vm pager: writemapping accounting for OBJT_SWAP

[FreeBSD/FreeBSD.git] / sys / vm / uma_core.c

/*-
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-FreeBSD
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2002-2005, 2009, 2013 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org>
 * Copyright (c) 2004, 2005 Bosko Milekic <bmilekic@FreeBSD.org>
 * Copyright (c) 2004-2006 Robert N. M. Watson
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice unmodified, this list of conditions, and the following
 *    disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 * uma_core.c  Implementation of the Universal Memory allocator
 *
 * This allocator is intended to replace the multitude of similar object caches
 * in the standard FreeBSD kernel.  The intent is to be flexible as well as
 * efficient.  A primary design goal is to return unused memory to the rest of
 * the system.  This will make the system as a whole more flexible due to the
 * ability to move memory to subsystems which most need it instead of leaving
 * pools of reserved memory unused.
 *
 * The basic ideas stem from similar slab/zone based allocators whose algorithms
 * are well known.
 *
 */

/*
 * TODO:
 *      - Improve memory usage for large allocations
 *      - Investigate cache size adjustments
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");

#include "opt_ddb.h"
#include "opt_param.h"
#include "opt_vm.h"

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/bitset.h>
#include <sys/domainset.h>
#include <sys/eventhandler.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/limits.h>
#include <sys/queue.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/ktr.h>
#include <sys/lock.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/mutex.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/random.h>
#include <sys/rwlock.h>
#include <sys/sbuf.h>
#include <sys/sched.h>
#include <sys/smp.h>
#include <sys/taskqueue.h>
#include <sys/vmmeter.h>

#include <vm/vm.h>
#include <vm/vm_domainset.h>
#include <vm/vm_object.h>
#include <vm/vm_page.h>
#include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
#include <vm/vm_param.h>
#include <vm/vm_phys.h>
#include <vm/vm_pagequeue.h>
#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_extern.h>
#include <vm/uma.h>
#include <vm/uma_int.h>
#include <vm/uma_dbg.h>

#include <ddb/ddb.h>

#ifdef DEBUG_MEMGUARD
#include <vm/memguard.h>
#endif

/*
 * This is the zone and keg from which all zones are spawned.
 */
static uma_zone_t kegs;
static uma_zone_t zones;

/* This is the zone from which all offpage uma_slab_ts are allocated. */
static uma_zone_t slabzone;

/*
 * The initial hash tables come out of this zone so they can be allocated
 * prior to malloc coming up.
 */
static uma_zone_t hashzone;

/* The boot-time adjusted value for cache line alignment. */
int uma_align_cache = 64 - 1;

static MALLOC_DEFINE(M_UMAHASH, "UMAHash", "UMA Hash Buckets");

/*
 * Are we allowed to allocate buckets?
 */
static int bucketdisable = 1;

/* Linked list of all kegs in the system */
static LIST_HEAD(,uma_keg) uma_kegs = LIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(uma_kegs);

/* Linked list of all cache-only zones in the system */
static LIST_HEAD(,uma_zone) uma_cachezones =
    LIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(uma_cachezones);

/* This RW lock protects the keg list */
static struct rwlock_padalign __exclusive_cache_line uma_rwlock;

/*
 * Pointer and counter to pool of pages, that is preallocated at
 * startup to bootstrap UMA.
 */
static char *bootmem;
static int boot_pages;

static struct sx uma_reclaim_lock;

/*
 * kmem soft limit, initialized by uma_set_limit().  Ensure that early
 * allocations don't trigger a wakeup of the reclaim thread.
 */
static unsigned long uma_kmem_limit = LONG_MAX;
SYSCTL_ULONG(_vm, OID_AUTO, uma_kmem_limit, CTLFLAG_RD, &uma_kmem_limit, 0,
    "UMA kernel memory soft limit");
static unsigned long uma_kmem_total;
SYSCTL_ULONG(_vm, OID_AUTO, uma_kmem_total, CTLFLAG_RD, &uma_kmem_total, 0,
    "UMA kernel memory usage");

/* Is the VM done starting up? */
static enum { BOOT_COLD = 0, BOOT_STRAPPED, BOOT_PAGEALLOC, BOOT_BUCKETS,
    BOOT_RUNNING } booted = BOOT_COLD;

/*
 * This is the handle used to schedule events that need to happen
 * outside of the allocation fast path.
 */
static struct callout uma_callout;
#define UMA_TIMEOUT     20              /* Seconds for callout interval. */

/*
 * This structure is passed as the zone ctor arg so that I don't have to create
 * a special allocation function just for zones.
 */
struct uma_zctor_args {
        const char *name;
        size_t size;
        uma_ctor ctor;
        uma_dtor dtor;
        uma_init uminit;
        uma_fini fini;
        uma_import import;
        uma_release release;
        void *arg;
        uma_keg_t keg;
        int align;
        uint32_t flags;
};

struct uma_kctor_args {
        uma_zone_t zone;
        size_t size;
        uma_init uminit;
        uma_fini fini;
        int align;
        uint32_t flags;
};

struct uma_bucket_zone {
        uma_zone_t      ubz_zone;
        char            *ubz_name;
        int             ubz_entries;    /* Number of items it can hold. */
        int             ubz_maxsize;    /* Maximum allocation size per-item. */
};

/*
 * Compute the actual number of bucket entries to pack them in power
 * of two sizes for more efficient space utilization.
 */
#define BUCKET_SIZE(n)                                          \
    (((sizeof(void *) * (n)) - sizeof(struct uma_bucket)) / sizeof(void *))

#define BUCKET_MAX      BUCKET_SIZE(256)
#define BUCKET_MIN      BUCKET_SIZE(4)

struct uma_bucket_zone bucket_zones[] = {
        { NULL, "4 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(4), 4096 },
        { NULL, "6 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(6), 3072 },
        { NULL, "8 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(8), 2048 },
        { NULL, "12 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(12), 1536 },
        { NULL, "16 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(16), 1024 },
        { NULL, "32 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(32), 512 },
        { NULL, "64 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(64), 256 },
        { NULL, "128 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(128), 128 },
        { NULL, "256 Bucket", BUCKET_SIZE(256), 64 },
        { NULL, NULL, 0}
};

/*
 * Flags and enumerations to be passed to internal functions.
 */
enum zfreeskip {
        SKIP_NONE =     0,
        SKIP_CNT =      0x00000001,
        SKIP_DTOR =     0x00010000,
        SKIP_FINI =     0x00020000,
};

/* Prototypes.. */

int     uma_startup_count(int);
void    uma_startup(void *, int);
void    uma_startup1(void);
void    uma_startup2(void);

static void *noobj_alloc(uma_zone_t, vm_size_t, int, uint8_t *, int);
static void *page_alloc(uma_zone_t, vm_size_t, int, uint8_t *, int);
static void *pcpu_page_alloc(uma_zone_t, vm_size_t, int, uint8_t *, int);
static void *startup_alloc(uma_zone_t, vm_size_t, int, uint8_t *, int);
static void page_free(void *, vm_size_t, uint8_t);
static void pcpu_page_free(void *, vm_size_t, uint8_t);
static uma_slab_t keg_alloc_slab(uma_keg_t, uma_zone_t, int, int, int);
static void cache_drain(uma_zone_t);
static void bucket_drain(uma_zone_t, uma_bucket_t);
static void bucket_cache_reclaim(uma_zone_t zone, bool);
static int keg_ctor(void *, int, void *, int);
static void keg_dtor(void *, int, void *);
static int zone_ctor(void *, int, void *, int);
static void zone_dtor(void *, int, void *);
static int zero_init(void *, int, int);
static void keg_small_init(uma_keg_t keg);
static void keg_large_init(uma_keg_t keg);
static void zone_foreach(void (*zfunc)(uma_zone_t));
static void zone_timeout(uma_zone_t zone);
static int hash_alloc(struct uma_hash *, u_int);
static int hash_expand(struct uma_hash *, struct uma_hash *);
static void hash_free(struct uma_hash *hash);
static void uma_timeout(void *);
static void uma_startup3(void);
static void *zone_alloc_item(uma_zone_t, void *, int, int);
static void *zone_alloc_item_locked(uma_zone_t, void *, int, int);
static void zone_free_item(uma_zone_t, void *, void *, enum zfreeskip);
static void bucket_enable(void);
static void bucket_init(void);
static uma_bucket_t bucket_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, void *, int);
static void bucket_free(uma_zone_t zone, uma_bucket_t, void *);
static void bucket_zone_drain(void);
static uma_bucket_t zone_alloc_bucket(uma_zone_t, void *, int, int, int);
static uma_slab_t zone_fetch_slab(uma_zone_t, uma_keg_t, int, int);
static void *slab_alloc_item(uma_keg_t keg, uma_slab_t slab);
static void slab_free_item(uma_zone_t zone, uma_slab_t slab, void *item);
static uma_keg_t uma_kcreate(uma_zone_t zone, size_t size, uma_init uminit,
    uma_fini fini, int align, uint32_t flags);
static int zone_import(uma_zone_t, void **, int, int, int);
static void zone_release(uma_zone_t, void **, int);
static void uma_zero_item(void *, uma_zone_t);

void uma_print_zone(uma_zone_t);
void uma_print_stats(void);
static int sysctl_vm_zone_count(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS);
static int sysctl_vm_zone_stats(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS);

#ifdef INVARIANTS
static bool uma_dbg_kskip(uma_keg_t keg, void *mem);
static bool uma_dbg_zskip(uma_zone_t zone, void *mem);
static void uma_dbg_free(uma_zone_t zone, uma_slab_t slab, void *item);
static void uma_dbg_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, uma_slab_t slab, void *item);

static SYSCTL_NODE(_vm, OID_AUTO, debug, CTLFLAG_RD, 0,
    "Memory allocation debugging");

static u_int dbg_divisor = 1;
SYSCTL_UINT(_vm_debug, OID_AUTO, divisor,
    CTLFLAG_RDTUN | CTLFLAG_NOFETCH, &dbg_divisor, 0,
    "Debug & thrash every this item in memory allocator");

static counter_u64_t uma_dbg_cnt = EARLY_COUNTER;
static counter_u64_t uma_skip_cnt = EARLY_COUNTER;
SYSCTL_COUNTER_U64(_vm_debug, OID_AUTO, trashed, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &uma_dbg_cnt, "memory items debugged");
SYSCTL_COUNTER_U64(_vm_debug, OID_AUTO, skipped, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &uma_skip_cnt, "memory items skipped, not debugged");
#endif

SYSINIT(uma_startup3, SI_SUB_VM_CONF, SI_ORDER_SECOND, uma_startup3, NULL);

SYSCTL_PROC(_vm, OID_AUTO, zone_count, CTLFLAG_RD|CTLTYPE_INT,
    0, 0, sysctl_vm_zone_count, "I", "Number of UMA zones");

