MFV r336490:

[FreeBSD/FreeBSD.git] / sys / netinet / tcp_syncache.c

/*-
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-FreeBSD
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2001 McAfee, Inc.
 * Copyright (c) 2006,2013 Andre Oppermann, Internet Business Solutions AG
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Jonathan Lemon
 * and McAfee Research, the Security Research Division of McAfee, Inc. under
 * DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the
 * DARPA CHATS research program. [2001 McAfee, Inc.]
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");

#include "opt_inet.h"
#include "opt_inet6.h"
#include "opt_ipsec.h"
#include "opt_pcbgroup.h"

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/hash.h>
#include <sys/refcount.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/limits.h>
#include <sys/lock.h>
#include <sys/mutex.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/mbuf.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>           /* for proc0 declaration */
#include <sys/random.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/socketvar.h>
#include <sys/syslog.h>
#include <sys/ucred.h>

#include <sys/md5.h>
#include <crypto/siphash/siphash.h>

#include <vm/uma.h>

#include <net/if.h>
#include <net/if_var.h>
#include <net/route.h>
#include <net/vnet.h>

#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/in_var.h>
#include <netinet/in_pcb.h>
#include <netinet/ip_var.h>
#include <netinet/ip_options.h>
#ifdef INET6
#include <netinet/ip6.h>
#include <netinet/icmp6.h>
#include <netinet6/nd6.h>
#include <netinet6/ip6_var.h>
#include <netinet6/in6_pcb.h>
#endif
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_fastopen.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_fsm.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_seq.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_timer.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_var.h>
#include <netinet/tcp_syncache.h>
#ifdef INET6
#include <netinet6/tcp6_var.h>
#endif
#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
#include <netinet/toecore.h>
#endif

#include <netipsec/ipsec_support.h>

#include <machine/in_cksum.h>

#include <security/mac/mac_framework.h>

static VNET_DEFINE(int, tcp_syncookies) = 1;
#define V_tcp_syncookies                VNET(tcp_syncookies)
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, syncookies, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
    &VNET_NAME(tcp_syncookies), 0,
    "Use TCP SYN cookies if the syncache overflows");

static VNET_DEFINE(int, tcp_syncookiesonly) = 0;
#define V_tcp_syncookiesonly            VNET(tcp_syncookiesonly)
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, syncookies_only, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
    &VNET_NAME(tcp_syncookiesonly), 0,
    "Use only TCP SYN cookies");

static VNET_DEFINE(int, functions_inherit_listen_socket_stack) = 1;
#define V_functions_inherit_listen_socket_stack \
    VNET(functions_inherit_listen_socket_stack)
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, functions_inherit_listen_socket_stack,
    CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW,
    &VNET_NAME(functions_inherit_listen_socket_stack), 0,
    "Inherit listen socket's stack");

#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
#define ADDED_BY_TOE(sc) ((sc)->sc_tod != NULL)
#endif

static void      syncache_drop(struct syncache *, struct syncache_head *);
static void      syncache_free(struct syncache *);
static void      syncache_insert(struct syncache *, struct syncache_head *);
static int       syncache_respond(struct syncache *, struct syncache_head *, int,
                    const struct mbuf *);
static struct    socket *syncache_socket(struct syncache *, struct socket *,
                    struct mbuf *m);
static void      syncache_timeout(struct syncache *sc, struct syncache_head *sch,
                    int docallout);
static void      syncache_timer(void *);

static uint32_t  syncookie_mac(struct in_conninfo *, tcp_seq, uint8_t,
                    uint8_t *, uintptr_t);
static tcp_seq   syncookie_generate(struct syncache_head *, struct syncache *);
static struct syncache
                *syncookie_lookup(struct in_conninfo *, struct syncache_head *,
                    struct syncache *, struct tcphdr *, struct tcpopt *,
                    struct socket *);
static void      syncookie_reseed(void *);
#ifdef INVARIANTS
static int       syncookie_cmp(struct in_conninfo *inc, struct syncache_head *sch,
                    struct syncache *sc, struct tcphdr *th, struct tcpopt *to,
                    struct socket *lso);
#endif

/*
 * Transmit the SYN,ACK fewer times than TCP_MAXRXTSHIFT specifies.
 * 3 retransmits corresponds to a timeout of 3 * (1 + 2 + 4 + 8) == 45 seconds,
 * the odds are that the user has given up attempting to connect by then.
 */
#define SYNCACHE_MAXREXMTS              3

/* Arbitrary values */
#define TCP_SYNCACHE_HASHSIZE           512
#define TCP_SYNCACHE_BUCKETLIMIT        30

static VNET_DEFINE(struct tcp_syncache, tcp_syncache);
#define V_tcp_syncache                  VNET(tcp_syncache)

static SYSCTL_NODE(_net_inet_tcp, OID_AUTO, syncache, CTLFLAG_RW, 0,
    "TCP SYN cache");

SYSCTL_UINT(_net_inet_tcp_syncache, OID_AUTO, bucketlimit, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RDTUN,
    &VNET_NAME(tcp_syncache.bucket_limit), 0,
    "Per-bucket hash limit for syncache");

SYSCTL_UINT(_net_inet_tcp_syncache, OID_AUTO, cachelimit, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RDTUN,
    &VNET_NAME(tcp_syncache.cache_limit), 0,
    "Overall entry limit for syncache");

SYSCTL_UMA_CUR(_net_inet_tcp_syncache, OID_AUTO, count, CTLFLAG_VNET,
    &VNET_NAME(tcp_syncache.zone), "Current number of entries in syncache");

SYSCTL_UINT(_net_inet_tcp_syncache, OID_AUTO, hashsize, CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RDTUN,
    &VNET_NAME(tcp_syncache.hashsize), 0,
    "Size of TCP syncache hashtable");

static int
sysctl_net_inet_tcp_syncache_rexmtlimit_check(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        int error;
        u_int new;

        new = V_tcp_syncache.rexmt_limit;
        error = sysctl_handle_int(oidp, &new, 0, req);
        if ((error == 0) && (req->newptr != NULL)) {
                if (new > TCP_MAXRXTSHIFT)
                        error = EINVAL;
                else
                        V_tcp_syncache.rexmt_limit = new;
        }
        return (error);
}

SYSCTL_PROC(_net_inet_tcp_syncache, OID_AUTO, rexmtlimit,
    CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLTYPE_UINT | CTLFLAG_RW,
    &VNET_NAME(tcp_syncache.rexmt_limit), 0,
    sysctl_net_inet_tcp_syncache_rexmtlimit_check, "UI",
    "Limit on SYN/ACK retransmissions");

VNET_DEFINE(int, tcp_sc_rst_sock_fail) = 1;
SYSCTL_INT(_net_inet_tcp_syncache, OID_AUTO, rst_on_sock_fail,
    CTLFLAG_VNET | CTLFLAG_RW, &VNET_NAME(tcp_sc_rst_sock_fail), 0,
    "Send reset on socket allocation failure");

static MALLOC_DEFINE(M_SYNCACHE, "syncache", "TCP syncache");

#define SCH_LOCK(sch)           mtx_lock(&(sch)->sch_mtx)
#define SCH_UNLOCK(sch)         mtx_unlock(&(sch)->sch_mtx)
#define SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch)    mtx_assert(&(sch)->sch_mtx, MA_OWNED)

/*
 * Requires the syncache entry to be already removed from the bucket list.
 */
static void
syncache_free(struct syncache *sc)
{

        if (sc->sc_ipopts)
                (void) m_free(sc->sc_ipopts);
        if (sc->sc_cred)
                crfree(sc->sc_cred);
#ifdef MAC
        mac_syncache_destroy(&sc->sc_label);
#endif

        uma_zfree(V_tcp_syncache.zone, sc);
}

void
syncache_init(void)
{
        int i;

        V_tcp_syncache.hashsize = TCP_SYNCACHE_HASHSIZE;
        V_tcp_syncache.bucket_limit = TCP_SYNCACHE_BUCKETLIMIT;
        V_tcp_syncache.rexmt_limit = SYNCACHE_MAXREXMTS;
        V_tcp_syncache.hash_secret = arc4random();

        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("net.inet.tcp.syncache.hashsize",
            &V_tcp_syncache.hashsize);
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("net.inet.tcp.syncache.bucketlimit",
            &V_tcp_syncache.bucket_limit);
        if (!powerof2(V_tcp_syncache.hashsize) ||
            V_tcp_syncache.hashsize == 0) {
                printf("WARNING: syncache hash size is not a power of 2.\n");
                V_tcp_syncache.hashsize = TCP_SYNCACHE_HASHSIZE;
        }
        V_tcp_syncache.hashmask = V_tcp_syncache.hashsize - 1;

        /* Set limits. */
        V_tcp_syncache.cache_limit =
            V_tcp_syncache.hashsize * V_tcp_syncache.bucket_limit;
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("net.inet.tcp.syncache.cachelimit",
            &V_tcp_syncache.cache_limit);

        /* Allocate the hash table. */
        V_tcp_syncache.hashbase = malloc(V_tcp_syncache.hashsize *
            sizeof(struct syncache_head), M_SYNCACHE, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);

#ifdef VIMAGE
        V_tcp_syncache.vnet = curvnet;
#endif

        /* Initialize the hash buckets. */
        for (i = 0; i < V_tcp_syncache.hashsize; i++) {
                TAILQ_INIT(&V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i].sch_bucket);
                mtx_init(&V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i].sch_mtx, "tcp_sc_head",
                         NULL, MTX_DEF);
                callout_init_mtx(&V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i].sch_timer,
                         &V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i].sch_mtx, 0);
                V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i].sch_length = 0;
                V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i].sch_sc = &V_tcp_syncache;
                V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i].sch_last_overflow =
                    -(SYNCOOKIE_LIFETIME + 1);
        }

        /* Create the syncache entry zone. */
        V_tcp_syncache.zone = uma_zcreate("syncache", sizeof(struct syncache),
            NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, UMA_ALIGN_PTR, 0);
        V_tcp_syncache.cache_limit = uma_zone_set_max(V_tcp_syncache.zone,
            V_tcp_syncache.cache_limit);

