*
                         * If the current offset aligns with a 2/4MB
                         * page frame and there is at least 2/4MB left
                         * within the range, then we need not break
                         * down this page into 4KB pages.
                         */
                        if ((tmpva & PDRMASK) == 0 &&
                            tmpva + PDRMASK < base + size) {
                                tmpva += NBPDR;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (!pmap_demote_pde(kernel_pmap, pde, tmpva)) {
                                PMAP_UNLOCK(kernel_pmap);
                                return (ENOMEM);
                        }
                }
                pte = vtopte(tmpva);
                if (*pte == 0) {
                        PMAP_UNLOCK(kernel_pmap);
                        return (EINVAL);
                }
                tmpva += PAGE_SIZE;
        }
        PMAP_UNLOCK(kernel_pmap);

        /*
         * Ok, all the pages exist, so run through them updating their
         * cache mode if required.
         */
        for (tmpva = base; tmpva < base + size; ) {
                pde = pmap_pde(kernel_pmap, tmpva);
                if (*pde & PG_PS) {
                        if ((*pde & PG_PDE_CACHE) != cache_bits_pde) {
                                pmap_pde_attr(pde, cache_bits_pde);
                                changed = TRUE;
                        }
                        tmpva = trunc_4mpage(tmpva) + NBPDR;
                } else {
                        pte = vtopte(tmpva);
                        if ((*pte & PG_PTE_CACHE) != cache_bits_pte) {
                                pmap_pte_attr(pte, cache_bits_pte);
                                changed = TRUE;
                        }
                        tmpva += PAGE_SIZE;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Flush CPU caches to make sure any data isn't cached that
         * shouldn't be, etc.
         */
        if (changed) {
                pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, base, tmpva);
                pmap_invalidate_cache_range(base, tmpva, FALSE);
        }
        return (0);
}

/*
 * perform the pmap work for mincore
 */
int
pmap_mincore(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t addr, vm_paddr_t *locked_pa)
{
        pd_entry_t pde;
        pt_entry_t pte;
        vm_paddr_t pa;
        int val;

        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
retry:
        pde = *pmap_pde(pmap, addr);
        if (pde != 0) {
                if ((pde & PG_PS) != 0) {
                        pte = pde;
                        /* Compute the physical address of the 4KB page. */
                        pa = ((pde & PG_PS_FRAME) | (addr & PDRMASK)) &
                            PG_FRAME;
                        val = MINCORE_SUPER;
                } else {
                        pte = pmap_pte_ufast(pmap, addr, pde);
                        pa = pte & PG_FRAME;
                        val = 0;
                }
        } else {
                pte = 0;
                pa = 0;
                val = 0;
        }
        if ((pte & PG_V) != 0) {
                val |= MINCORE_INCORE;
                if ((pte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                        val |= MINCORE_MODIFIED | MINCORE_MODIFIED_OTHER;
                if ((pte & PG_A) != 0)
                        val |= MINCORE_REFERENCED | MINCORE_REFERENCED_OTHER;
        }
        if ((val & (MINCORE_MODIFIED_OTHER | MINCORE_REFERENCED_OTHER)) !=
            (MINCORE_MODIFIED_OTHER | MINCORE_REFERENCED_OTHER) &&
            (pte & (PG_MANAGED | PG_V)) == (PG_MANAGED | PG_V)) {
                /* Ensure that "PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa)->object" doesn't change. */
                if (vm_page_pa_tryrelock(pmap, pa, locked_pa))
                        goto retry;
        } else
                PA_UNLOCK_COND(*locked_pa);
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        return (val);
}

void
pmap_activate(struct thread *td)
{
        pmap_t  pmap, oldpmap;
        u_int   cpuid;
        u_int32_t  cr3;

        critical_enter();
        pmap = vmspace_pmap(td->td_proc->p_vmspace);
        oldpmap = PCPU_GET(curpmap);
        cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
#if defined(SMP)
        CPU_CLR_ATOMIC(cpuid, &oldpmap->pm_active);
        CPU_SET_ATOMIC(cpuid, &pmap->pm_active);
#else
        CPU_CLR(cpuid, &oldpmap->pm_active);
        CPU_SET(cpuid, &pmap->pm_active);
#endif
#if defined(PAE) || defined(PAE_TABLES)
        cr3 = vtophys(pmap->pm_pdpt);
#else
        cr3 = vtophys(pmap->pm_pdir);
#endif
        /*
         * pmap_activate is for the current thread on the current cpu
         */
        td->td_pcb->pcb_cr3 = cr3;
        PCPU_SET(curpmap, pmap);
        critical_exit();
}

void
pmap_sync_icache(pmap_t pm, vm_offset_t va, vm_size_t sz)
{
}

/*
 *      Increase the starting virtual address of the given mapping if a
 *      different alignment might result in more superpage mappings.
 */
void
pmap_align_superpage(vm_object_t object, vm_ooffset_t offset,
    vm_offset_t *addr, vm_size_t size)
{
        vm_offset_t superpage_offset;

        if (size < NBPDR)
                return;
        if (object != NULL && (object->flags & OBJ_COLORED) != 0)
                offset += ptoa(object->pg_color);
        superpage_offset = offset & PDRMASK;
        if (size - ((NBPDR - superpage_offset) & PDRMASK) < NBPDR ||
            (*addr & PDRMASK) == superpage_offset)
                return;
        if ((*addr & PDRMASK) < superpage_offset)
                *addr = (*addr & ~PDRMASK) + superpage_offset;
        else
                *addr = ((*addr + PDRMASK) & ~PDRMASK) + superpage_offset;
}

vm_offset_t
pmap_quick_enter_page(vm_page_t m)
{
        vm_offset_t qaddr;
        pt_entry_t *pte;

        critical_enter();
        qaddr = PCPU_GET(qmap_addr);
        pte = vtopte(qaddr);