SYSCTL_PROC(_vm, OID_AUTO, zone_stats, CTLFLAG_RD|CTLTYPE_STRUCT,
    0, 0, sysctl_vm_zone_stats, "s,struct uma_type_header", "Zone Stats");

static int zone_warnings = 1;
SYSCTL_INT(_vm, OID_AUTO, zone_warnings, CTLFLAG_RWTUN, &zone_warnings, 0,
    "Warn when UMA zones becomes full");

/* Adjust bytes under management by UMA. */
static inline void
uma_total_dec(unsigned long size)
{

        atomic_subtract_long(&uma_kmem_total, size);
}

static inline void
uma_total_inc(unsigned long size)
{

        if (atomic_fetchadd_long(&uma_kmem_total, size) > uma_kmem_limit)
                uma_reclaim_wakeup();
}

/*
 * This routine checks to see whether or not it's safe to enable buckets.
 */
static void
bucket_enable(void)
{
        bucketdisable = vm_page_count_min();
}

/*
 * Initialize bucket_zones, the array of zones of buckets of various sizes.
 *
 * For each zone, calculate the memory required for each bucket, consisting
 * of the header and an array of pointers.
 */
static void
bucket_init(void)
{
        struct uma_bucket_zone *ubz;
        int size;

        for (ubz = &bucket_zones[0]; ubz->ubz_entries != 0; ubz++) {
                size = roundup(sizeof(struct uma_bucket), sizeof(void *));
                size += sizeof(void *) * ubz->ubz_entries;
                ubz->ubz_zone = uma_zcreate(ubz->ubz_name, size,
                    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, UMA_ALIGN_PTR,
                    UMA_ZONE_MTXCLASS | UMA_ZFLAG_BUCKET | UMA_ZONE_NUMA);
        }
}

/*
 * Given a desired number of entries for a bucket, return the zone from which
 * to allocate the bucket.
 */
static struct uma_bucket_zone *
bucket_zone_lookup(int entries)
{
        struct uma_bucket_zone *ubz;

        for (ubz = &bucket_zones[0]; ubz->ubz_entries != 0; ubz++)
                if (ubz->ubz_entries >= entries)
                        return (ubz);
        ubz--;
        return (ubz);
}

static int
bucket_select(int size)
{
        struct uma_bucket_zone *ubz;

        ubz = &bucket_zones[0];
        if (size > ubz->ubz_maxsize)
                return MAX((ubz->ubz_maxsize * ubz->ubz_entries) / size, 1);

        for (; ubz->ubz_entries != 0; ubz++)
                if (ubz->ubz_maxsize < size)
                        break;
        ubz--;
        return (ubz->ubz_entries);
}

static uma_bucket_t
bucket_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, void *udata, int flags)
{
        struct uma_bucket_zone *ubz;
        uma_bucket_t bucket;

        /*
         * This is to stop us from allocating per cpu buckets while we're
         * running out of vm.boot_pages.  Otherwise, we would exhaust the
         * boot pages.  This also prevents us from allocating buckets in
         * low memory situations.
         */
        if (bucketdisable)
                return (NULL);
        /*
         * To limit bucket recursion we store the original zone flags
         * in a cookie passed via zalloc_arg/zfree_arg.  This allows the
         * NOVM flag to persist even through deep recursions.  We also
         * store ZFLAG_BUCKET once we have recursed attempting to allocate
         * a bucket for a bucket zone so we do not allow infinite bucket
         * recursion.  This cookie will even persist to frees of unused
         * buckets via the allocation path or bucket allocations in the
         * free path.
         */
        if ((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_BUCKET) == 0)
                udata = (void *)(uintptr_t)zone->uz_flags;
        else {
                if ((uintptr_t)udata & UMA_ZFLAG_BUCKET)
                        return (NULL);
                udata = (void *)((uintptr_t)udata | UMA_ZFLAG_BUCKET);
        }
        if ((uintptr_t)udata & UMA_ZFLAG_CACHEONLY)
                flags |= M_NOVM;
        ubz = bucket_zone_lookup(zone->uz_count);
        if (ubz->ubz_zone == zone && (ubz + 1)->ubz_entries != 0)
                ubz++;
        bucket = uma_zalloc_arg(ubz->ubz_zone, udata, flags);
        if (bucket) {
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                bzero(bucket->ub_bucket, sizeof(void *) * ubz->ubz_entries);
#endif
                bucket->ub_cnt = 0;
                bucket->ub_entries = ubz->ubz_entries;
        }

        return (bucket);
}

static void
bucket_free(uma_zone_t zone, uma_bucket_t bucket, void *udata)
{
        struct uma_bucket_zone *ubz;

        KASSERT(bucket->ub_cnt == 0,
            ("bucket_free: Freeing a non free bucket."));
        if ((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_BUCKET) == 0)
                udata = (void *)(uintptr_t)zone->uz_flags;
        ubz = bucket_zone_lookup(bucket->ub_entries);
        uma_zfree_arg(ubz->ubz_zone, bucket, udata);
}

static void
bucket_zone_drain(void)
{
        struct uma_bucket_zone *ubz;

        for (ubz = &bucket_zones[0]; ubz->ubz_entries != 0; ubz++)
                uma_zone_reclaim(ubz->ubz_zone, UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN);
}

/*
 * Attempt to satisfy an allocation by retrieving a full bucket from one of the
 * zone's caches.
 */
static uma_bucket_t
zone_fetch_bucket(uma_zone_t zone, uma_zone_domain_t zdom)
{
        uma_bucket_t bucket;

        ZONE_LOCK_ASSERT(zone);

        if ((bucket = TAILQ_FIRST(&zdom->uzd_buckets)) != NULL) {
                MPASS(zdom->uzd_nitems >= bucket->ub_cnt);
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&zdom->uzd_buckets, bucket, ub_link);
                zdom->uzd_nitems -= bucket->ub_cnt;
                if (zdom->uzd_imin > zdom->uzd_nitems)
                        zdom->uzd_imin = zdom->uzd_nitems;
                zone->uz_bkt_count -= bucket->ub_cnt;
        }
        return (bucket);
}

/*
 * Insert a full bucket into the specified cache.  The "ws" parameter indicates
 * whether the bucket's contents should be counted as part of the zone's working
 * set.
 */
static void
zone_put_bucket(uma_zone_t zone, uma_zone_domain_t zdom, uma_bucket_t bucket,
    const bool ws)
{

        ZONE_LOCK_ASSERT(zone);
        KASSERT(zone->uz_bkt_count < zone->uz_bkt_max, ("%s: zone %p overflow",
            __func__, zone));

        if (ws)
                TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&zdom->uzd_buckets, bucket, ub_link);
        else
                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&zdom->uzd_buckets, bucket, ub_link);
        zdom->uzd_nitems += bucket->ub_cnt;
        if (ws && zdom->uzd_imax < zdom->uzd_nitems)
                zdom->uzd_imax = zdom->uzd_nitems;
        zone->uz_bkt_count += bucket->ub_cnt;
}

static void
zone_log_warning(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        static const struct timeval warninterval = { 300, 0 };

        if (!zone_warnings || zone->uz_warning == NULL)
                return;

        if (ratecheck(&zone->uz_ratecheck, &warninterval))
                printf("[zone: %s] %s\n", zone->uz_name, zone->uz_warning);
}

static inline void
zone_maxaction(uma_zone_t zone)
{

        if (zone->uz_maxaction.ta_func != NULL)
                taskqueue_enqueue(taskqueue_thread, &zone->uz_maxaction);
}

/*
 * Routine called by timeout which is used to fire off some time interval
 * based calculations.  (stats, hash size, etc.)
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      arg   Unused
 *
 * Returns:
 *      Nothing
 */
static void
uma_timeout(void *unused)
{
        bucket_enable();
        zone_foreach(zone_timeout);

        /* Reschedule this event */
        callout_reset(&uma_callout, UMA_TIMEOUT * hz, uma_timeout, NULL);
}

/*
 * Update the working set size estimate for the zone's bucket cache.
 * The constants chosen here are somewhat arbitrary.  With an update period of
 * 20s (UMA_TIMEOUT), this estimate is dominated by zone activity over the
 * last 100s.
 */
static void
zone_domain_update_wss(uma_zone_domain_t zdom)
{
        long wss;

        MPASS(zdom->uzd_imax >= zdom->uzd_imin);
        wss = zdom->uzd_imax - zdom->uzd_imin;
        zdom->uzd_imax = zdom->uzd_imin = zdom->uzd_nitems;
        zdom->uzd_wss = (4 * wss + zdom->uzd_wss) / 5;
}

/*
 * Routine to perform timeout driven calculations.  This expands the
 * hashes and does per cpu statistics aggregation.
 *
 *  Returns nothing.
 */
static void
zone_timeout(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        uma_keg_t keg = zone->uz_keg;
        u_int slabs;

        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        /*
         * Expand the keg hash table.
         *
         * This is done if the number of slabs is larger than the hash size.
         * What I'm trying to do here is completely reduce collisions.  This
         * may be a little aggressive.  Should I allow for two collisions max?
         */
        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_HASH &&
            (slabs = keg->uk_pages / keg->uk_ppera) >
             keg->uk_hash.uh_hashsize) {
                struct uma_hash newhash;
                struct uma_hash oldhash;
                int ret;

                /*
                 * This is so involved because allocating and freeing
                 * while the keg lock is held will lead to deadlock.
                 * I have to do everything in stages and check for
                 * races.
                 */
                KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
                ret = hash_alloc(&newhash, 1 << fls(slabs));
                KEG_LOCK(keg);
                if (ret) {
                        if (hash_expand(&keg->uk_hash, &newhash)) {
                                oldhash = keg->uk_hash;
                                keg->uk_hash = newhash;
                        } else
                                oldhash = newhash;

                        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
                        hash_free(&oldhash);
                        return;
                }
        }
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        for (int i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++)
                zone_domain_update_wss(&zone->uz_domain[i]);
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
}

/*
 * Allocate and zero fill the next sized hash table from the appropriate
 * backing store.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      hash  A new hash structure with the old hash size in uh_hashsize
 *
 * Returns:
 *      1 on success and 0 on failure.
 */
static int
hash_alloc(struct uma_hash *hash, u_int size)
{
        size_t alloc;

        KASSERT(powerof2(size), ("hash size must be power of 2"));
        if (size > UMA_HASH_SIZE_INIT)  {
                hash->uh_hashsize = size;
                alloc = sizeof(hash->uh_slab_hash[0]) * hash->uh_hashsize;
                hash->uh_slab_hash = (struct slabhead *)malloc(alloc,
                    M_UMAHASH, M_NOWAIT);
        } else {
                alloc = sizeof(hash->uh_slab_hash[0]) * UMA_HASH_SIZE_INIT;
                hash->uh_slab_hash = zone_alloc_item(hashzone, NULL,
                    UMA_ANYDOMAIN, M_WAITOK);
                hash->uh_hashsize = UMA_HASH_SIZE_INIT;
        }
        if (hash->uh_slab_hash) {
                bzero(hash->uh_slab_hash, alloc);
                hash->uh_hashmask = hash->uh_hashsize - 1;
                return (1);
        }