        /* Start the SYN cookie reseeder callout. */
        callout_init(&V_tcp_syncache.secret.reseed, 1);
        arc4rand(V_tcp_syncache.secret.key[0], SYNCOOKIE_SECRET_SIZE, 0);
        arc4rand(V_tcp_syncache.secret.key[1], SYNCOOKIE_SECRET_SIZE, 0);
        callout_reset(&V_tcp_syncache.secret.reseed, SYNCOOKIE_LIFETIME * hz,
            syncookie_reseed, &V_tcp_syncache);
}

#ifdef VIMAGE
void
syncache_destroy(void)
{
        struct syncache_head *sch;
        struct syncache *sc, *nsc;
        int i;

        /*
         * Stop the re-seed timer before freeing resources.  No need to
         * possibly schedule it another time.
         */
        callout_drain(&V_tcp_syncache.secret.reseed);

        /* Cleanup hash buckets: stop timers, free entries, destroy locks. */
        for (i = 0; i < V_tcp_syncache.hashsize; i++) {

                sch = &V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i];
                callout_drain(&sch->sch_timer);

                SCH_LOCK(sch);
                TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(sc, &sch->sch_bucket, sc_hash, nsc)
                        syncache_drop(sc, sch);
                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                KASSERT(TAILQ_EMPTY(&sch->sch_bucket),
                    ("%s: sch->sch_bucket not empty", __func__));
                KASSERT(sch->sch_length == 0, ("%s: sch->sch_length %d not 0",
                    __func__, sch->sch_length));
                mtx_destroy(&sch->sch_mtx);
        }

        KASSERT(uma_zone_get_cur(V_tcp_syncache.zone) == 0,
            ("%s: cache_count not 0", __func__));

        /* Free the allocated global resources. */
        uma_zdestroy(V_tcp_syncache.zone);
        free(V_tcp_syncache.hashbase, M_SYNCACHE);
}
#endif

/*
 * Inserts a syncache entry into the specified bucket row.
 * Locks and unlocks the syncache_head autonomously.
 */
static void
syncache_insert(struct syncache *sc, struct syncache_head *sch)
{
        struct syncache *sc2;

        SCH_LOCK(sch);

        /*
         * Make sure that we don't overflow the per-bucket limit.
         * If the bucket is full, toss the oldest element.
         */
        if (sch->sch_length >= V_tcp_syncache.bucket_limit) {
                KASSERT(!TAILQ_EMPTY(&sch->sch_bucket),
                        ("sch->sch_length incorrect"));
                sc2 = TAILQ_LAST(&sch->sch_bucket, sch_head);
                sch->sch_last_overflow = time_uptime;
                syncache_drop(sc2, sch);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_bucketoverflow);
        }

        /* Put it into the bucket. */
        TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&sch->sch_bucket, sc, sc_hash);
        sch->sch_length++;

#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
        if (ADDED_BY_TOE(sc)) {
                struct toedev *tod = sc->sc_tod;

                tod->tod_syncache_added(tod, sc->sc_todctx);
        }
#endif

        /* Reinitialize the bucket row's timer. */
        if (sch->sch_length == 1)
                sch->sch_nextc = ticks + INT_MAX;
        syncache_timeout(sc, sch, 1);

        SCH_UNLOCK(sch);

        TCPSTATES_INC(TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED);
        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_added);
}

/*
 * Remove and free entry from syncache bucket row.
 * Expects locked syncache head.
 */
static void
syncache_drop(struct syncache *sc, struct syncache_head *sch)
{

        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);

        TCPSTATES_DEC(TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED);
        TAILQ_REMOVE(&sch->sch_bucket, sc, sc_hash);
        sch->sch_length--;

#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
        if (ADDED_BY_TOE(sc)) {
                struct toedev *tod = sc->sc_tod;

                tod->tod_syncache_removed(tod, sc->sc_todctx);
        }
#endif

        syncache_free(sc);
}

/*
 * Engage/reengage time on bucket row.
 */
static void
syncache_timeout(struct syncache *sc, struct syncache_head *sch, int docallout)
{
        int rexmt;

        if (sc->sc_rxmits == 0)
                rexmt = TCPTV_RTOBASE;
        else
                TCPT_RANGESET(rexmt, TCPTV_RTOBASE * tcp_syn_backoff[sc->sc_rxmits],
                    tcp_rexmit_min, TCPTV_REXMTMAX);
        sc->sc_rxttime = ticks + rexmt;
        sc->sc_rxmits++;
        if (TSTMP_LT(sc->sc_rxttime, sch->sch_nextc)) {
                sch->sch_nextc = sc->sc_rxttime;
                if (docallout)
                        callout_reset(&sch->sch_timer, sch->sch_nextc - ticks,
                            syncache_timer, (void *)sch);
        }
}

/*
 * Walk the timer queues, looking for SYN,ACKs that need to be retransmitted.
 * If we have retransmitted an entry the maximum number of times, expire it.
 * One separate timer for each bucket row.
 */
static void
syncache_timer(void *xsch)
{
        struct syncache_head *sch = (struct syncache_head *)xsch;
        struct syncache *sc, *nsc;
        int tick = ticks;
        char *s;

        CURVNET_SET(sch->sch_sc->vnet);

        /* NB: syncache_head has already been locked by the callout. */
        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);

        /*
         * In the following cycle we may remove some entries and/or
         * advance some timeouts, so re-initialize the bucket timer.
         */
        sch->sch_nextc = tick + INT_MAX;

        TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(sc, &sch->sch_bucket, sc_hash, nsc) {
                /*
                 * We do not check if the listen socket still exists
                 * and accept the case where the listen socket may be
                 * gone by the time we resend the SYN/ACK.  We do
                 * not expect this to happens often. If it does,
                 * then the RST will be sent by the time the remote
                 * host does the SYN/ACK->ACK.
                 */
                if (TSTMP_GT(sc->sc_rxttime, tick)) {
                        if (TSTMP_LT(sc->sc_rxttime, sch->sch_nextc))
                                sch->sch_nextc = sc->sc_rxttime;
                        continue;
                }
                if (sc->sc_rxmits > V_tcp_syncache.rexmt_limit) {
                        if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(&sc->sc_inc, NULL, NULL, NULL))) {
                                log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Retransmits exhausted, "
                                    "giving up and removing syncache entry\n",
                                    s, __func__);
                                free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                        }
                        syncache_drop(sc, sch);
                        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_stale);
                        continue;
                }
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(&sc->sc_inc, NULL, NULL, NULL))) {
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Response timeout, "
                            "retransmitting (%u) SYN|ACK\n",
                            s, __func__, sc->sc_rxmits);
                        free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                }

                syncache_respond(sc, sch, 1, NULL);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_retransmitted);
                syncache_timeout(sc, sch, 0);
        }
        if (!TAILQ_EMPTY(&(sch)->sch_bucket))
                callout_reset(&(sch)->sch_timer, (sch)->sch_nextc - tick,
                        syncache_timer, (void *)(sch));
        CURVNET_RESTORE();
}

/*
 * Find an entry in the syncache.
 * Returns always with locked syncache_head plus a matching entry or NULL.
 */
static struct syncache *
syncache_lookup(struct in_conninfo *inc, struct syncache_head **schp)
{
        struct syncache *sc;
        struct syncache_head *sch;
        uint32_t hash;

        /*
         * The hash is built on foreign port + local port + foreign address.
         * We rely on the fact that struct in_conninfo starts with 16 bits
         * of foreign port, then 16 bits of local port then followed by 128
         * bits of foreign address.  In case of IPv4 address, the first 3
         * 32-bit words of the address always are zeroes.
         */
        hash = jenkins_hash32((uint32_t *)&inc->inc_ie, 5,
            V_tcp_syncache.hash_secret) & V_tcp_syncache.hashmask;

        sch = &V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[hash];
        *schp = sch;
        SCH_LOCK(sch);

        /* Circle through bucket row to find matching entry. */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(sc, &sch->sch_bucket, sc_hash)
                if (bcmp(&inc->inc_ie, &sc->sc_inc.inc_ie,
                    sizeof(struct in_endpoints)) == 0)
                        break;

        return (sc);    /* Always returns with locked sch. */
}

/*
 * This function is called when we get a RST for a
 * non-existent connection, so that we can see if the
 * connection is in the syn cache.  If it is, zap it.
 */
void
syncache_chkrst(struct in_conninfo *inc, struct tcphdr *th)
{
        struct syncache *sc;
        struct syncache_head *sch;
        char *s = NULL;

        sc = syncache_lookup(inc, &sch);        /* returns locked sch */
        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);

        /*
         * Any RST to our SYN|ACK must not carry ACK, SYN or FIN flags.
         * See RFC 793 page 65, section SEGMENT ARRIVES.
         */
        if (th->th_flags & (TH_ACK|TH_SYN|TH_FIN)) {
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Spurious RST with ACK, SYN or "
                            "FIN flag set, segment ignored\n", s, __func__);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_badrst);
                goto done;
        }

        /*
         * No corresponding connection was found in syncache.
         * If syncookies are enabled and possibly exclusively
         * used, or we are under memory pressure, a valid RST
         * may not find a syncache entry.  In that case we're
         * done and no SYN|ACK retransmissions will happen.
         * Otherwise the RST was misdirected or spoofed.
         */
        if (sc == NULL) {
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Spurious RST without matching "
                            "syncache entry (possibly syncookie only), "
                            "segment ignored\n", s, __func__);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_badrst);
                goto done;
        }