        KASSERT(*pte == 0, ("pmap_quick_enter_page: PTE busy"));
        *pte = PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) | PG_A | PG_M |
            pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, pmap_page_get_memattr(m), 0);
        invlpg(qaddr);

        return (qaddr);
}

void
pmap_quick_remove_page(vm_offset_t addr)
{
        vm_offset_t qaddr;
        pt_entry_t *pte;

        qaddr = PCPU_GET(qmap_addr);
        pte = vtopte(qaddr);

        KASSERT(*pte != 0, ("pmap_quick_remove_page: PTE not in use"));
        KASSERT(addr == qaddr, ("pmap_quick_remove_page: invalid address"));

        *pte = 0;
        critical_exit();
}

static vmem_t *pmap_trm_arena;
static vmem_addr_t pmap_trm_arena_last = PMAP_TRM_MIN_ADDRESS;
static int trm_guard = PAGE_SIZE;

static int
pmap_trm_import(void *unused __unused, vmem_size_t size, int flags,
    vmem_addr_t *addrp)
{
        vm_page_t m;
        vmem_addr_t af, addr, prev_addr;
        pt_entry_t *trm_pte;

        prev_addr = atomic_load_long(&pmap_trm_arena_last);
        size = round_page(size) + trm_guard;
        for (;;) {
                if (prev_addr + size < prev_addr || prev_addr + size < size ||
                    prev_addr + size > PMAP_TRM_MAX_ADDRESS)
                        return (ENOMEM);
                addr = prev_addr + size;
                if (atomic_fcmpset_int(&pmap_trm_arena_last, &prev_addr, addr))
                        break;
        }
        prev_addr += trm_guard;
        trm_pte = PTmap + atop(prev_addr);
        for (af = prev_addr; af < addr; af += PAGE_SIZE) {
                m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, 0, VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY |
                    VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_WIRED | VM_ALLOC_WAITOK);
                pte_store(&trm_pte[atop(af - prev_addr)], VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) |
                    PG_M | PG_A | PG_RW | PG_V | pgeflag |
                    pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT, FALSE));
        }
        *addrp = prev_addr;
        return (0);
}

static
void pmap_init_trm(void)
{
        vm_page_t pd_m;

        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("machdep.trm_guard", &trm_guard);
        if ((trm_guard & PAGE_MASK) != 0)
                trm_guard = 0;
        pmap_trm_arena = vmem_create("i386trampoline", 0, 0, 1, 0, M_WAITOK);
        vmem_set_import(pmap_trm_arena, pmap_trm_import, NULL, NULL, PAGE_SIZE);
        pd_m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, 0, VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY |
            VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_WIRED | VM_ALLOC_WAITOK | VM_ALLOC_ZERO);
        if ((pd_m->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                pmap_zero_page(pd_m);
        PTD[TRPTDI] = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(pd_m) | PG_M | PG_A | PG_RW | PG_V |
            pmap_cache_bits(kernel_pmap, VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT, TRUE);
}

void *
pmap_trm_alloc(size_t size, int flags)
{
        vmem_addr_t res;
        int error;

        MPASS((flags & ~(M_WAITOK | M_NOWAIT | M_ZERO)) == 0);
        error = vmem_xalloc(pmap_trm_arena, roundup2(size, 4), sizeof(int),
            0, 0, VMEM_ADDR_MIN, VMEM_ADDR_MAX, flags | M_FIRSTFIT, &res);
        if (error != 0)
                return (NULL);
        if ((flags & M_ZERO) != 0)
                bzero((void *)res, size);
        return ((void *)res);
}

void
pmap_trm_free(void *addr, size_t size)
{

        vmem_free(pmap_trm_arena, (uintptr_t)addr, roundup2(size, 4));
}

#if defined(PMAP_DEBUG)
pmap_pid_dump(int pid)
{
        pmap_t pmap;
        struct proc *p;
        int npte = 0;
        int index;

        sx_slock(&allproc_lock);
        FOREACH_PROC_IN_SYSTEM(p) {
                if (p->p_pid != pid)
                        continue;

                if (p->p_vmspace) {
                        int i,j;
                        index = 0;
                        pmap = vmspace_pmap(p->p_vmspace);
                        for (i = 0; i < NPDEPTD; i++) {
                                pd_entry_t *pde;
                                pt_entry_t *pte;
                                vm_offset_t base = i << PDRSHIFT;
                                
                                pde = &pmap->pm_pdir[i];
                                if (pde && pmap_pde_v(pde)) {
                                        for (j = 0; j < NPTEPG; j++) {
                                                vm_offset_t va = base + (j << PAGE_SHIFT);
                                                if (va >= (vm_offset_t) VM_MIN_KERNEL_ADDRESS) {
                                                        if (index) {
                                                                index = 0;
                                                                printf("\n");
                                                        }
                                                        sx_sunlock(&allproc_lock);
                                                        return (npte);
                                                }
                                                pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
                                                if (pte && pmap_pte_v(pte)) {
                                                        pt_entry_t pa;
                                                        vm_page_t m;
                                                        pa = *pte;
                                                        m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa & PG_FRAME);
                                                        printf("va: 0x%x, pt: 0x%x, h: %d, w: %d, f: 0x%x",
                                                                va, pa, m->hold_count, m->wire_count, m->flags);
                                                        npte++;
                                                        index++;
                                                        if (index >= 2) {
                                                                index = 0;
                                                                printf("\n");
                                                        } else {
                                                                printf(" ");
                                                        }
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
        sx_sunlock(&allproc_lock);
        return (npte);
}
#endif