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Expands the hash table for HASH zones.  This is done from zone_timeout
 * to reduce collisions.  This must not be done in the regular allocation
 * path, otherwise, we can recurse on the vm while allocating pages.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      oldhash  The hash you want to expand
 *      newhash  The hash structure for the new table
 *
 * Returns:
 *      Nothing
 *
 * Discussion:
 */
static int
hash_expand(struct uma_hash *oldhash, struct uma_hash *newhash)
{
        uma_slab_t slab;
        u_int hval;
        u_int idx;

        if (!newhash->uh_slab_hash)
                return (0);

        if (oldhash->uh_hashsize >= newhash->uh_hashsize)
                return (0);

        /*
         * I need to investigate hash algorithms for resizing without a
         * full rehash.
         */

        for (idx = 0; idx < oldhash->uh_hashsize; idx++)
                while (!SLIST_EMPTY(&oldhash->uh_slab_hash[idx])) {
                        slab = SLIST_FIRST(&oldhash->uh_slab_hash[idx]);
                        SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(&oldhash->uh_slab_hash[idx], us_hlink);
                        hval = UMA_HASH(newhash, slab->us_data);
                        SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&newhash->uh_slab_hash[hval],
                            slab, us_hlink);
                }

        return (1);
}

/*
 * Free the hash bucket to the appropriate backing store.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      slab_hash  The hash bucket we're freeing
 *      hashsize   The number of entries in that hash bucket
 *
 * Returns:
 *      Nothing
 */
static void
hash_free(struct uma_hash *hash)
{
        if (hash->uh_slab_hash == NULL)
                return;
        if (hash->uh_hashsize == UMA_HASH_SIZE_INIT)
                zone_free_item(hashzone, hash->uh_slab_hash, NULL, SKIP_NONE);
        else
                free(hash->uh_slab_hash, M_UMAHASH);
}

/*
 * Frees all outstanding items in a bucket
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      zone   The zone to free to, must be unlocked.
 *      bucket The free/alloc bucket with items, cpu queue must be locked.
 *
 * Returns:
 *      Nothing
 */

static void
bucket_drain(uma_zone_t zone, uma_bucket_t bucket)
{
        int i;

        if (bucket == NULL)
                return;

        if (zone->uz_fini)
                for (i = 0; i < bucket->ub_cnt; i++) 
                        zone->uz_fini(bucket->ub_bucket[i], zone->uz_size);
        zone->uz_release(zone->uz_arg, bucket->ub_bucket, bucket->ub_cnt);
        if (zone->uz_max_items > 0) {
                ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                zone->uz_items -= bucket->ub_cnt;
                if (zone->uz_sleepers && zone->uz_items < zone->uz_max_items)
                        wakeup_one(zone);
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
        }
        bucket->ub_cnt = 0;
}

/*
 * Drains the per cpu caches for a zone.
 *
 * NOTE: This may only be called while the zone is being turn down, and not
 * during normal operation.  This is necessary in order that we do not have
 * to migrate CPUs to drain the per-CPU caches.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      zone     The zone to drain, must be unlocked.
 *
 * Returns:
 *      Nothing
 */
static void
cache_drain(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        uma_cache_t cache;
        int cpu;

        /*
         * XXX: It is safe to not lock the per-CPU caches, because we're
         * tearing down the zone anyway.  I.e., there will be no further use
         * of the caches at this point.
         *
         * XXX: It would good to be able to assert that the zone is being
         * torn down to prevent improper use of cache_drain().
         *
         * XXX: We lock the zone before passing into bucket_cache_reclaim() as
         * it is used elsewhere.  Should the tear-down path be made special
         * there in some form?
         */
        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
                cache = &zone->uz_cpu[cpu];
                bucket_drain(zone, cache->uc_allocbucket);
                if (cache->uc_allocbucket != NULL)
                        bucket_free(zone, cache->uc_allocbucket, NULL);
                cache->uc_allocbucket = NULL;
                bucket_drain(zone, cache->uc_freebucket);
                if (cache->uc_freebucket != NULL)
                        bucket_free(zone, cache->uc_freebucket, NULL);
                cache->uc_freebucket = NULL;
                bucket_drain(zone, cache->uc_crossbucket);
                if (cache->uc_crossbucket != NULL)
                        bucket_free(zone, cache->uc_crossbucket, NULL);
                cache->uc_crossbucket = NULL;
        }
        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        bucket_cache_reclaim(zone, true);
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
}

static void
cache_shrink(uma_zone_t zone)
{

        if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL)
                return;

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        zone->uz_count = (zone->uz_count_min + zone->uz_count) / 2;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
}

static void
cache_drain_safe_cpu(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        uma_cache_t cache;
        uma_bucket_t b1, b2, b3;
        int domain;

        if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL)
                return;

        b1 = b2 = b3 = NULL;
        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        critical_enter();
        if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA)
                domain = PCPU_GET(domain);
        else
                domain = 0;
        cache = &zone->uz_cpu[curcpu];
        if (cache->uc_allocbucket) {
                if (cache->uc_allocbucket->ub_cnt != 0)
                        zone_put_bucket(zone, &zone->uz_domain[domain],
                            cache->uc_allocbucket, false);
                else
                        b1 = cache->uc_allocbucket;
                cache->uc_allocbucket = NULL;
        }
        if (cache->uc_freebucket) {
                if (cache->uc_freebucket->ub_cnt != 0)
                        zone_put_bucket(zone, &zone->uz_domain[domain],
                            cache->uc_freebucket, false);
                else
                        b2 = cache->uc_freebucket;
                cache->uc_freebucket = NULL;
        }
        b3 = cache->uc_crossbucket;
        cache->uc_crossbucket = NULL;
        critical_exit();
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
        if (b1)
                bucket_free(zone, b1, NULL);
        if (b2)
                bucket_free(zone, b2, NULL);
        if (b3) {
                bucket_drain(zone, b3);
                bucket_free(zone, b3, NULL);
        }
}

/*
 * Safely drain per-CPU caches of a zone(s) to alloc bucket.
 * This is an expensive call because it needs to bind to all CPUs
 * one by one and enter a critical section on each of them in order
 * to safely access their cache buckets.
 * Zone lock must not be held on call this function.
 */
static void
pcpu_cache_drain_safe(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        int cpu;

        /*
         * Polite bucket sizes shrinking was not enouth, shrink aggressively.
         */
        if (zone)
                cache_shrink(zone);
        else
                zone_foreach(cache_shrink);

        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
                thread_lock(curthread);
                sched_bind(curthread, cpu);
                thread_unlock(curthread);

                if (zone)
                        cache_drain_safe_cpu(zone);
                else
                        zone_foreach(cache_drain_safe_cpu);
        }
        thread_lock(curthread);
        sched_unbind(curthread);
        thread_unlock(curthread);
}

/*
 * Reclaim cached buckets from a zone.  All buckets are reclaimed if the caller
 * requested a drain, otherwise the per-domain caches are trimmed to either
 * estimated working set size.
 */
static void
bucket_cache_reclaim(uma_zone_t zone, bool drain)
{
        uma_zone_domain_t zdom;
        uma_bucket_t bucket;
        long target, tofree;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++) {
                zdom = &zone->uz_domain[i];

                /*
                 * If we were asked to drain the zone, we are done only once
                 * this bucket cache is empty.  Otherwise, we reclaim items in
                 * excess of the zone's estimated working set size.  If the
                 * difference nitems - imin is larger than the WSS estimate,
                 * then the estimate will grow at the end of this interval and
                 * we ignore the historical average.
                 */
                target = drain ? 0 : lmax(zdom->uzd_wss, zdom->uzd_nitems -
                    zdom->uzd_imin);
                while (zdom->uzd_nitems > target) {
                        bucket = TAILQ_LAST(&zdom->uzd_buckets, uma_bucketlist);
                        if (bucket == NULL)
                                break;
                        tofree = bucket->ub_cnt;
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&zdom->uzd_buckets, bucket, ub_link);
                        zdom->uzd_nitems -= tofree;

                        /*
                         * Shift the bounds of the current WSS interval to avoid
                         * perturbing the estimate.
                         */
                        zdom->uzd_imax -= lmin(zdom->uzd_imax, tofree);
                        zdom->uzd_imin -= lmin(zdom->uzd_imin, tofree);

                        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                        bucket_drain(zone, bucket);
                        bucket_free(zone, bucket, NULL);
                        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Shrink the zone bucket size to ensure that the per-CPU caches
         * don't grow too large.
         */
        if (zone->uz_count > zone->uz_count_min)
                zone->uz_count--;
}

static void
keg_free_slab(uma_keg_t keg, uma_slab_t slab, int start)
{
        uint8_t *mem;
        int i;
        uint8_t flags;

        CTR4(KTR_UMA, "keg_free_slab keg %s(%p) slab %p, returning %d bytes",
            keg->uk_name, keg, slab, PAGE_SIZE * keg->uk_ppera);

        mem = slab->us_data;
        flags = slab->us_flags;
        i = start;
        if (keg->uk_fini != NULL) {
                for (i--; i > -1; i--)
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                /*
                 * trash_fini implies that dtor was trash_dtor. trash_fini
                 * would check that memory hasn't been modified since free,
                 * which executed trash_dtor.
                 * That's why we need to run uma_dbg_kskip() check here,
                 * albeit we don't make skip check for other init/fini
                 * invocations.
                 */
                if (!uma_dbg_kskip(keg, slab->us_data + (keg->uk_rsize * i)) ||
                    keg->uk_fini != trash_fini)
#endif
                        keg->uk_fini(slab->us_data + (keg->uk_rsize * i),
                            keg->uk_size);
        }
        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE)
                zone_free_item(keg->uk_slabzone, slab, NULL, SKIP_NONE);
        keg->uk_freef(mem, PAGE_SIZE * keg->uk_ppera, flags);
        uma_total_dec(PAGE_SIZE * keg->uk_ppera);
}

/*
 * Frees pages from a keg back to the system.  This is done on demand from
 * the pageout daemon.
 *
 * Returns nothing.
 */
static void
keg_drain(uma_keg_t keg)
{
        struct slabhead freeslabs = { 0 };
        uma_domain_t dom;
        uma_slab_t slab, tmp;
        int i;

        /*
         * We don't want to take pages from statically allocated kegs at this
         * time
         */
        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_NOFREE || keg->uk_freef == NULL)
                return;

        CTR3(KTR_UMA, "keg_drain %s(%p) free items: %u",
            keg->uk_name, keg, keg->uk_free);
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        if (keg->uk_free == 0)
                goto finished;

        for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++) {
                dom = &keg->uk_domain[i];
                LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(slab, &dom->ud_free_slab, us_link, tmp) {
                        /* We have nowhere to free these to. */
                        if (slab->us_flags & UMA_SLAB_BOOT)
                                continue;

                        LIST_REMOVE(slab, us_link);
                        keg->uk_pages -= keg->uk_ppera;
                        keg->uk_free -= keg->uk_ipers;

                        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_HASH)
                                UMA_HASH_REMOVE(&keg->uk_hash, slab,
                                    slab->us_data);