        /*
         * If the RST bit is set, check the sequence number to see
         * if this is a valid reset segment.
         * RFC 793 page 37:
         *   In all states except SYN-SENT, all reset (RST) segments
         *   are validated by checking their SEQ-fields.  A reset is
         *   valid if its sequence number is in the window.
         *
         *   The sequence number in the reset segment is normally an
         *   echo of our outgoing acknowlegement numbers, but some hosts
         *   send a reset with the sequence number at the rightmost edge
         *   of our receive window, and we have to handle this case.
         */
        if (SEQ_GEQ(th->th_seq, sc->sc_irs) &&
            SEQ_LEQ(th->th_seq, sc->sc_irs + sc->sc_wnd)) {
                syncache_drop(sc, sch);
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Our SYN|ACK was rejected, "
                            "connection attempt aborted by remote endpoint\n",
                            s, __func__);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_reset);
        } else {
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: RST with invalid SEQ %u != "
                            "IRS %u (+WND %u), segment ignored\n",
                            s, __func__, th->th_seq, sc->sc_irs, sc->sc_wnd);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_badrst);
        }

done:
        if (s != NULL)
                free(s, M_TCPLOG);
        SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
}

void
syncache_badack(struct in_conninfo *inc)
{
        struct syncache *sc;
        struct syncache_head *sch;

        sc = syncache_lookup(inc, &sch);        /* returns locked sch */
        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);
        if (sc != NULL) {
                syncache_drop(sc, sch);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_badack);
        }
        SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
}

void
syncache_unreach(struct in_conninfo *inc, tcp_seq th_seq)
{
        struct syncache *sc;
        struct syncache_head *sch;

        sc = syncache_lookup(inc, &sch);        /* returns locked sch */
        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);
        if (sc == NULL)
                goto done;

        /* If the sequence number != sc_iss, then it's a bogus ICMP msg */
        if (ntohl(th_seq) != sc->sc_iss)
                goto done;

        /*
         * If we've rertransmitted 3 times and this is our second error,
         * we remove the entry.  Otherwise, we allow it to continue on.
         * This prevents us from incorrectly nuking an entry during a
         * spurious network outage.
         *
         * See tcp_notify().
         */
        if ((sc->sc_flags & SCF_UNREACH) == 0 || sc->sc_rxmits < 3 + 1) {
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_UNREACH;
                goto done;
        }
        syncache_drop(sc, sch);
        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_unreach);
done:
        SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
}

/*
 * Build a new TCP socket structure from a syncache entry.
 *
 * On success return the newly created socket with its underlying inp locked.
 */
static struct socket *
syncache_socket(struct syncache *sc, struct socket *lso, struct mbuf *m)
{
        struct tcp_function_block *blk;
        struct inpcb *inp = NULL;
        struct socket *so;
        struct tcpcb *tp;
        int error;
        char *s;

        INP_INFO_RLOCK_ASSERT(&V_tcbinfo);

        /*
         * Ok, create the full blown connection, and set things up
         * as they would have been set up if we had created the
         * connection when the SYN arrived.  If we can't create
         * the connection, abort it.
         */
        so = sonewconn(lso, 0);
        if (so == NULL) {
                /*
                 * Drop the connection; we will either send a RST or
                 * have the peer retransmit its SYN again after its
                 * RTO and try again.
                 */
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_listendrop);
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(&sc->sc_inc, NULL, NULL, NULL))) {
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Socket create failed "
                            "due to limits or memory shortage\n",
                            s, __func__);
                        free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                }
                goto abort2;
        }
#ifdef MAC
        mac_socketpeer_set_from_mbuf(m, so);
#endif

        inp = sotoinpcb(so);
        inp->inp_inc.inc_fibnum = so->so_fibnum;
        INP_WLOCK(inp);
        /*
         * Exclusive pcbinfo lock is not required in syncache socket case even
         * if two inpcb locks can be acquired simultaneously:
         *  - the inpcb in LISTEN state,
         *  - the newly created inp.
         *
         * In this case, an inp cannot be at same time in LISTEN state and
         * just created by an accept() call.
         */
        INP_HASH_WLOCK(&V_tcbinfo);

        /* Insert new socket into PCB hash list. */
        inp->inp_inc.inc_flags = sc->sc_inc.inc_flags;
#ifdef INET6
        if (sc->sc_inc.inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6) {
                inp->inp_vflag &= ~INP_IPV4;
                inp->inp_vflag |= INP_IPV6;
                inp->in6p_laddr = sc->sc_inc.inc6_laddr;
        } else {
                inp->inp_vflag &= ~INP_IPV6;
                inp->inp_vflag |= INP_IPV4;
#endif
                inp->inp_laddr = sc->sc_inc.inc_laddr;
#ifdef INET6
        }
#endif

        /*
         * If there's an mbuf and it has a flowid, then let's initialise the
         * inp with that particular flowid.
         */
        if (m != NULL && M_HASHTYPE_GET(m) != M_HASHTYPE_NONE) {
                inp->inp_flowid = m->m_pkthdr.flowid;
                inp->inp_flowtype = M_HASHTYPE_GET(m);
        }

        /*
         * Install in the reservation hash table for now, but don't yet
         * install a connection group since the full 4-tuple isn't yet
         * configured.
         */
        inp->inp_lport = sc->sc_inc.inc_lport;
        if ((error = in_pcbinshash_nopcbgroup(inp)) != 0) {
                /*
                 * Undo the assignments above if we failed to
                 * put the PCB on the hash lists.
                 */
#ifdef INET6
                if (sc->sc_inc.inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6)
                        inp->in6p_laddr = in6addr_any;
                else
#endif
                        inp->inp_laddr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
                inp->inp_lport = 0;
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(&sc->sc_inc, NULL, NULL, NULL))) {
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: in_pcbinshash failed "
                            "with error %i\n",
                            s, __func__, error);
                        free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                }
                INP_HASH_WUNLOCK(&V_tcbinfo);
                goto abort;
        }
#ifdef INET6
        if (sc->sc_inc.inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6) {
                struct inpcb *oinp = sotoinpcb(lso);
                struct in6_addr laddr6;
                struct sockaddr_in6 sin6;
                /*
                 * Inherit socket options from the listening socket.
                 * Note that in6p_inputopts are not (and should not be)
                 * copied, since it stores previously received options and is
                 * used to detect if each new option is different than the
                 * previous one and hence should be passed to a user.
                 * If we copied in6p_inputopts, a user would not be able to
                 * receive options just after calling the accept system call.
                 */
                inp->inp_flags |= oinp->inp_flags & INP_CONTROLOPTS;
                if (oinp->in6p_outputopts)
                        inp->in6p_outputopts =
                            ip6_copypktopts(oinp->in6p_outputopts, M_NOWAIT);

                sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
                sin6.sin6_len = sizeof(sin6);
                sin6.sin6_addr = sc->sc_inc.inc6_faddr;
                sin6.sin6_port = sc->sc_inc.inc_fport;
                sin6.sin6_flowinfo = sin6.sin6_scope_id = 0;
                laddr6 = inp->in6p_laddr;
                if (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&inp->in6p_laddr))
                        inp->in6p_laddr = sc->sc_inc.inc6_laddr;
                if ((error = in6_pcbconnect_mbuf(inp, (struct sockaddr *)&sin6,
                    thread0.td_ucred, m)) != 0) {
                        inp->in6p_laddr = laddr6;
                        if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(&sc->sc_inc, NULL, NULL, NULL))) {
                                log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: in6_pcbconnect failed "
                                    "with error %i\n",
                                    s, __func__, error);
                                free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                        }
                        INP_HASH_WUNLOCK(&V_tcbinfo);
                        goto abort;
                }
                /* Override flowlabel from in6_pcbconnect. */
                inp->inp_flow &= ~IPV6_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
                inp->inp_flow |= sc->sc_flowlabel;
        }
#endif /* INET6 */
#if defined(INET) && defined(INET6)
        else
#endif
#ifdef INET
        {
                struct in_addr laddr;
                struct sockaddr_in sin;

                inp->inp_options = (m) ? ip_srcroute(m) : NULL;
                
                if (inp->inp_options == NULL) {
                        inp->inp_options = sc->sc_ipopts;
                        sc->sc_ipopts = NULL;
                }

                sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
                sin.sin_len = sizeof(sin);
                sin.sin_addr = sc->sc_inc.inc_faddr;
                sin.sin_port = sc->sc_inc.inc_fport;
                bzero((caddr_t)sin.sin_zero, sizeof(sin.sin_zero));
                laddr = inp->inp_laddr;
                if (inp->inp_laddr.s_addr == INADDR_ANY)
                        inp->inp_laddr = sc->sc_inc.inc_laddr;
                if ((error = in_pcbconnect_mbuf(inp, (struct sockaddr *)&sin,
                    thread0.td_ucred, m)) != 0) {
                        inp->inp_laddr = laddr;
                        if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(&sc->sc_inc, NULL, NULL, NULL))) {
                                log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: in_pcbconnect failed "
                                    "with error %i\n",
                                    s, __func__, error);
                                free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                        }
                        INP_HASH_WUNLOCK(&V_tcbinfo);
                        goto abort;
                }
        }
#endif /* INET */
#if defined(IPSEC) || defined(IPSEC_SUPPORT)
        /* Copy old policy into new socket's. */
        if (ipsec_copy_pcbpolicy(sotoinpcb(lso), inp) != 0)
                printf("syncache_socket: could not copy policy\n");
#endif
        INP_HASH_WUNLOCK(&V_tcbinfo);
        tp = intotcpcb(inp);
        tcp_state_change(tp, TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED);
        tp->iss = sc->sc_iss;
        tp->irs = sc->sc_irs;
        tcp_rcvseqinit(tp);
        tcp_sendseqinit(tp);
        blk = sototcpcb(lso)->t_fb;
        if (V_functions_inherit_listen_socket_stack && blk != tp->t_fb) {
                /*
                 * Our parents t_fb was not the default,
                 * we need to release our ref on tp->t_fb and 
                 * pickup one on the new entry.
                 */
                struct tcp_function_block *rblk;
                
                rblk = find_and_ref_tcp_fb(blk);
                KASSERT(rblk != NULL,
                    ("cannot find blk %p out of syncache?", blk));
                if (tp->t_fb->tfb_tcp_fb_fini)
                        (*tp->t_fb->tfb_tcp_fb_fini)(tp, 0);
                refcount_release(&tp->t_fb->tfb_refcnt);
                tp->t_fb = rblk;
                /*
                 * XXXrrs this is quite dangerous, it is possible
                 * for the new function to fail to init. We also
                 * are not asking if the handoff_is_ok though at
                 * the very start thats probalbly ok.
                 */
                if (tp->t_fb->tfb_tcp_fb_init) {
                        (*tp->t_fb->tfb_tcp_fb_init)(tp);
                }
        }               
        tp->snd_wl1 = sc->sc_irs;
        tp->snd_max = tp->iss + 1;
        tp->snd_nxt = tp->iss + 1;
        tp->rcv_up = sc->sc_irs + 1;
        tp->rcv_wnd = sc->sc_wnd;
        tp->rcv_adv += tp->rcv_wnd;
        tp->last_ack_sent = tp->rcv_nxt;

        tp->t_flags = sototcpcb(lso)->t_flags & (TF_NOPUSH|TF_NODELAY);
        if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_NOOPT)
                tp->t_flags |= TF_NOOPT;
        else {
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_WINSCALE) {
                        tp->t_flags |= TF_REQ_SCALE|TF_RCVD_SCALE;
                        tp->snd_scale = sc->sc_requested_s_scale;
                        tp->request_r_scale = sc->sc_requested_r_scale;
                }
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_TIMESTAMP) {
                        tp->t_flags |= TF_REQ_TSTMP|TF_RCVD_TSTMP;
                        tp->ts_recent = sc->sc_tsreflect;
                        tp->ts_recent_age = tcp_ts_getticks();
                        tp->ts_offset = sc->sc_tsoff;
                }
#if defined(IPSEC_SUPPORT) || defined(TCP_SIGNATURE)
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_SIGNATURE)
                        tp->t_flags |= TF_SIGNATURE;
#endif
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_SACK)
                        tp->t_flags |= TF_SACK_PERMIT;
        }

        if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_ECN)
                tp->t_flags |= TF_ECN_PERMIT;

        /*
         * Set up MSS and get cached values from tcp_hostcache.
         * This might overwrite some of the defaults we just set.
         */
        tcp_mss(tp, sc->sc_peer_mss);

        /*
         * If the SYN,ACK was retransmitted, indicate that CWND to be
         * limited to one segment in cc_conn_init().
         * NB: sc_rxmits counts all SYN,ACK transmits, not just retransmits.
         */
        if (sc->sc_rxmits > 1)
                tp->snd_cwnd = 1;

#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
        /*
         * Allow a TOE driver to install its hooks.  Note that we hold the
         * pcbinfo lock too and that prevents tcp_usr_accept from accepting a
         * new connection before the TOE driver has done its thing.
         */
        if (ADDED_BY_TOE(sc)) {
                struct toedev *tod = sc->sc_tod;

                tod->tod_offload_socket(tod, sc->sc_todctx, so);
        }
#endif
        /*
         * Copy and activate timers.
         */
        tp->t_keepinit = sototcpcb(lso)->t_keepinit;
        tp->t_keepidle = sototcpcb(lso)->t_keepidle;
        tp->t_keepintvl = sototcpcb(lso)->t_keepintvl;
        tp->t_keepcnt = sototcpcb(lso)->t_keepcnt;
        tcp_timer_activate(tp, TT_KEEP, TP_KEEPINIT(tp));

        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_accepts);
        return (so);

abort:
        INP_WUNLOCK(inp);
abort2:
        if (so != NULL)
                soabort(so);
        return (NULL);
}

/*
 * This function gets called when we receive an ACK for a
 * socket in the LISTEN state.  We look up the connection
 * in the syncache, and if its there, we pull it out of
 * the cache and turn it into a full-blown connection in
 * the SYN-RECEIVED state.
 *
 * On syncache_socket() success the newly created socket
 * has its underlying inp locked.
 */
int
syncache_expand(struct in_conninfo *inc, struct tcpopt *to, struct tcphdr *th,
    struct socket **lsop, struct mbuf *m)
{
        struct syncache *sc;
        struct syncache_head *sch;
        struct syncache scs;
        char *s;

        /*
         * Global TCP locks are held because we manipulate the PCB lists
         * and create a new socket.
         */
        INP_INFO_RLOCK_ASSERT(&V_tcbinfo);
        KASSERT((th->th_flags & (TH_RST|TH_ACK|TH_SYN)) == TH_ACK,
            ("%s: can handle only ACK", __func__));

        sc = syncache_lookup(inc, &sch);        /* returns locked sch */
        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);

#ifdef INVARIANTS
        /*
         * Test code for syncookies comparing the syncache stored
         * values with the reconstructed values from the cookie.
         */
        if (sc != NULL)
                syncookie_cmp(inc, sch, sc, th, to, *lsop);
#endif

        if (sc == NULL) {
                /*
                 * There is no syncache entry, so see if this ACK is
                 * a returning syncookie.  To do this, first:
                 *  A. Check if syncookies are used in case of syncache
                 *     overflows
                 *  B. See if this socket has had a syncache entry dropped in
                 *     the recent past. We don't want to accept a bogus
                 *     syncookie if we've never received a SYN or accept it
                 *     twice.
                 *  C. check that the syncookie is valid.  If it is, then
                 *     cobble up a fake syncache entry, and return.
                 */
                if (!V_tcp_syncookies) {
                        SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                        if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                                log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Spurious ACK, "
                                    "segment rejected (syncookies disabled)\n",
                                    s, __func__);
                        goto failed;
                }
                if (!V_tcp_syncookiesonly &&
                    sch->sch_last_overflow < time_uptime - SYNCOOKIE_LIFETIME) {
                        SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                        if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                                log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Spurious ACK, "
                                    "segment rejected (no syncache entry)\n",
                                    s, __func__);
                        goto failed;
                }
                bzero(&scs, sizeof(scs));
                sc = syncookie_lookup(inc, sch, &scs, th, to, *lsop);
                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                if (sc == NULL) {
                        if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                                log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Segment failed "
                                    "SYNCOOKIE authentication, segment rejected "
                                    "(probably spoofed)\n", s, __func__);
                        goto failed;
                }
#if defined(IPSEC_SUPPORT) || defined(TCP_SIGNATURE)
                /* If received ACK has MD5 signature, check it. */
                if ((to->to_flags & TOF_SIGNATURE) != 0 &&
                    (!TCPMD5_ENABLED() ||
                    TCPMD5_INPUT(m, th, to->to_signature) != 0)) {
                        /* Drop the ACK. */
                        if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL))) {
                                log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Segment rejected, "
                                    "MD5 signature doesn't match.\n",
                                    s, __func__);
                                free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                        }
                        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sig_err_sigopt);
                        return (-1); /* Do not send RST */
                }
#endif /* TCP_SIGNATURE */
        } else {
#if defined(IPSEC_SUPPORT) || defined(TCP_SIGNATURE)
                /*
                 * If listening socket requested TCP digests, check that
                 * received ACK has signature and it is correct.
                 * If not, drop the ACK and leave sc entry in th cache,
                 * because SYN was received with correct signature.
                 */
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_SIGNATURE) {
                        if ((to->to_flags & TOF_SIGNATURE) == 0) {
                                /* No signature */
                                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sig_err_nosigopt);
                                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL))) {
                                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Segment "
                                            "rejected, MD5 signature wasn't "
                                            "provided.\n", s, __func__);
                                        free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                                }
                                return (-1); /* Do not send RST */
                        }
                        if (!TCPMD5_ENABLED() ||
                            TCPMD5_INPUT(m, th, to->to_signature) != 0) {
                                /* Doesn't match or no SA */
                                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL))) {
                                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Segment "
                                            "rejected, MD5 signature doesn't "
                                            "match.\n", s, __func__);
                                        free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                                }
                                return (-1); /* Do not send RST */
                        }
                }
#endif /* TCP_SIGNATURE */
                /*
                 * Pull out the entry to unlock the bucket row.
                 * 
                 * NOTE: We must decrease TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED count here, not
                 * tcp_state_change().  The tcpcb is not existent at this
                 * moment.  A new one will be allocated via syncache_socket->
                 * sonewconn->tcp_usr_attach in TCPS_CLOSED state, then
                 * syncache_socket() will change it to TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED.
                 */
                TCPSTATES_DEC(TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED);
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&sch->sch_bucket, sc, sc_hash);
                sch->sch_length--;
#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
                if (ADDED_BY_TOE(sc)) {
                        struct toedev *tod = sc->sc_tod;

                        tod->tod_syncache_removed(tod, sc->sc_todctx);
                }
#endif
                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
        }

        /*
         * Segment validation:
         * ACK must match our initial sequence number + 1 (the SYN|ACK).
         */
        if (th->th_ack != sc->sc_iss + 1) {
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: ACK %u != ISS+1 %u, segment "
                            "rejected\n", s, __func__, th->th_ack, sc->sc_iss);
                goto failed;
        }

        /*
         * The SEQ must fall in the window starting at the received
         * initial receive sequence number + 1 (the SYN).
         */
        if (SEQ_LEQ(th->th_seq, sc->sc_irs) ||
            SEQ_GT(th->th_seq, sc->sc_irs + sc->sc_wnd)) {
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: SEQ %u != IRS+1 %u, segment "
                            "rejected\n", s, __func__, th->th_seq, sc->sc_irs);
                goto failed;
        }

        /*
         * If timestamps were not negotiated during SYN/ACK they
         * must not appear on any segment during this session.
         */
        if (!(sc->sc_flags & SCF_TIMESTAMP) && (to->to_flags & TOF_TS)) {
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)))
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Timestamp not expected, "
                            "segment rejected\n", s, __func__);
                goto failed;
        }

        /*
         * If timestamps were negotiated during SYN/ACK they should
         * appear on every segment during this session.
         * XXXAO: This is only informal as there have been unverified
         * reports of non-compliants stacks.
         */
        if ((sc->sc_flags & SCF_TIMESTAMP) && !(to->to_flags & TOF_TS)) {
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL))) {
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Timestamp missing, "
                            "no action\n", s, __func__);
                        free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                        s = NULL;
                }
        }