                        SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&freeslabs, slab, us_hlink);
                }
        }

finished:
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);

        while ((slab = SLIST_FIRST(&freeslabs)) != NULL) {
                SLIST_REMOVE(&freeslabs, slab, uma_slab, us_hlink);
                keg_free_slab(keg, slab, keg->uk_ipers);
        }
}

static void
zone_reclaim(uma_zone_t zone, int waitok, bool drain)
{

        /*
         * Set draining to interlock with zone_dtor() so we can release our
         * locks as we go.  Only dtor() should do a WAITOK call since it
         * is the only call that knows the structure will still be available
         * when it wakes up.
         */
        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        while (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_RECLAIMING) {
                if (waitok == M_NOWAIT)
                        goto out;
                msleep(zone, zone->uz_lockptr, PVM, "zonedrain", 1);
        }
        zone->uz_flags |= UMA_ZFLAG_RECLAIMING;
        bucket_cache_reclaim(zone, drain);
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        /*
         * The DRAINING flag protects us from being freed while
         * we're running.  Normally the uma_rwlock would protect us but we
         * must be able to release and acquire the right lock for each keg.
         */
        keg_drain(zone->uz_keg);
        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        zone->uz_flags &= ~UMA_ZFLAG_RECLAIMING;
        wakeup(zone);
out:
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
}

static void
zone_drain(uma_zone_t zone)
{

        zone_reclaim(zone, M_NOWAIT, true);
}

static void
zone_trim(uma_zone_t zone)
{

        zone_reclaim(zone, M_NOWAIT, false);
}

/*
 * Allocate a new slab for a keg.  This does not insert the slab onto a list.
 * If the allocation was successful, the keg lock will be held upon return,
 * otherwise the keg will be left unlocked.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      flags   Wait flags for the item initialization routine
 *      aflags  Wait flags for the slab allocation
 *
 * Returns:
 *      The slab that was allocated or NULL if there is no memory and the
 *      caller specified M_NOWAIT.
 */
static uma_slab_t
keg_alloc_slab(uma_keg_t keg, uma_zone_t zone, int domain, int flags,
    int aflags)
{
        uma_alloc allocf;
        uma_slab_t slab;
        unsigned long size;
        uint8_t *mem;
        uint8_t sflags;
        int i;

        KASSERT(domain >= 0 && domain < vm_ndomains,
            ("keg_alloc_slab: domain %d out of range", domain));
        KEG_LOCK_ASSERT(keg);
        MPASS(zone->uz_lockptr == &keg->uk_lock);

        allocf = keg->uk_allocf;
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);

        slab = NULL;
        mem = NULL;
        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE) {
                slab = zone_alloc_item(keg->uk_slabzone, NULL, domain, aflags);
                if (slab == NULL)
                        goto out;
        }

        /*
         * This reproduces the old vm_zone behavior of zero filling pages the
         * first time they are added to a zone.
         *
         * Malloced items are zeroed in uma_zalloc.
         */

        if ((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_MALLOC) == 0)
                aflags |= M_ZERO;
        else
                aflags &= ~M_ZERO;

        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_NODUMP)
                aflags |= M_NODUMP;

        /* zone is passed for legacy reasons. */
        size = keg->uk_ppera * PAGE_SIZE;
        mem = allocf(zone, size, domain, &sflags, aflags);
        if (mem == NULL) {
                if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE)
                        zone_free_item(keg->uk_slabzone, slab, NULL, SKIP_NONE);
                slab = NULL;
                goto out;
        }
        uma_total_inc(size);

        /* Point the slab into the allocated memory */
        if (!(keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE))
                slab = (uma_slab_t )(mem + keg->uk_pgoff);

        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_VTOSLAB)
                for (i = 0; i < keg->uk_ppera; i++)
                        vsetslab((vm_offset_t)mem + (i * PAGE_SIZE), slab);

        slab->us_keg = keg;
        slab->us_data = mem;
        slab->us_freecount = keg->uk_ipers;
        slab->us_flags = sflags;
        slab->us_domain = domain;
        BIT_FILL(SLAB_SETSIZE, &slab->us_free);
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        BIT_ZERO(SLAB_SETSIZE, &slab->us_debugfree);
#endif

        if (keg->uk_init != NULL) {
                for (i = 0; i < keg->uk_ipers; i++)
                        if (keg->uk_init(slab->us_data + (keg->uk_rsize * i),
                            keg->uk_size, flags) != 0)
                                break;
                if (i != keg->uk_ipers) {
                        keg_free_slab(keg, slab, i);
                        slab = NULL;
                        goto out;
                }
        }
        KEG_LOCK(keg);

        CTR3(KTR_UMA, "keg_alloc_slab: allocated slab %p for %s(%p)",
            slab, keg->uk_name, keg);

        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_HASH)
                UMA_HASH_INSERT(&keg->uk_hash, slab, mem);

        keg->uk_pages += keg->uk_ppera;
        keg->uk_free += keg->uk_ipers;

out:
        return (slab);
}

/*
 * This function is intended to be used early on in place of page_alloc() so
 * that we may use the boot time page cache to satisfy allocations before
 * the VM is ready.
 */
static void *
startup_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, vm_size_t bytes, int domain, uint8_t *pflag,
    int wait)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;
        void *mem;
        int pages;

        keg = zone->uz_keg;
        /*
         * If we are in BOOT_BUCKETS or higher, than switch to real
         * allocator.  Zones with page sized slabs switch at BOOT_PAGEALLOC.
         */
        switch (booted) {
                case BOOT_COLD:
                case BOOT_STRAPPED:
                        break;
                case BOOT_PAGEALLOC:
                        if (keg->uk_ppera > 1)
                                break;
                case BOOT_BUCKETS:
                case BOOT_RUNNING:
#ifdef UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC
                        keg->uk_allocf = (keg->uk_ppera > 1) ?
                            page_alloc : uma_small_alloc;
#else
                        keg->uk_allocf = page_alloc;
#endif
                        return keg->uk_allocf(zone, bytes, domain, pflag, wait);
        }

        /*
         * Check our small startup cache to see if it has pages remaining.
         */
        pages = howmany(bytes, PAGE_SIZE);
        KASSERT(pages > 0, ("%s can't reserve 0 pages", __func__));
        if (pages > boot_pages)
                panic("UMA zone \"%s\": Increase vm.boot_pages", zone->uz_name);
#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
        printf("%s from \"%s\", %d boot pages left\n", __func__, zone->uz_name,
            boot_pages);
#endif
        mem = bootmem;
        boot_pages -= pages;
        bootmem += pages * PAGE_SIZE;
        *pflag = UMA_SLAB_BOOT;

        return (mem);
}

/*
 * Allocates a number of pages from the system
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      bytes  The number of bytes requested
 *      wait  Shall we wait?
 *
 * Returns:
 *      A pointer to the alloced memory or possibly
 *      NULL if M_NOWAIT is set.
 */
static void *
page_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, vm_size_t bytes, int domain, uint8_t *pflag,
    int wait)
{
        void *p;        /* Returned page */

        *pflag = UMA_SLAB_KERNEL;
        p = (void *)kmem_malloc_domainset(DOMAINSET_FIXED(domain), bytes, wait);

        return (p);
}

static void *
pcpu_page_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, vm_size_t bytes, int domain, uint8_t *pflag,
    int wait)
{
        struct pglist alloctail;
        vm_offset_t addr, zkva;
        int cpu, flags;
        vm_page_t p, p_next;
#ifdef NUMA
        struct pcpu *pc;
#endif

        MPASS(bytes == (mp_maxid + 1) * PAGE_SIZE);

        TAILQ_INIT(&alloctail);
        flags = VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM | VM_ALLOC_WIRED | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ |
            malloc2vm_flags(wait);
        *pflag = UMA_SLAB_KERNEL;
        for (cpu = 0; cpu <= mp_maxid; cpu++) {
                if (CPU_ABSENT(cpu)) {
                        p = vm_page_alloc(NULL, 0, flags);
                } else {
#ifndef NUMA
                        p = vm_page_alloc(NULL, 0, flags);
#else
                        pc = pcpu_find(cpu);
                        p = vm_page_alloc_domain(NULL, 0, pc->pc_domain, flags);
                        if (__predict_false(p == NULL))
                                p = vm_page_alloc(NULL, 0, flags);
#endif
                }
                if (__predict_false(p == NULL))
                        goto fail;
                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&alloctail, p, listq);
        }
        if ((addr = kva_alloc(bytes)) == 0)
                goto fail;
        zkva = addr;
        TAILQ_FOREACH(p, &alloctail, listq) {
                pmap_qenter(zkva, &p, 1);
                zkva += PAGE_SIZE;
        }
        return ((void*)addr);
fail:
        TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(p, &alloctail, listq, p_next) {
                vm_page_unwire_noq(p);
                vm_page_free(p);
        }
        return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Allocates a number of pages from within an object
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      bytes  The number of bytes requested
 *      wait   Shall we wait?
 *
 * Returns:
 *      A pointer to the alloced memory or possibly
 *      NULL if M_NOWAIT is set.
 */
static void *
noobj_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, vm_size_t bytes, int domain, uint8_t *flags,
    int wait)
{
        TAILQ_HEAD(, vm_page) alloctail;
        u_long npages;
        vm_offset_t retkva, zkva;
        vm_page_t p, p_next;
        uma_keg_t keg;

        TAILQ_INIT(&alloctail);
        keg = zone->uz_keg;

        npages = howmany(bytes, PAGE_SIZE);
        while (npages > 0) {
                p = vm_page_alloc_domain(NULL, 0, domain, VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT |
                    VM_ALLOC_WIRED | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ |
                    ((wait & M_WAITOK) != 0 ? VM_ALLOC_WAITOK :
                    VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT));
                if (p != NULL) {
                        /*
                         * Since the page does not belong to an object, its
                         * listq is unused.
                         */
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&alloctail, p, listq);
                        npages--;
                        continue;
                }
                /*
                 * Page allocation failed, free intermediate pages and
                 * exit.
                 */
                TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(p, &alloctail, listq, p_next) {
                        vm_page_unwire_noq(p);
                        vm_page_free(p); 
                }
                return (NULL);
        }
        *flags = UMA_SLAB_PRIV;
        zkva = keg->uk_kva +
            atomic_fetchadd_long(&keg->uk_offset, round_page(bytes));
        retkva = zkva;
        TAILQ_FOREACH(p, &alloctail, listq) {
                pmap_qenter(zkva, &p, 1);
                zkva += PAGE_SIZE;
        }

        return ((void *)retkva);
}

/*
 * Frees a number of pages to the system
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      mem   A pointer to the memory to be freed
 *      size  The size of the memory being freed
 *      flags The original p->us_flags field
 *
 * Returns:
 *      Nothing
 */
static void
page_free(void *mem, vm_size_t size, uint8_t flags)
{

        if ((flags & UMA_SLAB_KERNEL) == 0)
                panic("UMA: page_free used with invalid flags %x", flags);

        kmem_free((vm_offset_t)mem, size);
}

/*
 * Frees pcpu zone allocations
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      mem   A pointer to the memory to be freed
 *      size  The size of the memory being freed
 *      flags The original p->us_flags field
 *
 * Returns:
 *      Nothing
 */
static void
pcpu_page_free(void *mem, vm_size_t size, uint8_t flags)
{
        vm_offset_t sva, curva;
        vm_paddr_t paddr;
        vm_page_t m;

        MPASS(size == (mp_maxid+1)*PAGE_SIZE);
        sva = (vm_offset_t)mem;
        for (curva = sva; curva < sva + size; curva += PAGE_SIZE) {
                paddr = pmap_kextract(curva);
                m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(paddr);
                vm_page_unwire_noq(m);
                vm_page_free(m);
        }
        pmap_qremove(sva, size >> PAGE_SHIFT);
        kva_free(sva, size);
}


/*
 * Zero fill initializer
 *
 * Arguments/Returns follow uma_init specifications
 */
static int
zero_init(void *mem, int size, int flags)
{
        bzero(mem, size);
        return (0);
}

/*
 * Finish creating a small uma keg.  This calculates ipers, and the keg size.
 *
 * Arguments
 *      keg  The zone we should initialize
 *
 * Returns
 *      Nothing
 */
static void
keg_small_init(uma_keg_t keg)
{
        u_int rsize;
        u_int memused;
        u_int wastedspace;
        u_int shsize;
        u_int slabsize;

        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU) {
                u_int ncpus = (mp_maxid + 1) ? (mp_maxid + 1) : MAXCPU;

                slabsize = UMA_PCPU_ALLOC_SIZE;
                keg->uk_ppera = ncpus;
        } else {
                slabsize = UMA_SLAB_SIZE;
                keg->uk_ppera = 1;
        }

        /*
         * Calculate the size of each allocation (rsize) according to
         * alignment.  If the requested size is smaller than we have
         * allocation bits for we round it up.
         */
        rsize = keg->uk_size;
        if (rsize < slabsize / SLAB_SETSIZE)
                rsize = slabsize / SLAB_SETSIZE;
        if (rsize & keg->uk_align)
                rsize = (rsize & ~keg->uk_align) + (keg->uk_align + 1);
        keg->uk_rsize = rsize;

        KASSERT((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU) == 0 ||
            keg->uk_rsize < UMA_PCPU_ALLOC_SIZE,
            ("%s: size %u too large", __func__, keg->uk_rsize));

        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE)
                shsize = 0;
        else 
                shsize = SIZEOF_UMA_SLAB;

        if (rsize <= slabsize - shsize)
                keg->uk_ipers = (slabsize - shsize) / rsize;
        else {
                /* Handle special case when we have 1 item per slab, so
                 * alignment requirement can be relaxed. */
                KASSERT(keg->uk_size <= slabsize - shsize,
                    ("%s: size %u greater than slab", __func__, keg->uk_size));
                keg->uk_ipers = 1;
        }
        KASSERT(keg->uk_ipers > 0 && keg->uk_ipers <= SLAB_SETSIZE,
            ("%s: keg->uk_ipers %u", __func__, keg->uk_ipers));

        memused = keg->uk_ipers * rsize + shsize;
        wastedspace = slabsize - memused;

        /*
         * We can't do OFFPAGE if we're internal or if we've been
         * asked to not go to the VM for buckets.  If we do this we
         * may end up going to the VM  for slabs which we do not
         * want to do if we're UMA_ZFLAG_CACHEONLY as a result
         * of UMA_ZONE_VM, which clearly forbids it.
         */
        if ((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL) ||
            (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_CACHEONLY))
                return;

        /*
         * See if using an OFFPAGE slab will limit our waste.  Only do
         * this if it permits more items per-slab.
         *
         * XXX We could try growing slabsize to limit max waste as well.
         * Historically this was not done because the VM could not
         * efficiently handle contiguous allocations.
         */
        if ((wastedspace >= slabsize / UMA_MAX_WASTE) &&
            (keg->uk_ipers < (slabsize / keg->uk_rsize))) {
                keg->uk_ipers = slabsize / keg->uk_rsize;
                KASSERT(keg->uk_ipers > 0 && keg->uk_ipers <= SLAB_SETSIZE,
                    ("%s: keg->uk_ipers %u", __func__, keg->uk_ipers));
                CTR6(KTR_UMA, "UMA decided we need offpage slab headers for "
                    "keg: %s(%p), calculated wastedspace = %d, "
                    "maximum wasted space allowed = %d, "
                    "calculated ipers = %d, "
                    "new wasted space = %d\n", keg->uk_name, keg, wastedspace,
                    slabsize / UMA_MAX_WASTE, keg->uk_ipers,
                    slabsize - keg->uk_ipers * keg->uk_rsize);
                keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE;
        }

        if ((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE) &&
            (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_VTOSLAB) == 0)
                keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZONE_HASH;
}

/*
 * Finish creating a large (> UMA_SLAB_SIZE) uma kegs.  Just give in and do
 * OFFPAGE for now.  When I can allow for more dynamic slab sizes this will be
 * more complicated.
 *
 * Arguments
 *      keg  The keg we should initialize
 *
 * Returns
 *      Nothing
 */
static void
keg_large_init(uma_keg_t keg)
{

        KASSERT(keg != NULL, ("Keg is null in keg_large_init"));
        KASSERT((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU) == 0,
            ("%s: Cannot large-init a UMA_ZONE_PCPU keg", __func__));

        keg->uk_ppera = howmany(keg->uk_size, PAGE_SIZE);
        keg->uk_ipers = 1;
        keg->uk_rsize = keg->uk_size;

        /* Check whether we have enough space to not do OFFPAGE. */
        if ((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE) == 0 &&
            PAGE_SIZE * keg->uk_ppera - keg->uk_rsize < SIZEOF_UMA_SLAB) {
                /*
                 * We can't do OFFPAGE if we're internal, in which case
                 * we need an extra page per allocation to contain the
                 * slab header.
                 */
                if ((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL) == 0)
                        keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE;
                else
                        keg->uk_ppera++;
        }

        if ((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE) &&
            (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_VTOSLAB) == 0)
                keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZONE_HASH;
}

static void
keg_cachespread_init(uma_keg_t keg)
{
        int alignsize;
        int trailer;
        int pages;
        int rsize;

        KASSERT((keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU) == 0,
            ("%s: Cannot cachespread-init a UMA_ZONE_PCPU keg", __func__));

        alignsize = keg->uk_align + 1;
        rsize = keg->uk_size;
        /*
         * We want one item to start on every align boundary in a page.  To
         * do this we will span pages.  We will also extend the item by the
         * size of align if it is an even multiple of align.  Otherwise, it
         * would fall on the same boundary every time.
         */
        if (rsize & keg->uk_align)
                rsize = (rsize & ~keg->uk_align) + alignsize;
        if ((rsize & alignsize) == 0)
                rsize += alignsize;
        trailer = rsize - keg->uk_size;
        pages = (rsize * (PAGE_SIZE / alignsize)) / PAGE_SIZE;
        pages = MIN(pages, (128 * 1024) / PAGE_SIZE);
        keg->uk_rsize = rsize;
        keg->uk_ppera = pages;
        keg->uk_ipers = ((pages * PAGE_SIZE) + trailer) / rsize;
        keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE | UMA_ZONE_VTOSLAB;
        KASSERT(keg->uk_ipers <= SLAB_SETSIZE,
            ("%s: keg->uk_ipers too high(%d) increase max_ipers", __func__,
            keg->uk_ipers));
}

/*
 * Keg header ctor.  This initializes all fields, locks, etc.  And inserts
 * the keg onto the global keg list.
 *
 * Arguments/Returns follow uma_ctor specifications
 *      udata  Actually uma_kctor_args
 */
static int
keg_ctor(void *mem, int size, void *udata, int flags)
{
        struct uma_kctor_args *arg = udata;
        uma_keg_t keg = mem;
        uma_zone_t zone;

        bzero(keg, size);
        keg->uk_size = arg->size;
        keg->uk_init = arg->uminit;
        keg->uk_fini = arg->fini;
        keg->uk_align = arg->align;
        keg->uk_free = 0;
        keg->uk_reserve = 0;
        keg->uk_pages = 0;
        keg->uk_flags = arg->flags;
        keg->uk_slabzone = NULL;

        /*
         * We use a global round-robin policy by default.  Zones with
         * UMA_ZONE_NUMA set will use first-touch instead, in which case the
         * iterator is never run.
         */
        keg->uk_dr.dr_policy = DOMAINSET_RR();
        keg->uk_dr.dr_iter = 0;

        /*
         * The master zone is passed to us at keg-creation time.
         */
        zone = arg->zone;
        keg->uk_name = zone->uz_name;

        if (arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_VM)
                keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZFLAG_CACHEONLY;

        if (arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_ZINIT)
                keg->uk_init = zero_init;

        if (arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_MALLOC)
                keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZONE_VTOSLAB;

        if (arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU)
#ifdef SMP
                keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE;
#else
                keg->uk_flags &= ~UMA_ZONE_PCPU;
#endif

        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_CACHESPREAD) {
                keg_cachespread_init(keg);
        } else {
                if (keg->uk_size > UMA_SLAB_SPACE)
                        keg_large_init(keg);
                else
                        keg_small_init(keg);
        }

        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE)
                keg->uk_slabzone = slabzone;

        /*
         * If we haven't booted yet we need allocations to go through the
         * startup cache until the vm is ready.
         */
        if (booted < BOOT_PAGEALLOC)
                keg->uk_allocf = startup_alloc;
#ifdef UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC
        else if (keg->uk_ppera == 1)
                keg->uk_allocf = uma_small_alloc;
#endif
        else if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU)
                keg->uk_allocf = pcpu_page_alloc;
        else
                keg->uk_allocf = page_alloc;
#ifdef UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC
        if (keg->uk_ppera == 1)
                keg->uk_freef = uma_small_free;
        else
#endif
        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU)
                keg->uk_freef = pcpu_page_free;
        else
                keg->uk_freef = page_free;

        /*
         * Initialize keg's lock
         */
        KEG_LOCK_INIT(keg, (arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_MTXCLASS));

        /*
         * If we're putting the slab header in the actual page we need to
         * figure out where in each page it goes.  See SIZEOF_UMA_SLAB
         * macro definition.
         */
        if (!(keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_OFFPAGE)) {
                keg->uk_pgoff = (PAGE_SIZE * keg->uk_ppera) - SIZEOF_UMA_SLAB;
                /*
                 * The only way the following is possible is if with our
                 * UMA_ALIGN_PTR adjustments we are now bigger than
                 * UMA_SLAB_SIZE.  I haven't checked whether this is
                 * mathematically possible for all cases, so we make
                 * sure here anyway.
                 */
                KASSERT(keg->uk_pgoff + sizeof(struct uma_slab) <=
                    PAGE_SIZE * keg->uk_ppera,
                    ("zone %s ipers %d rsize %d size %d slab won't fit",
                    zone->uz_name, keg->uk_ipers, keg->uk_rsize, keg->uk_size));
        }