        *lsop = syncache_socket(sc, *lsop, m);

        if (*lsop == NULL)
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_aborted);
        else
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_completed);

/* how do we find the inp for the new socket? */
        if (sc != &scs)
                syncache_free(sc);
        return (1);
failed:
        if (sc != NULL && sc != &scs)
                syncache_free(sc);
        if (s != NULL)
                free(s, M_TCPLOG);
        *lsop = NULL;
        return (0);
}

static void
syncache_tfo_expand(struct syncache *sc, struct socket **lsop, struct mbuf *m,
    uint64_t response_cookie)
{
        struct inpcb *inp;
        struct tcpcb *tp;
        unsigned int *pending_counter;

        /*
         * Global TCP locks are held because we manipulate the PCB lists
         * and create a new socket.
         */
        INP_INFO_RLOCK_ASSERT(&V_tcbinfo);

        pending_counter = intotcpcb(sotoinpcb(*lsop))->t_tfo_pending;
        *lsop = syncache_socket(sc, *lsop, m);
        if (*lsop == NULL) {
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_aborted);
                atomic_subtract_int(pending_counter, 1);
        } else {
                soisconnected(*lsop);
                inp = sotoinpcb(*lsop);
                tp = intotcpcb(inp);
                tp->t_flags |= TF_FASTOPEN;
                tp->t_tfo_cookie.server = response_cookie;
                tp->snd_max = tp->iss;
                tp->snd_nxt = tp->iss;
                tp->t_tfo_pending = pending_counter;
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_completed);
        }
}

/*
 * Given a LISTEN socket and an inbound SYN request, add
 * this to the syn cache, and send back a segment:
 *      <SEQ=ISS><ACK=RCV_NXT><CTL=SYN,ACK>
 * to the source.
 *
 * IMPORTANT NOTE: We do _NOT_ ACK data that might accompany the SYN.
 * Doing so would require that we hold onto the data and deliver it
 * to the application.  However, if we are the target of a SYN-flood
 * DoS attack, an attacker could send data which would eventually
 * consume all available buffer space if it were ACKed.  By not ACKing
 * the data, we avoid this DoS scenario.
 *
 * The exception to the above is when a SYN with a valid TCP Fast Open (TFO)
 * cookie is processed and a new socket is created.  In this case, any data
 * accompanying the SYN will be queued to the socket by tcp_input() and will
 * be ACKed either when the application sends response data or the delayed
 * ACK timer expires, whichever comes first.
 */
int
syncache_add(struct in_conninfo *inc, struct tcpopt *to, struct tcphdr *th,
    struct inpcb *inp, struct socket **lsop, struct mbuf *m, void *tod,
    void *todctx)
{
        struct tcpcb *tp;
        struct socket *so;
        struct syncache *sc = NULL;
        struct syncache_head *sch;
        struct mbuf *ipopts = NULL;
        u_int ltflags;
        int win, ip_ttl, ip_tos;
        char *s;
        int rv = 0;
#ifdef INET6
        int autoflowlabel = 0;
#endif
#ifdef MAC
        struct label *maclabel;
#endif
        struct syncache scs;
        struct ucred *cred;
        uint64_t tfo_response_cookie;
        unsigned int *tfo_pending = NULL;
        int tfo_cookie_valid = 0;
        int tfo_response_cookie_valid = 0;

        INP_WLOCK_ASSERT(inp);                  /* listen socket */
        KASSERT((th->th_flags & (TH_RST|TH_ACK|TH_SYN)) == TH_SYN,
            ("%s: unexpected tcp flags", __func__));

        /*
         * Combine all so/tp operations very early to drop the INP lock as
         * soon as possible.
         */
        so = *lsop;
        KASSERT(SOLISTENING(so), ("%s: %p not listening", __func__, so));
        tp = sototcpcb(so);
        cred = crhold(so->so_cred);

#ifdef INET6
        if ((inc->inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6) &&
            (inp->inp_flags & IN6P_AUTOFLOWLABEL))
                autoflowlabel = 1;
#endif
        ip_ttl = inp->inp_ip_ttl;
        ip_tos = inp->inp_ip_tos;
        win = so->sol_sbrcv_hiwat;
        ltflags = (tp->t_flags & (TF_NOOPT | TF_SIGNATURE));

        if (V_tcp_fastopen_server_enable && IS_FASTOPEN(tp->t_flags) &&
            (tp->t_tfo_pending != NULL) &&
            (to->to_flags & TOF_FASTOPEN)) {
                /*
                 * Limit the number of pending TFO connections to
                 * approximately half of the queue limit.  This prevents TFO
                 * SYN floods from starving the service by filling the
                 * listen queue with bogus TFO connections.
                 */
                if (atomic_fetchadd_int(tp->t_tfo_pending, 1) <=
                    (so->sol_qlimit / 2)) {
                        int result;

                        result = tcp_fastopen_check_cookie(inc,
                            to->to_tfo_cookie, to->to_tfo_len,
                            &tfo_response_cookie);
                        tfo_cookie_valid = (result > 0);
                        tfo_response_cookie_valid = (result >= 0);
                }

                /*
                 * Remember the TFO pending counter as it will have to be
                 * decremented below if we don't make it to syncache_tfo_expand().
                 */
                tfo_pending = tp->t_tfo_pending;
        }

        /* By the time we drop the lock these should no longer be used. */
        so = NULL;
        tp = NULL;

#ifdef MAC
        if (mac_syncache_init(&maclabel) != 0) {
                INP_WUNLOCK(inp);
                goto done;
        } else
                mac_syncache_create(maclabel, inp);
#endif
        if (!tfo_cookie_valid)
                INP_WUNLOCK(inp);

        /*
         * Remember the IP options, if any.
         */
#ifdef INET6
        if (!(inc->inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6))
#endif
#ifdef INET
                ipopts = (m) ? ip_srcroute(m) : NULL;
#else
                ipopts = NULL;
#endif

#if defined(IPSEC_SUPPORT) || defined(TCP_SIGNATURE)
        /*
         * If listening socket requested TCP digests, check that received
         * SYN has signature and it is correct. If signature doesn't match
         * or TCP_SIGNATURE support isn't enabled, drop the packet.
         */
        if (ltflags & TF_SIGNATURE) {
                if ((to->to_flags & TOF_SIGNATURE) == 0) {
                        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sig_err_nosigopt);
                        goto done;
                }
                if (!TCPMD5_ENABLED() ||
                    TCPMD5_INPUT(m, th, to->to_signature) != 0)
                        goto done;
        }
#endif  /* TCP_SIGNATURE */
        /*
         * See if we already have an entry for this connection.
         * If we do, resend the SYN,ACK, and reset the retransmit timer.
         *
         * XXX: should the syncache be re-initialized with the contents
         * of the new SYN here (which may have different options?)
         *
         * XXX: We do not check the sequence number to see if this is a
         * real retransmit or a new connection attempt.  The question is
         * how to handle such a case; either ignore it as spoofed, or
         * drop the current entry and create a new one?
         */
        sc = syncache_lookup(inc, &sch);        /* returns locked entry */
        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);
        if (sc != NULL) {
                if (tfo_cookie_valid)
                        INP_WUNLOCK(inp);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_dupsyn);
                if (ipopts) {
                        /*
                         * If we were remembering a previous source route,
                         * forget it and use the new one we've been given.
                         */
                        if (sc->sc_ipopts)
                                (void) m_free(sc->sc_ipopts);
                        sc->sc_ipopts = ipopts;
                }
                /*
                 * Update timestamp if present.
                 */
                if ((sc->sc_flags & SCF_TIMESTAMP) && (to->to_flags & TOF_TS))
                        sc->sc_tsreflect = to->to_tsval;
                else
                        sc->sc_flags &= ~SCF_TIMESTAMP;
#ifdef MAC
                /*
                 * Since we have already unconditionally allocated label
                 * storage, free it up.  The syncache entry will already
                 * have an initialized label we can use.
                 */
                mac_syncache_destroy(&maclabel);
#endif
                /* Retransmit SYN|ACK and reset retransmit count. */
                if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(&sc->sc_inc, th, NULL, NULL))) {
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: Received duplicate SYN, "
                            "resetting timer and retransmitting SYN|ACK\n",
                            s, __func__);
                        free(s, M_TCPLOG);
                }
                if (syncache_respond(sc, sch, 1, m) == 0) {
                        sc->sc_rxmits = 0;
                        syncache_timeout(sc, sch, 1);
                        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndacks);
                        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndtotal);
                }
                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                goto done;
        }

        if (tfo_cookie_valid) {
                bzero(&scs, sizeof(scs));
                sc = &scs;
                goto skip_alloc;
        }

        sc = uma_zalloc(V_tcp_syncache.zone, M_NOWAIT | M_ZERO);
        if (sc == NULL) {
                /*
                 * The zone allocator couldn't provide more entries.
                 * Treat this as if the cache was full; drop the oldest
                 * entry and insert the new one.
                 */
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_zonefail);
                if ((sc = TAILQ_LAST(&sch->sch_bucket, sch_head)) != NULL) {
                        sch->sch_last_overflow = time_uptime;
                        syncache_drop(sc, sch);
                }
                sc = uma_zalloc(V_tcp_syncache.zone, M_NOWAIT | M_ZERO);
                if (sc == NULL) {
                        if (V_tcp_syncookies) {
                                bzero(&scs, sizeof(scs));
                                sc = &scs;
                        } else {
                                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                                if (ipopts)
                                        (void) m_free(ipopts);
                                goto done;
                        }
                }
        }

skip_alloc:
        if (!tfo_cookie_valid && tfo_response_cookie_valid)
                sc->sc_tfo_cookie = &tfo_response_cookie;