        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_HASH)
                hash_alloc(&keg->uk_hash, 0);

        CTR5(KTR_UMA, "keg_ctor %p zone %s(%p) out %d free %d\n",
            keg, zone->uz_name, zone,
            (keg->uk_pages / keg->uk_ppera) * keg->uk_ipers - keg->uk_free,
            keg->uk_free);

        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&keg->uk_zones, zone, uz_link);

        rw_wlock(&uma_rwlock);
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&uma_kegs, keg, uk_link);
        rw_wunlock(&uma_rwlock);
        return (0);
}

static void
zone_alloc_counters(uma_zone_t zone)
{

        zone->uz_allocs = counter_u64_alloc(M_WAITOK);
        zone->uz_frees = counter_u64_alloc(M_WAITOK);
        zone->uz_fails = counter_u64_alloc(M_WAITOK);
}

/*
 * Zone header ctor.  This initializes all fields, locks, etc.
 *
 * Arguments/Returns follow uma_ctor specifications
 *      udata  Actually uma_zctor_args
 */
static int
zone_ctor(void *mem, int size, void *udata, int flags)
{
        struct uma_zctor_args *arg = udata;
        uma_zone_t zone = mem;
        uma_zone_t z;
        uma_keg_t keg;
        int i;

        bzero(zone, size);
        zone->uz_name = arg->name;
        zone->uz_ctor = arg->ctor;
        zone->uz_dtor = arg->dtor;
        zone->uz_init = NULL;
        zone->uz_fini = NULL;
        zone->uz_sleeps = 0;
        zone->uz_xdomain = 0;
        zone->uz_count = 0;
        zone->uz_count_min = 0;
        zone->uz_count_max = BUCKET_MAX;
        zone->uz_flags = 0;
        zone->uz_warning = NULL;
        /* The domain structures follow the cpu structures. */
        zone->uz_domain = (struct uma_zone_domain *)&zone->uz_cpu[mp_ncpus];
        zone->uz_bkt_max = ULONG_MAX;
        timevalclear(&zone->uz_ratecheck);

        if (__predict_true(booted == BOOT_RUNNING))
                zone_alloc_counters(zone);
        else {
                zone->uz_allocs = EARLY_COUNTER;
                zone->uz_frees = EARLY_COUNTER;
                zone->uz_fails = EARLY_COUNTER;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++)
                TAILQ_INIT(&zone->uz_domain[i].uzd_buckets);

        /*
         * This is a pure cache zone, no kegs.
         */
        if (arg->import) {
                if (arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_VM)
                        arg->flags |= UMA_ZFLAG_CACHEONLY;
                zone->uz_flags = arg->flags;
                zone->uz_size = arg->size;
                zone->uz_import = arg->import;
                zone->uz_release = arg->release;
                zone->uz_arg = arg->arg;
                zone->uz_lockptr = &zone->uz_lock;
                ZONE_LOCK_INIT(zone, (arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_MTXCLASS));
                rw_wlock(&uma_rwlock);
                LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&uma_cachezones, zone, uz_link);
                rw_wunlock(&uma_rwlock);
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * Use the regular zone/keg/slab allocator.
         */
        zone->uz_import = (uma_import)zone_import;
        zone->uz_release = (uma_release)zone_release;
        zone->uz_arg = zone; 
        keg = arg->keg;

        if (arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_SECONDARY) {
                KASSERT(arg->keg != NULL, ("Secondary zone on zero'd keg"));
                zone->uz_init = arg->uminit;
                zone->uz_fini = arg->fini;
                zone->uz_lockptr = &keg->uk_lock;
                zone->uz_flags |= UMA_ZONE_SECONDARY;
                rw_wlock(&uma_rwlock);
                ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                LIST_FOREACH(z, &keg->uk_zones, uz_link) {
                        if (LIST_NEXT(z, uz_link) == NULL) {
                                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(z, zone, uz_link);
                                break;
                        }
                }
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                rw_wunlock(&uma_rwlock);
        } else if (keg == NULL) {
                if ((keg = uma_kcreate(zone, arg->size, arg->uminit, arg->fini,
                    arg->align, arg->flags)) == NULL)
                        return (ENOMEM);
        } else {
                struct uma_kctor_args karg;
                int error;

                /* We should only be here from uma_startup() */
                karg.size = arg->size;
                karg.uminit = arg->uminit;
                karg.fini = arg->fini;
                karg.align = arg->align;
                karg.flags = arg->flags;
                karg.zone = zone;
                error = keg_ctor(arg->keg, sizeof(struct uma_keg), &karg,
                    flags);
                if (error)
                        return (error);
        }

        zone->uz_keg = keg;
        zone->uz_size = keg->uk_size;
        zone->uz_flags |= (keg->uk_flags &
            (UMA_ZONE_INHERIT | UMA_ZFLAG_INHERIT));

        /*
         * Some internal zones don't have room allocated for the per cpu
         * caches.  If we're internal, bail out here.
         */
        if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL) {
                KASSERT((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_SECONDARY) == 0,
                    ("Secondary zone requested UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL"));
                return (0);
        }

out:
        KASSERT((arg->flags & (UMA_ZONE_MAXBUCKET | UMA_ZONE_NOBUCKET)) !=
            (UMA_ZONE_MAXBUCKET | UMA_ZONE_NOBUCKET),
            ("Invalid zone flag combination"));
        if ((arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_MAXBUCKET) != 0) {
                zone->uz_count = BUCKET_MAX;
        } else if ((arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_MINBUCKET) != 0) {
                zone->uz_count = BUCKET_MIN;
                zone->uz_count_max = BUCKET_MIN;
        } else if ((arg->flags & UMA_ZONE_NOBUCKET) != 0)
                zone->uz_count = 0;
        else
                zone->uz_count = bucket_select(zone->uz_size);
        zone->uz_count_min = zone->uz_count;

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Keg header dtor.  This frees all data, destroys locks, frees the hash
 * table and removes the keg from the global list.
 *
 * Arguments/Returns follow uma_dtor specifications
 *      udata  unused
 */
static void
keg_dtor(void *arg, int size, void *udata)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;

        keg = (uma_keg_t)arg;
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        if (keg->uk_free != 0) {
                printf("Freed UMA keg (%s) was not empty (%d items). "
                    " Lost %d pages of memory.\n",
                    keg->uk_name ? keg->uk_name : "",
                    keg->uk_free, keg->uk_pages);
        }
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);

        hash_free(&keg->uk_hash);

        KEG_LOCK_FINI(keg);
}

/*
 * Zone header dtor.
 *
 * Arguments/Returns follow uma_dtor specifications
 *      udata  unused
 */
static void
zone_dtor(void *arg, int size, void *udata)
{
        uma_zone_t zone;
        uma_keg_t keg;

        zone = (uma_zone_t)arg;

        if (!(zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL))
                cache_drain(zone);

        rw_wlock(&uma_rwlock);
        LIST_REMOVE(zone, uz_link);
        rw_wunlock(&uma_rwlock);
        /*
         * XXX there are some races here where
         * the zone can be drained but zone lock
         * released and then refilled before we
         * remove it... we dont care for now
         */
        zone_reclaim(zone, M_WAITOK, true);
        /*
         * We only destroy kegs from non secondary/non cache zones.
         */
        if ((zone->uz_flags & (UMA_ZONE_SECONDARY | UMA_ZFLAG_CACHE)) == 0) {
                keg = zone->uz_keg;
                rw_wlock(&uma_rwlock);
                LIST_REMOVE(keg, uk_link);
                rw_wunlock(&uma_rwlock);
                zone_free_item(kegs, keg, NULL, SKIP_NONE);
        }
        counter_u64_free(zone->uz_allocs);
        counter_u64_free(zone->uz_frees);
        counter_u64_free(zone->uz_fails);
        if (zone->uz_lockptr == &zone->uz_lock)
                ZONE_LOCK_FINI(zone);
}

/*
 * Traverses every zone in the system and calls a callback
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      zfunc  A pointer to a function which accepts a zone
 *              as an argument.
 *
 * Returns:
 *      Nothing
 */
static void
zone_foreach(void (*zfunc)(uma_zone_t))
{
        uma_keg_t keg;
        uma_zone_t zone;

        /*
         * Before BOOT_RUNNING we are guaranteed to be single
         * threaded, so locking isn't needed. Startup functions
         * are allowed to use M_WAITOK.
         */
        if (__predict_true(booted == BOOT_RUNNING))
                rw_rlock(&uma_rwlock);
        LIST_FOREACH(keg, &uma_kegs, uk_link) {
                LIST_FOREACH(zone, &keg->uk_zones, uz_link)
                        zfunc(zone);
        }
        if (__predict_true(booted == BOOT_RUNNING))
                rw_runlock(&uma_rwlock);
}

/*
 * Count how many pages do we need to bootstrap.  VM supplies
 * its need in early zones in the argument, we add up our zones,
 * which consist of: UMA Slabs, UMA Hash and 9 Bucket zones. The
 * zone of zones and zone of kegs are accounted separately.
 */
#define UMA_BOOT_ZONES  11
/* Zone of zones and zone of kegs have arbitrary alignment. */
#define UMA_BOOT_ALIGN  32
static int zsize, ksize;
int
uma_startup_count(int vm_zones)
{
        int zones, pages;

        ksize = sizeof(struct uma_keg) +
            (sizeof(struct uma_domain) * vm_ndomains);
        zsize = sizeof(struct uma_zone) +
            (sizeof(struct uma_cache) * (mp_maxid + 1)) +
            (sizeof(struct uma_zone_domain) * vm_ndomains);

        /*
         * Memory for the zone of kegs and its keg,
         * and for zone of zones.
         */
        pages = howmany(roundup(zsize, CACHE_LINE_SIZE) * 2 +
            roundup(ksize, CACHE_LINE_SIZE), PAGE_SIZE);

#ifdef  UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC
        zones = UMA_BOOT_ZONES;
#else
        zones = UMA_BOOT_ZONES + vm_zones;
        vm_zones = 0;
#endif

        /* Memory for the rest of startup zones, UMA and VM, ... */
        if (zsize > UMA_SLAB_SPACE) {
                /* See keg_large_init(). */
                u_int ppera;

                ppera = howmany(roundup2(zsize, UMA_BOOT_ALIGN), PAGE_SIZE);
                if (PAGE_SIZE * ppera - roundup2(zsize, UMA_BOOT_ALIGN) <
                    SIZEOF_UMA_SLAB)
                        ppera++;
                pages += (zones + vm_zones) * ppera;
        } else if (roundup2(zsize, UMA_BOOT_ALIGN) > UMA_SLAB_SPACE)
                /* See keg_small_init() special case for uk_ppera = 1. */
                pages += zones;
        else
                pages += howmany(zones,
                    UMA_SLAB_SPACE / roundup2(zsize, UMA_BOOT_ALIGN));