        /*
         * Fill in the syncache values.
         */
#ifdef MAC
        sc->sc_label = maclabel;
#endif
        sc->sc_cred = cred;
        cred = NULL;
        sc->sc_ipopts = ipopts;
        bcopy(inc, &sc->sc_inc, sizeof(struct in_conninfo));
#ifdef INET6
        if (!(inc->inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6))
#endif
        {
                sc->sc_ip_tos = ip_tos;
                sc->sc_ip_ttl = ip_ttl;
        }
#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
        sc->sc_tod = tod;
        sc->sc_todctx = todctx;
#endif
        sc->sc_irs = th->th_seq;
        sc->sc_iss = arc4random();
        sc->sc_flags = 0;
        sc->sc_flowlabel = 0;

        /*
         * Initial receive window: clip sbspace to [0 .. TCP_MAXWIN].
         * win was derived from socket earlier in the function.
         */
        win = imax(win, 0);
        win = imin(win, TCP_MAXWIN);
        sc->sc_wnd = win;

        if (V_tcp_do_rfc1323) {
                /*
                 * A timestamp received in a SYN makes
                 * it ok to send timestamp requests and replies.
                 */
                if (to->to_flags & TOF_TS) {
                        sc->sc_tsreflect = to->to_tsval;
                        sc->sc_flags |= SCF_TIMESTAMP;
                }
                if (to->to_flags & TOF_SCALE) {
                        int wscale = 0;

                        /*
                         * Pick the smallest possible scaling factor that
                         * will still allow us to scale up to sb_max, aka
                         * kern.ipc.maxsockbuf.
                         *
                         * We do this because there are broken firewalls that
                         * will corrupt the window scale option, leading to
                         * the other endpoint believing that our advertised
                         * window is unscaled.  At scale factors larger than
                         * 5 the unscaled window will drop below 1500 bytes,
                         * leading to serious problems when traversing these
                         * broken firewalls.
                         *
                         * With the default maxsockbuf of 256K, a scale factor
                         * of 3 will be chosen by this algorithm.  Those who
                         * choose a larger maxsockbuf should watch out
                         * for the compatibility problems mentioned above.
                         *
                         * RFC1323: The Window field in a SYN (i.e., a <SYN>
                         * or <SYN,ACK>) segment itself is never scaled.
                         */
                        while (wscale < TCP_MAX_WINSHIFT &&
                            (TCP_MAXWIN << wscale) < sb_max)
                                wscale++;
                        sc->sc_requested_r_scale = wscale;
                        sc->sc_requested_s_scale = to->to_wscale;
                        sc->sc_flags |= SCF_WINSCALE;
                }
        }
#if defined(IPSEC_SUPPORT) || defined(TCP_SIGNATURE)
        /*
         * If listening socket requested TCP digests, flag this in the
         * syncache so that syncache_respond() will do the right thing
         * with the SYN+ACK.
         */
        if (ltflags & TF_SIGNATURE)
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_SIGNATURE;
#endif  /* TCP_SIGNATURE */
        if (to->to_flags & TOF_SACKPERM)
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_SACK;
        if (to->to_flags & TOF_MSS)
                sc->sc_peer_mss = to->to_mss;   /* peer mss may be zero */
        if (ltflags & TF_NOOPT)
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_NOOPT;
        if ((th->th_flags & (TH_ECE|TH_CWR)) && V_tcp_do_ecn)
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_ECN;

        if (V_tcp_syncookies)
                sc->sc_iss = syncookie_generate(sch, sc);
#ifdef INET6
        if (autoflowlabel) {
                if (V_tcp_syncookies)
                        sc->sc_flowlabel = sc->sc_iss;
                else
                        sc->sc_flowlabel = ip6_randomflowlabel();
                sc->sc_flowlabel = htonl(sc->sc_flowlabel) & IPV6_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
        }
#endif
        SCH_UNLOCK(sch);

        if (tfo_cookie_valid) {
                syncache_tfo_expand(sc, lsop, m, tfo_response_cookie);
                /* INP_WUNLOCK(inp) will be performed by the caller */
                rv = 1;
                goto tfo_expanded;
        }

        /*
         * Do a standard 3-way handshake.
         */
        if (syncache_respond(sc, sch, 0, m) == 0) {
                if (V_tcp_syncookies && V_tcp_syncookiesonly && sc != &scs)
                        syncache_free(sc);
                else if (sc != &scs)
                        syncache_insert(sc, sch);   /* locks and unlocks sch */
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndacks);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sndtotal);
        } else {
                if (sc != &scs)
                        syncache_free(sc);
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_dropped);
        }

done:
        if (m) {
                *lsop = NULL;
                m_freem(m);
        }
        /*
         * If tfo_pending is not NULL here, then a TFO SYN that did not
         * result in a new socket was processed and the associated pending
         * counter has not yet been decremented.  All such TFO processing paths
         * transit this point.
         */
        if (tfo_pending != NULL)
                tcp_fastopen_decrement_counter(tfo_pending);

tfo_expanded:
        if (cred != NULL)
                crfree(cred);
#ifdef MAC
        if (sc == &scs)
                mac_syncache_destroy(&maclabel);
#endif
        return (rv);
}

/*
 * Send SYN|ACK to the peer.  Either in response to the peer's SYN,
 * i.e. m0 != NULL, or upon 3WHS ACK timeout, i.e. m0 == NULL.
 */
static int
syncache_respond(struct syncache *sc, struct syncache_head *sch, int locked,
    const struct mbuf *m0)
{
        struct ip *ip = NULL;
        struct mbuf *m;
        struct tcphdr *th = NULL;
        int optlen, error = 0;  /* Make compiler happy */
        u_int16_t hlen, tlen, mssopt;
        struct tcpopt to;
#ifdef INET6
        struct ip6_hdr *ip6 = NULL;
#endif
        hlen =
#ifdef INET6
               (sc->sc_inc.inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6) ? sizeof(struct ip6_hdr) :
#endif
                sizeof(struct ip);
        tlen = hlen + sizeof(struct tcphdr);

        /* Determine MSS we advertize to other end of connection. */
        mssopt = max(tcp_mssopt(&sc->sc_inc), V_tcp_minmss);

        /* XXX: Assume that the entire packet will fit in a header mbuf. */
        KASSERT(max_linkhdr + tlen + TCP_MAXOLEN <= MHLEN,
            ("syncache: mbuf too small"));

        /* Create the IP+TCP header from scratch. */
        m = m_gethdr(M_NOWAIT, MT_DATA);
        if (m == NULL)
                return (ENOBUFS);
#ifdef MAC
        mac_syncache_create_mbuf(sc->sc_label, m);
#endif
        m->m_data += max_linkhdr;
        m->m_len = tlen;
        m->m_pkthdr.len = tlen;
        m->m_pkthdr.rcvif = NULL;

#ifdef INET6
        if (sc->sc_inc.inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6) {
                ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);
                ip6->ip6_vfc = IPV6_VERSION;
                ip6->ip6_nxt = IPPROTO_TCP;
                ip6->ip6_src = sc->sc_inc.inc6_laddr;
                ip6->ip6_dst = sc->sc_inc.inc6_faddr;
                ip6->ip6_plen = htons(tlen - hlen);
                /* ip6_hlim is set after checksum */
                ip6->ip6_flow &= ~IPV6_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
                ip6->ip6_flow |= sc->sc_flowlabel;

                th = (struct tcphdr *)(ip6 + 1);
        }
#endif
#if defined(INET6) && defined(INET)
        else
#endif
#ifdef INET
        {
                ip = mtod(m, struct ip *);
                ip->ip_v = IPVERSION;
                ip->ip_hl = sizeof(struct ip) >> 2;
                ip->ip_len = htons(tlen);
                ip->ip_id = 0;
                ip->ip_off = 0;
                ip->ip_sum = 0;
                ip->ip_p = IPPROTO_TCP;
                ip->ip_src = sc->sc_inc.inc_laddr;
                ip->ip_dst = sc->sc_inc.inc_faddr;
                ip->ip_ttl = sc->sc_ip_ttl;
                ip->ip_tos = sc->sc_ip_tos;

                /*
                 * See if we should do MTU discovery.  Route lookups are
                 * expensive, so we will only unset the DF bit if:
                 *
                 *      1) path_mtu_discovery is disabled
                 *      2) the SCF_UNREACH flag has been set
                 */
                if (V_path_mtu_discovery && ((sc->sc_flags & SCF_UNREACH) == 0))
                       ip->ip_off |= htons(IP_DF);

                th = (struct tcphdr *)(ip + 1);
        }
#endif /* INET */
        th->th_sport = sc->sc_inc.inc_lport;
        th->th_dport = sc->sc_inc.inc_fport;

        th->th_seq = htonl(sc->sc_iss);
        th->th_ack = htonl(sc->sc_irs + 1);
        th->th_off = sizeof(struct tcphdr) >> 2;
        th->th_x2 = 0;
        th->th_flags = TH_SYN|TH_ACK;
        th->th_win = htons(sc->sc_wnd);
        th->th_urp = 0;

        if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_ECN) {
                th->th_flags |= TH_ECE;
                TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_ecn_shs);
        }

        /* Tack on the TCP options. */
        if ((sc->sc_flags & SCF_NOOPT) == 0) {
                to.to_flags = 0;

                to.to_mss = mssopt;
                to.to_flags = TOF_MSS;
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_WINSCALE) {
                        to.to_wscale = sc->sc_requested_r_scale;
                        to.to_flags |= TOF_SCALE;
                }
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_TIMESTAMP) {
                        to.to_tsval = sc->sc_tsoff + tcp_ts_getticks();
                        to.to_tsecr = sc->sc_tsreflect;
                        to.to_flags |= TOF_TS;
                }
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_SACK)
                        to.to_flags |= TOF_SACKPERM;
#if defined(IPSEC_SUPPORT) || defined(TCP_SIGNATURE)
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_SIGNATURE)
                        to.to_flags |= TOF_SIGNATURE;
#endif
                if (sc->sc_tfo_cookie) {
                        to.to_flags |= TOF_FASTOPEN;
                        to.to_tfo_len = TCP_FASTOPEN_COOKIE_LEN;
                        to.to_tfo_cookie = sc->sc_tfo_cookie;
                        /* don't send cookie again when retransmitting response */
                        sc->sc_tfo_cookie = NULL;
                }
                optlen = tcp_addoptions(&to, (u_char *)(th + 1));

                /* Adjust headers by option size. */
                th->th_off = (sizeof(struct tcphdr) + optlen) >> 2;
                m->m_len += optlen;
                m->m_pkthdr.len += optlen;
#ifdef INET6
                if (sc->sc_inc.inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6)
                        ip6->ip6_plen = htons(ntohs(ip6->ip6_plen) + optlen);
                else
#endif
                        ip->ip_len = htons(ntohs(ip->ip_len) + optlen);
#if defined(IPSEC_SUPPORT) || defined(TCP_SIGNATURE)
                if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_SIGNATURE) {
                        KASSERT(to.to_flags & TOF_SIGNATURE,
                            ("tcp_addoptions() didn't set tcp_signature"));

                        /* NOTE: to.to_signature is inside of mbuf */
                        if (!TCPMD5_ENABLED() ||
                            TCPMD5_OUTPUT(m, th, to.to_signature) != 0) {
                                m_freem(m);
                                return (EACCES);
                        }
                }
#endif
        } else
                optlen = 0;

        M_SETFIB(m, sc->sc_inc.inc_fibnum);
        m->m_pkthdr.csum_data = offsetof(struct tcphdr, th_sum);
        /*
         * If we have peer's SYN and it has a flowid, then let's assign it to
         * our SYN|ACK.  ip6_output() and ip_output() will not assign flowid
         * to SYN|ACK due to lack of inp here.
         */
        if (m0 != NULL && M_HASHTYPE_GET(m0) != M_HASHTYPE_NONE) {
                m->m_pkthdr.flowid = m0->m_pkthdr.flowid;
                M_HASHTYPE_SET(m, M_HASHTYPE_GET(m0));
        }
#ifdef INET6
        if (sc->sc_inc.inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6) {
                m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags = CSUM_TCP_IPV6;
                th->th_sum = in6_cksum_pseudo(ip6, tlen + optlen - hlen,
                    IPPROTO_TCP, 0);
                ip6->ip6_hlim = in6_selecthlim(NULL, NULL);
#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
                if (ADDED_BY_TOE(sc)) {
                        struct toedev *tod = sc->sc_tod;

                        error = tod->tod_syncache_respond(tod, sc->sc_todctx, m);

                        return (error);
                }
#endif
                error = ip6_output(m, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        }
#endif
#if defined(INET6) && defined(INET)
        else
#endif
#ifdef INET
        {
                m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags = CSUM_TCP;
                th->th_sum = in_pseudo(ip->ip_src.s_addr, ip->ip_dst.s_addr,
                    htons(tlen + optlen - hlen + IPPROTO_TCP));
#ifdef TCP_OFFLOAD
                if (ADDED_BY_TOE(sc)) {
                        struct toedev *tod = sc->sc_tod;

                        error = tod->tod_syncache_respond(tod, sc->sc_todctx, m);

                        return (error);
                }
#endif
                error = ip_output(m, sc->sc_ipopts, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
        }
#endif
        return (error);
}

/*
 * The purpose of syncookies is to handle spoofed SYN flooding DoS attacks
 * that exceed the capacity of the syncache by avoiding the storage of any
 * of the SYNs we receive.  Syncookies defend against blind SYN flooding
 * attacks where the attacker does not have access to our responses.
 *
 * Syncookies encode and include all necessary information about the
 * connection setup within the SYN|ACK that we send back.  That way we
 * can avoid keeping any local state until the ACK to our SYN|ACK returns
 * (if ever).  Normally the syncache and syncookies are running in parallel
 * with the latter taking over when the former is exhausted.  When matching
 * syncache entry is found the syncookie is ignored.
 *
 * The only reliable information persisting the 3WHS is our initial sequence
 * number ISS of 32 bits.  Syncookies embed a cryptographically sufficient
 * strong hash (MAC) value and a few bits of TCP SYN options in the ISS
 * of our SYN|ACK.  The MAC can be recomputed when the ACK to our SYN|ACK
 * returns and signifies a legitimate connection if it matches the ACK.
 *
 * The available space of 32 bits to store the hash and to encode the SYN
 * option information is very tight and we should have at least 24 bits for
 * the MAC to keep the number of guesses by blind spoofing reasonably high.
 *
 * SYN option information we have to encode to fully restore a connection:
 * MSS: is imporant to chose an optimal segment size to avoid IP level
 *   fragmentation along the path.  The common MSS values can be encoded
 *   in a 3-bit table.  Uncommon values are captured by the next lower value
 *   in the table leading to a slight increase in packetization overhead.
 * WSCALE: is necessary to allow large windows to be used for high delay-
 *   bandwidth product links.  Not scaling the window when it was initially
 *   negotiated is bad for performance as lack of scaling further decreases
 *   the apparent available send window.  We only need to encode the WSCALE
 *   we received from the remote end.  Our end can be recalculated at any
 *   time.  The common WSCALE values can be encoded in a 3-bit table.
 *   Uncommon values are captured by the next lower value in the table
 *   making us under-estimate the available window size halving our
 *   theoretically possible maximum throughput for that connection.
 * SACK: Greatly assists in packet loss recovery and requires 1 bit.
 * TIMESTAMP and SIGNATURE is not encoded because they are permanent options
 *   that are included in all segments on a connection.  We enable them when
 *   the ACK has them.
 *
 * Security of syncookies and attack vectors:
 *
 * The MAC is computed over (faddr||laddr||fport||lport||irs||flags||secmod)
 * together with the gloabl secret to make it unique per connection attempt.
 * Thus any change of any of those parameters results in a different MAC output
 * in an unpredictable way unless a collision is encountered.  24 bits of the
 * MAC are embedded into the ISS.
 *
 * To prevent replay attacks two rotating global secrets are updated with a
 * new random value every 15 seconds.  The life-time of a syncookie is thus
 * 15-30 seconds.
 *
 * Vector 1: Attacking the secret.  This requires finding a weakness in the
 * MAC itself or the way it is used here.  The attacker can do a chosen plain
 * text attack by varying and testing the all parameters under his control.
 * The strength depends on the size and randomness of the secret, and the
 * cryptographic security of the MAC function.  Due to the constant updating
 * of the secret the attacker has at most 29.999 seconds to find the secret
 * and launch spoofed connections.  After that he has to start all over again.
 *
 * Vector 2: Collision attack on the MAC of a single ACK.  With a 24 bit MAC
 * size an average of 4,823 attempts are required for a 50% chance of success
 * to spoof a single syncookie (birthday collision paradox).  However the
 * attacker is blind and doesn't know if one of his attempts succeeded unless
 * he has a side channel to interfere success from.  A single connection setup
 * success average of 90% requires 8,790 packets, 99.99% requires 17,578 packets.
 * This many attempts are required for each one blind spoofed connection.  For
 * every additional spoofed connection he has to launch another N attempts.
 * Thus for a sustained rate 100 spoofed connections per second approximately
 * 1,800,000 packets per second would have to be sent.
 *
 * NB: The MAC function should be fast so that it doesn't become a CPU
 * exhaustion attack vector itself.
 *
 * References:
 *  RFC4987 TCP SYN Flooding Attacks and Common Mitigations
 *  SYN cookies were first proposed by cryptographer Dan J. Bernstein in 1996
 *   http://cr.yp.to/syncookies.html    (overview)
 *   http://cr.yp.to/syncookies/archive (details)
 *
 *
 * Schematic construction of a syncookie enabled Initial Sequence Number:
 *  0        1         2         3
 *  12345678901234567890123456789012
 * |xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxWWWMMMSP|
 *
 *  x 24 MAC (truncated)
 *  W  3 Send Window Scale index
 *  M  3 MSS index
 *  S  1 SACK permitted
 *  P  1 Odd/even secret
 */

/*
 * Distribution and probability of certain MSS values.  Those in between are
 * rounded down to the next lower one.
 * [An Analysis of TCP Maximum Segment Sizes, S. Alcock and R. Nelson, 2011]
 *                            .2%  .3%   5%    7%    7%    20%   15%   45%
 */
static int tcp_sc_msstab[] = { 216, 536, 1200, 1360, 1400, 1440, 1452, 1460 };

/*
 * Distribution and probability of certain WSCALE values.  We have to map the
 * (send) window scale (shift) option with a range of 0-14 from 4 bits into 3
 * bits based on prevalence of certain values.  Where we don't have an exact
 * match for are rounded down to the next lower one letting us under-estimate
 * the true available window.  At the moment this would happen only for the
 * very uncommon values 3, 5 and those above 8 (more than 16MB socket buffer
 * and window size).  The absence of the WSCALE option (no scaling in either
 * direction) is encoded with index zero.
 * [WSCALE values histograms, Allman, 2012]
 *                            X 10 10 35  5  6 14 10%   by host
 *                            X 11  4  5  5 18 49  3%   by connections
 */
static int tcp_sc_wstab[] = { 0, 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 };

/*
 * Compute the MAC for the SYN cookie.  SIPHASH-2-4 is chosen for its speed
 * and good cryptographic properties.
 */
static uint32_t
syncookie_mac(struct in_conninfo *inc, tcp_seq irs, uint8_t flags,
    uint8_t *secbits, uintptr_t secmod)
{
        SIPHASH_CTX ctx;
        uint32_t siphash[2];