        /* ... and their kegs. Note that zone of zones allocates a keg! */
        pages += howmany(zones + 1,
            UMA_SLAB_SPACE / roundup2(ksize, UMA_BOOT_ALIGN));

        /*
         * Most of startup zones are not going to be offpages, that's
         * why we use UMA_SLAB_SPACE instead of UMA_SLAB_SIZE in all
         * calculations.  Some large bucket zones will be offpage, and
         * thus will allocate hashes.  We take conservative approach
         * and assume that all zones may allocate hash.  This may give
         * us some positive inaccuracy, usually an extra single page.
         */
        pages += howmany(zones, UMA_SLAB_SPACE /
            (sizeof(struct slabhead *) * UMA_HASH_SIZE_INIT));

        return (pages);
}

void
uma_startup(void *mem, int npages)
{
        struct uma_zctor_args args;
        uma_keg_t masterkeg;
        uintptr_t m;

#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
        printf("Entering %s with %d boot pages configured\n", __func__, npages);
#endif

        rw_init(&uma_rwlock, "UMA lock");

        /* Use bootpages memory for the zone of zones and zone of kegs. */
        m = (uintptr_t)mem;
        zones = (uma_zone_t)m;
        m += roundup(zsize, CACHE_LINE_SIZE);
        kegs = (uma_zone_t)m;
        m += roundup(zsize, CACHE_LINE_SIZE);
        masterkeg = (uma_keg_t)m;
        m += roundup(ksize, CACHE_LINE_SIZE);
        m = roundup(m, PAGE_SIZE);
        npages -= (m - (uintptr_t)mem) / PAGE_SIZE;
        mem = (void *)m;

        /* "manually" create the initial zone */
        memset(&args, 0, sizeof(args));
        args.name = "UMA Kegs";
        args.size = ksize;
        args.ctor = keg_ctor;
        args.dtor = keg_dtor;
        args.uminit = zero_init;
        args.fini = NULL;
        args.keg = masterkeg;
        args.align = UMA_BOOT_ALIGN - 1;
        args.flags = UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL;
        zone_ctor(kegs, zsize, &args, M_WAITOK);

        bootmem = mem;
        boot_pages = npages;

        args.name = "UMA Zones";
        args.size = zsize;
        args.ctor = zone_ctor;
        args.dtor = zone_dtor;
        args.uminit = zero_init;
        args.fini = NULL;
        args.keg = NULL;
        args.align = UMA_BOOT_ALIGN - 1;
        args.flags = UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL;
        zone_ctor(zones, zsize, &args, M_WAITOK);

        /* Now make a zone for slab headers */
        slabzone = uma_zcreate("UMA Slabs",
                                sizeof(struct uma_slab),
                                NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
                                UMA_ALIGN_PTR, UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL);

        hashzone = uma_zcreate("UMA Hash",
            sizeof(struct slabhead *) * UMA_HASH_SIZE_INIT,
            NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
            UMA_ALIGN_PTR, UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL);

        bucket_init();

        booted = BOOT_STRAPPED;
}

void
uma_startup1(void)
{

#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
        printf("Entering %s with %d boot pages left\n", __func__, boot_pages);
#endif
        booted = BOOT_PAGEALLOC;
}

void
uma_startup2(void)
{

#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
        printf("Entering %s with %d boot pages left\n", __func__, boot_pages);
#endif
        booted = BOOT_BUCKETS;
        sx_init(&uma_reclaim_lock, "umareclaim");
        bucket_enable();
}

/*
 * Initialize our callout handle
 *
 */
static void
uma_startup3(void)
{

#ifdef INVARIANTS
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vm.debug.divisor", &dbg_divisor);
        uma_dbg_cnt = counter_u64_alloc(M_WAITOK);
        uma_skip_cnt = counter_u64_alloc(M_WAITOK);
#endif
        zone_foreach(zone_alloc_counters);
        callout_init(&uma_callout, 1);
        callout_reset(&uma_callout, UMA_TIMEOUT * hz, uma_timeout, NULL);
        booted = BOOT_RUNNING;
}

static uma_keg_t
uma_kcreate(uma_zone_t zone, size_t size, uma_init uminit, uma_fini fini,
                int align, uint32_t flags)
{
        struct uma_kctor_args args;

        args.size = size;
        args.uminit = uminit;
        args.fini = fini;
        args.align = (align == UMA_ALIGN_CACHE) ? uma_align_cache : align;
        args.flags = flags;
        args.zone = zone;
        return (zone_alloc_item(kegs, &args, UMA_ANYDOMAIN, M_WAITOK));
}

/* Public functions */
/* See uma.h */
void
uma_set_align(int align)
{

        if (align != UMA_ALIGN_CACHE)
                uma_align_cache = align;
}

/* See uma.h */
uma_zone_t
uma_zcreate(const char *name, size_t size, uma_ctor ctor, uma_dtor dtor,
                uma_init uminit, uma_fini fini, int align, uint32_t flags)

{
        struct uma_zctor_args args;
        uma_zone_t res;
        bool locked;

        KASSERT(powerof2(align + 1), ("invalid zone alignment %d for \"%s\"",
            align, name));

        /* Sets all zones to a first-touch domain policy. */
#ifdef UMA_FIRSTTOUCH
        flags |= UMA_ZONE_NUMA;
#endif

        /* This stuff is essential for the zone ctor */
        memset(&args, 0, sizeof(args));
        args.name = name;
        args.size = size;
        args.ctor = ctor;
        args.dtor = dtor;
        args.uminit = uminit;
        args.fini = fini;
#ifdef  INVARIANTS
        /*
         * If a zone is being created with an empty constructor and
         * destructor, pass UMA constructor/destructor which checks for
         * memory use after free.
         */
        if ((!(flags & (UMA_ZONE_ZINIT | UMA_ZONE_NOFREE))) &&
            ctor == NULL && dtor == NULL && uminit == NULL && fini == NULL) {
                args.ctor = trash_ctor;
                args.dtor = trash_dtor;
                args.uminit = trash_init;
                args.fini = trash_fini;
        }
#endif
        args.align = align;
        args.flags = flags;
        args.keg = NULL;

        if (booted < BOOT_BUCKETS) {
                locked = false;
        } else {
                sx_slock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
                locked = true;
        }
        res = zone_alloc_item(zones, &args, UMA_ANYDOMAIN, M_WAITOK);
        if (locked)
                sx_sunlock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
        return (res);
}

/* See uma.h */
uma_zone_t
uma_zsecond_create(char *name, uma_ctor ctor, uma_dtor dtor,
                    uma_init zinit, uma_fini zfini, uma_zone_t master)
{
        struct uma_zctor_args args;
        uma_keg_t keg;
        uma_zone_t res;
        bool locked;

        keg = master->uz_keg;
        memset(&args, 0, sizeof(args));
        args.name = name;
        args.size = keg->uk_size;
        args.ctor = ctor;
        args.dtor = dtor;
        args.uminit = zinit;
        args.fini = zfini;
        args.align = keg->uk_align;
        args.flags = keg->uk_flags | UMA_ZONE_SECONDARY;
        args.keg = keg;

        if (booted < BOOT_BUCKETS) {
                locked = false;
        } else {
                sx_slock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
                locked = true;
        }
        /* XXX Attaches only one keg of potentially many. */
        res = zone_alloc_item(zones, &args, UMA_ANYDOMAIN, M_WAITOK);
        if (locked)
                sx_sunlock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
        return (res);
}

/* See uma.h */
uma_zone_t
uma_zcache_create(char *name, int size, uma_ctor ctor, uma_dtor dtor,
                    uma_init zinit, uma_fini zfini, uma_import zimport,
                    uma_release zrelease, void *arg, int flags)
{
        struct uma_zctor_args args;

        memset(&args, 0, sizeof(args));
        args.name = name;
        args.size = size;
        args.ctor = ctor;
        args.dtor = dtor;
        args.uminit = zinit;
        args.fini = zfini;
        args.import = zimport;
        args.release = zrelease;
        args.arg = arg;
        args.align = 0;
        args.flags = flags | UMA_ZFLAG_CACHE;

        return (zone_alloc_item(zones, &args, UMA_ANYDOMAIN, M_WAITOK));
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zdestroy(uma_zone_t zone)
{

        sx_slock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
        zone_free_item(zones, zone, NULL, SKIP_NONE);
        sx_sunlock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
}

void
uma_zwait(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        void *item;

        item = uma_zalloc_arg(zone, NULL, M_WAITOK);
        uma_zfree(zone, item);
}

void *
uma_zalloc_pcpu_arg(uma_zone_t zone, void *udata, int flags)
{
        void *item;
#ifdef SMP
        int i;

        MPASS(zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU);
#endif
        item = uma_zalloc_arg(zone, udata, flags & ~M_ZERO);
        if (item != NULL && (flags & M_ZERO)) {
#ifdef SMP
                for (i = 0; i <= mp_maxid; i++)
                        bzero(zpcpu_get_cpu(item, i), zone->uz_size);
#else
                bzero(item, zone->uz_size);
#endif
        }
        return (item);
}

/*
 * A stub while both regular and pcpu cases are identical.
 */
void
uma_zfree_pcpu_arg(uma_zone_t zone, void *item, void *udata)
{

#ifdef SMP
        MPASS(zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU);
#endif
        uma_zfree_arg(zone, item, udata);
}

/* See uma.h */
void *
uma_zalloc_arg(uma_zone_t zone, void *udata, int flags)
{
        uma_zone_domain_t zdom;
        uma_bucket_t bucket;
        uma_cache_t cache;
        void *item;
        int cpu, domain, lockfail, maxbucket;
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        bool skipdbg;
#endif

        /* Enable entropy collection for RANDOM_ENABLE_UMA kernel option */
        random_harvest_fast_uma(&zone, sizeof(zone), RANDOM_UMA);

        /* This is the fast path allocation */
        CTR4(KTR_UMA, "uma_zalloc_arg thread %x zone %s(%p) flags %d",
            curthread, zone->uz_name, zone, flags);

        if (flags & M_WAITOK) {
                WITNESS_WARN(WARN_GIANTOK | WARN_SLEEPOK, NULL,
                    "uma_zalloc_arg: zone \"%s\"", zone->uz_name);
        }
        KASSERT((flags & M_EXEC) == 0, ("uma_zalloc_arg: called with M_EXEC"));
        KASSERT(curthread->td_critnest == 0 || SCHEDULER_STOPPED(),
            ("uma_zalloc_arg: called with spinlock or critical section held"));
        if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_PCPU)
                KASSERT((flags & M_ZERO) == 0, ("allocating from a pcpu zone "
                    "with M_ZERO passed"));