        SipHash24_Init(&ctx);
        SipHash_SetKey(&ctx, secbits);
        switch (inc->inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6) {
#ifdef INET
        case 0:
                SipHash_Update(&ctx, &inc->inc_faddr, sizeof(inc->inc_faddr));
                SipHash_Update(&ctx, &inc->inc_laddr, sizeof(inc->inc_laddr));
                break;
#endif
#ifdef INET6
        case INC_ISIPV6:
                SipHash_Update(&ctx, &inc->inc6_faddr, sizeof(inc->inc6_faddr));
                SipHash_Update(&ctx, &inc->inc6_laddr, sizeof(inc->inc6_laddr));
                break;
#endif
        }
        SipHash_Update(&ctx, &inc->inc_fport, sizeof(inc->inc_fport));
        SipHash_Update(&ctx, &inc->inc_lport, sizeof(inc->inc_lport));
        SipHash_Update(&ctx, &irs, sizeof(irs));
        SipHash_Update(&ctx, &flags, sizeof(flags));
        SipHash_Update(&ctx, &secmod, sizeof(secmod));
        SipHash_Final((u_int8_t *)&siphash, &ctx);

        return (siphash[0] ^ siphash[1]);
}

static tcp_seq
syncookie_generate(struct syncache_head *sch, struct syncache *sc)
{
        u_int i, secbit, wscale;
        uint32_t iss, hash;
        uint8_t *secbits;
        union syncookie cookie;

        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);

        cookie.cookie = 0;

        /* Map our computed MSS into the 3-bit index. */
        for (i = nitems(tcp_sc_msstab) - 1;
             tcp_sc_msstab[i] > sc->sc_peer_mss && i > 0;
             i--)
                ;
        cookie.flags.mss_idx = i;

        /*
         * Map the send window scale into the 3-bit index but only if
         * the wscale option was received.
         */
        if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_WINSCALE) {
                wscale = sc->sc_requested_s_scale;
                for (i = nitems(tcp_sc_wstab) - 1;
                    tcp_sc_wstab[i] > wscale && i > 0;
                     i--)
                        ;
                cookie.flags.wscale_idx = i;
        }

        /* Can we do SACK? */
        if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_SACK)
                cookie.flags.sack_ok = 1;

        /* Which of the two secrets to use. */
        secbit = sch->sch_sc->secret.oddeven & 0x1;
        cookie.flags.odd_even = secbit;

        secbits = sch->sch_sc->secret.key[secbit];
        hash = syncookie_mac(&sc->sc_inc, sc->sc_irs, cookie.cookie, secbits,
            (uintptr_t)sch);

        /*
         * Put the flags into the hash and XOR them to get better ISS number
         * variance.  This doesn't enhance the cryptographic strength and is
         * done to prevent the 8 cookie bits from showing up directly on the
         * wire.
         */
        iss = hash & ~0xff;
        iss |= cookie.cookie ^ (hash >> 24);

        /* Randomize the timestamp. */
        if (sc->sc_flags & SCF_TIMESTAMP) {
                sc->sc_tsoff = arc4random() - tcp_ts_getticks();
        }

        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_sendcookie);
        return (iss);
}

static struct syncache *
syncookie_lookup(struct in_conninfo *inc, struct syncache_head *sch, 
    struct syncache *sc, struct tcphdr *th, struct tcpopt *to,
    struct socket *lso)
{
        uint32_t hash;
        uint8_t *secbits;
        tcp_seq ack, seq;
        int wnd, wscale = 0;
        union syncookie cookie;

        SCH_LOCK_ASSERT(sch);

        /*
         * Pull information out of SYN-ACK/ACK and revert sequence number
         * advances.
         */
        ack = th->th_ack - 1;
        seq = th->th_seq - 1;

        /*
         * Unpack the flags containing enough information to restore the
         * connection.
         */
        cookie.cookie = (ack & 0xff) ^ (ack >> 24);

        /* Which of the two secrets to use. */
        secbits = sch->sch_sc->secret.key[cookie.flags.odd_even];

        hash = syncookie_mac(inc, seq, cookie.cookie, secbits, (uintptr_t)sch);

        /* The recomputed hash matches the ACK if this was a genuine cookie. */
        if ((ack & ~0xff) != (hash & ~0xff))
                return (NULL);

        /* Fill in the syncache values. */
        sc->sc_flags = 0;
        bcopy(inc, &sc->sc_inc, sizeof(struct in_conninfo));
        sc->sc_ipopts = NULL;
        
        sc->sc_irs = seq;
        sc->sc_iss = ack;

        switch (inc->inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6) {
#ifdef INET
        case 0:
                sc->sc_ip_ttl = sotoinpcb(lso)->inp_ip_ttl;
                sc->sc_ip_tos = sotoinpcb(lso)->inp_ip_tos;
                break;
#endif
#ifdef INET6
        case INC_ISIPV6:
                if (sotoinpcb(lso)->inp_flags & IN6P_AUTOFLOWLABEL)
                        sc->sc_flowlabel = sc->sc_iss & IPV6_FLOWLABEL_MASK;
                break;
#endif
        }

        sc->sc_peer_mss = tcp_sc_msstab[cookie.flags.mss_idx];

        /* We can simply recompute receive window scale we sent earlier. */
        while (wscale < TCP_MAX_WINSHIFT && (TCP_MAXWIN << wscale) < sb_max)
                wscale++;

        /* Only use wscale if it was enabled in the orignal SYN. */
        if (cookie.flags.wscale_idx > 0) {
                sc->sc_requested_r_scale = wscale;
                sc->sc_requested_s_scale = tcp_sc_wstab[cookie.flags.wscale_idx];
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_WINSCALE;
        }

        wnd = lso->sol_sbrcv_hiwat;
        wnd = imax(wnd, 0);
        wnd = imin(wnd, TCP_MAXWIN);
        sc->sc_wnd = wnd;

        if (cookie.flags.sack_ok)
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_SACK;

        if (to->to_flags & TOF_TS) {
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_TIMESTAMP;
                sc->sc_tsreflect = to->to_tsval;
                sc->sc_tsoff = to->to_tsecr - tcp_ts_getticks();
        }

        if (to->to_flags & TOF_SIGNATURE)
                sc->sc_flags |= SCF_SIGNATURE;

        sc->sc_rxmits = 0;

        TCPSTAT_INC(tcps_sc_recvcookie);
        return (sc);
}

#ifdef INVARIANTS
static int
syncookie_cmp(struct in_conninfo *inc, struct syncache_head *sch,
    struct syncache *sc, struct tcphdr *th, struct tcpopt *to,
    struct socket *lso)
{
        struct syncache scs, *scx;
        char *s;

        bzero(&scs, sizeof(scs));
        scx = syncookie_lookup(inc, sch, &scs, th, to, lso);

        if ((s = tcp_log_addrs(inc, th, NULL, NULL)) == NULL)
                return (0);

        if (scx != NULL) {
                if (sc->sc_peer_mss != scx->sc_peer_mss)
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: mss different %i vs %i\n",
                            s, __func__, sc->sc_peer_mss, scx->sc_peer_mss);

                if (sc->sc_requested_r_scale != scx->sc_requested_r_scale)
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: rwscale different %i vs %i\n",
                            s, __func__, sc->sc_requested_r_scale,
                            scx->sc_requested_r_scale);

                if (sc->sc_requested_s_scale != scx->sc_requested_s_scale)
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: swscale different %i vs %i\n",
                            s, __func__, sc->sc_requested_s_scale,
                            scx->sc_requested_s_scale);

                if ((sc->sc_flags & SCF_SACK) != (scx->sc_flags & SCF_SACK))
                        log(LOG_DEBUG, "%s; %s: SACK different\n", s, __func__);
        }

        if (s != NULL)
                free(s, M_TCPLOG);
        return (0);
}
#endif /* INVARIANTS */

static void
syncookie_reseed(void *arg)
{
        struct tcp_syncache *sc = arg;
        uint8_t *secbits;
        int secbit;

        /*
         * Reseeding the secret doesn't have to be protected by a lock.
         * It only must be ensured that the new random values are visible
         * to all CPUs in a SMP environment.  The atomic with release
         * semantics ensures that.
         */
        secbit = (sc->secret.oddeven & 0x1) ? 0 : 1;
        secbits = sc->secret.key[secbit];
        arc4rand(secbits, SYNCOOKIE_SECRET_SIZE, 0);
        atomic_add_rel_int(&sc->secret.oddeven, 1);

        /* Reschedule ourself. */
        callout_schedule(&sc->secret.reseed, SYNCOOKIE_LIFETIME * hz);
}

/*
 * Exports the syncache entries to userland so that netstat can display
 * them alongside the other sockets.  This function is intended to be
 * called only from tcp_pcblist.
 *
 * Due to concurrency on an active system, the number of pcbs exported
 * may have no relation to max_pcbs.  max_pcbs merely indicates the
 * amount of space the caller allocated for this function to use.
 */
int
syncache_pcblist(struct sysctl_req *req, int max_pcbs, int *pcbs_exported)
{
        struct xtcpcb xt;
        struct syncache *sc;
        struct syncache_head *sch;
        int count, error, i;

        for (count = 0, error = 0, i = 0; i < V_tcp_syncache.hashsize; i++) {
                sch = &V_tcp_syncache.hashbase[i];
                SCH_LOCK(sch);
                TAILQ_FOREACH(sc, &sch->sch_bucket, sc_hash) {
                        if (count >= max_pcbs) {
                                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                                goto exit;
                        }
                        if (cr_cansee(req->td->td_ucred, sc->sc_cred) != 0)
                                continue;
                        bzero(&xt, sizeof(xt));
                        xt.xt_len = sizeof(xt);
                        if (sc->sc_inc.inc_flags & INC_ISIPV6)
                                xt.xt_inp.inp_vflag = INP_IPV6;
                        else
                                xt.xt_inp.inp_vflag = INP_IPV4;
                        bcopy(&sc->sc_inc, &xt.xt_inp.inp_inc,
                            sizeof (struct in_conninfo));
                        xt.t_state = TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED;
                        xt.xt_inp.xi_socket.xso_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
                        xt.xt_inp.xi_socket.xso_len = sizeof (struct xsocket);
                        xt.xt_inp.xi_socket.so_type = SOCK_STREAM;
                        xt.xt_inp.xi_socket.so_state = SS_ISCONNECTING;
                        error = SYSCTL_OUT(req, &xt, sizeof xt);
                        if (error) {
                                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
                                goto exit;
                        }
                        count++;
                }
                SCH_UNLOCK(sch);
        }
exit:
        *pcbs_exported = count;
        return error;
}