#ifdef DEBUG_MEMGUARD
        if (memguard_cmp_zone(zone)) {
                item = memguard_alloc(zone->uz_size, flags);
                if (item != NULL) {
                        if (zone->uz_init != NULL &&
                            zone->uz_init(item, zone->uz_size, flags) != 0)
                                return (NULL);
                        if (zone->uz_ctor != NULL &&
                            zone->uz_ctor(item, zone->uz_size, udata,
                            flags) != 0) {
                                zone->uz_fini(item, zone->uz_size);
                                return (NULL);
                        }
                        return (item);
                }
                /* This is unfortunate but should not be fatal. */
        }
#endif
        /*
         * If possible, allocate from the per-CPU cache.  There are two
         * requirements for safe access to the per-CPU cache: (1) the thread
         * accessing the cache must not be preempted or yield during access,
         * and (2) the thread must not migrate CPUs without switching which
         * cache it accesses.  We rely on a critical section to prevent
         * preemption and migration.  We release the critical section in
         * order to acquire the zone mutex if we are unable to allocate from
         * the current cache; when we re-acquire the critical section, we
         * must detect and handle migration if it has occurred.
         */
zalloc_restart:
        critical_enter();
        cpu = curcpu;
        cache = &zone->uz_cpu[cpu];

zalloc_start:
        bucket = cache->uc_allocbucket;
        if (bucket != NULL && bucket->ub_cnt > 0) {
                bucket->ub_cnt--;
                item = bucket->ub_bucket[bucket->ub_cnt];
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                bucket->ub_bucket[bucket->ub_cnt] = NULL;
#endif
                KASSERT(item != NULL, ("uma_zalloc: Bucket pointer mangled."));
                cache->uc_allocs++;
                critical_exit();
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                skipdbg = uma_dbg_zskip(zone, item);
#endif
                if (zone->uz_ctor != NULL &&
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                    (!skipdbg || zone->uz_ctor != trash_ctor ||
                    zone->uz_dtor != trash_dtor) &&
#endif
                    zone->uz_ctor(item, zone->uz_size, udata, flags) != 0) {
                        counter_u64_add(zone->uz_fails, 1);
                        zone_free_item(zone, item, udata, SKIP_DTOR | SKIP_CNT);
                        return (NULL);
                }
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                if (!skipdbg)
                        uma_dbg_alloc(zone, NULL, item);
#endif
                if (flags & M_ZERO)
                        uma_zero_item(item, zone);
                return (item);
        }

        /*
         * We have run out of items in our alloc bucket.
         * See if we can switch with our free bucket.
         */
        bucket = cache->uc_freebucket;
        if (bucket != NULL && bucket->ub_cnt > 0) {
                CTR2(KTR_UMA,
                    "uma_zalloc: zone %s(%p) swapping empty with alloc",
                    zone->uz_name, zone);
                cache->uc_freebucket = cache->uc_allocbucket;
                cache->uc_allocbucket = bucket;
                goto zalloc_start;
        }

        /*
         * Discard any empty allocation bucket while we hold no locks.
         */
        bucket = cache->uc_allocbucket;
        cache->uc_allocbucket = NULL;
        critical_exit();
        if (bucket != NULL)
                bucket_free(zone, bucket, udata);

        /* Short-circuit for zones without buckets and low memory. */
        if (zone->uz_count == 0 || bucketdisable) {
                ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA)
                        domain = PCPU_GET(domain);
                else
                        domain = UMA_ANYDOMAIN;
                goto zalloc_item;
        }

        /*
         * Attempt to retrieve the item from the per-CPU cache has failed, so
         * we must go back to the zone.  This requires the zone lock, so we
         * must drop the critical section, then re-acquire it when we go back
         * to the cache.  Since the critical section is released, we may be
         * preempted or migrate.  As such, make sure not to maintain any
         * thread-local state specific to the cache from prior to releasing
         * the critical section.
         */
        lockfail = 0;
        if (ZONE_TRYLOCK(zone) == 0) {
                /* Record contention to size the buckets. */
                ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                lockfail = 1;
        }
        critical_enter();
        cpu = curcpu;
        cache = &zone->uz_cpu[cpu];

        /* See if we lost the race to fill the cache. */
        if (cache->uc_allocbucket != NULL) {
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                goto zalloc_start;
        }

        /*
         * Check the zone's cache of buckets.
         */
        if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA) {
                domain = PCPU_GET(domain);
                zdom = &zone->uz_domain[domain];
        } else {
                domain = UMA_ANYDOMAIN;
                zdom = &zone->uz_domain[0];
        }

        if ((bucket = zone_fetch_bucket(zone, zdom)) != NULL) {
                KASSERT(bucket->ub_cnt != 0,
                    ("uma_zalloc_arg: Returning an empty bucket."));
                cache->uc_allocbucket = bucket;
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                goto zalloc_start;
        }
        /* We are no longer associated with this CPU. */
        critical_exit();

        /*
         * We bump the uz count when the cache size is insufficient to
         * handle the working set.
         */
        if (lockfail && zone->uz_count < zone->uz_count_max)
                zone->uz_count++;

        if (zone->uz_max_items > 0) {
                if (zone->uz_items >= zone->uz_max_items)
                        goto zalloc_item;
                maxbucket = MIN(zone->uz_count,
                    zone->uz_max_items - zone->uz_items);
                zone->uz_items += maxbucket;
        } else
                maxbucket = zone->uz_count;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        /*
         * Now lets just fill a bucket and put it on the free list.  If that
         * works we'll restart the allocation from the beginning and it
         * will use the just filled bucket.
         */
        bucket = zone_alloc_bucket(zone, udata, domain, flags, maxbucket);
        CTR3(KTR_UMA, "uma_zalloc: zone %s(%p) bucket zone returned %p",
            zone->uz_name, zone, bucket);
        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        if (bucket != NULL) {
                if (zone->uz_max_items > 0 && bucket->ub_cnt < maxbucket) {
                        MPASS(zone->uz_items >= maxbucket - bucket->ub_cnt);
                        zone->uz_items -= maxbucket - bucket->ub_cnt;
                        if (zone->uz_sleepers > 0 &&
                            zone->uz_items < zone->uz_max_items)
                                wakeup_one(zone);
                }
                critical_enter();
                cpu = curcpu;
                cache = &zone->uz_cpu[cpu];

                /*
                 * See if we lost the race or were migrated.  Cache the
                 * initialized bucket to make this less likely or claim
                 * the memory directly.
                 */
                if (cache->uc_allocbucket == NULL &&
                    ((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA) == 0 ||
                    domain == PCPU_GET(domain))) {
                        cache->uc_allocbucket = bucket;
                        zdom->uzd_imax += bucket->ub_cnt;
                } else if (zone->uz_bkt_count >= zone->uz_bkt_max) {
                        critical_exit();
                        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                        bucket_drain(zone, bucket);
                        bucket_free(zone, bucket, udata);
                        goto zalloc_restart;
                } else
                        zone_put_bucket(zone, zdom, bucket, false);
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                goto zalloc_start;
        } else if (zone->uz_max_items > 0) {
                zone->uz_items -= maxbucket;
                if (zone->uz_sleepers > 0 &&
                    zone->uz_items + 1 < zone->uz_max_items)
                        wakeup_one(zone);
        }

        /*
         * We may not be able to get a bucket so return an actual item.
         */
zalloc_item:
        item = zone_alloc_item_locked(zone, udata, domain, flags);

        return (item);
}

void *
uma_zalloc_domain(uma_zone_t zone, void *udata, int domain, int flags)
{

        /* Enable entropy collection for RANDOM_ENABLE_UMA kernel option */
        random_harvest_fast_uma(&zone, sizeof(zone), RANDOM_UMA);

        /* This is the fast path allocation */
        CTR5(KTR_UMA,
            "uma_zalloc_domain thread %x zone %s(%p) domain %d flags %d",
            curthread, zone->uz_name, zone, domain, flags);

        if (flags & M_WAITOK) {
                WITNESS_WARN(WARN_GIANTOK | WARN_SLEEPOK, NULL,
                    "uma_zalloc_domain: zone \"%s\"", zone->uz_name);
        }
        KASSERT(curthread->td_critnest == 0 || SCHEDULER_STOPPED(),
            ("uma_zalloc_domain: called with spinlock or critical section held"));

        return (zone_alloc_item(zone, udata, domain, flags));
}

/*
 * Find a slab with some space.  Prefer slabs that are partially used over those
 * that are totally full.  This helps to reduce fragmentation.
 *
 * If 'rr' is 1, search all domains starting from 'domain'.  Otherwise check
 * only 'domain'.
 */
static uma_slab_t
keg_first_slab(uma_keg_t keg, int domain, bool rr)
{
        uma_domain_t dom;
        uma_slab_t slab;
        int start;

        KASSERT(domain >= 0 && domain < vm_ndomains,
            ("keg_first_slab: domain %d out of range", domain));
        KEG_LOCK_ASSERT(keg);

        slab = NULL;
        start = domain;
        do {
                dom = &keg->uk_domain[domain];
                if (!LIST_EMPTY(&dom->ud_part_slab))
                        return (LIST_FIRST(&dom->ud_part_slab));
                if (!LIST_EMPTY(&dom->ud_free_slab)) {
                        slab = LIST_FIRST(&dom->ud_free_slab);
                        LIST_REMOVE(slab, us_link);
                        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&dom->ud_part_slab, slab, us_link);
                        return (slab);
                }
                if (rr)
                        domain = (domain + 1) % vm_ndomains;
        } while (domain != start);

        return (NULL);
}

static uma_slab_t
keg_fetch_free_slab(uma_keg_t keg, int domain, bool rr, int flags)
{
        uint32_t reserve;

        KEG_LOCK_ASSERT(keg);

        reserve = (flags & M_USE_RESERVE) != 0 ? 0 : keg->uk_reserve;
        if (keg->uk_free <= reserve)
                return (NULL);
        return (keg_first_slab(keg, domain, rr));
}

static uma_slab_t
keg_fetch_slab(uma_keg_t keg, uma_zone_t zone, int rdomain, const int flags)
{
        struct vm_domainset_iter di;
        uma_domain_t dom;
        uma_slab_t slab;
        int aflags, domain;
        bool rr;

restart:
        KEG_LOCK_ASSERT(keg);

        /*
         * Use the keg's policy if upper layers haven't already specified a
         * domain (as happens with first-touch zones).
         *
         * To avoid races we run the iterator with the keg lock held, but that
         * means that we cannot allow the vm_domainset layer to sleep.  Thus,
         * clear M_WAITOK and handle low memory conditions locally.
         */
        rr = rdomain == UMA_ANYDOMAIN;
        if (rr) {
                aflags = (flags & ~M_WAITOK) | M_NOWAIT;
                vm_domainset_iter_policy_ref_init(&di, &keg->uk_dr, &domain,
                    &aflags);
        } else {
                aflags = flags;
                domain = rdomain;
        }

        for (;;) {
                slab = keg_fetch_free_slab(keg, domain, rr, flags);
                if (slab != NULL) {
                        MPASS(slab->us_keg == keg);
                        return (slab);
                }

                /*
                 * M_NOVM means don't ask at all!
                 */
                if (flags & M_NOVM)
                        break;

                KASSERT(zone->uz_max_items == 0 ||
                    zone->uz_items <= zone->uz_max_items,
                    ("%s: zone %p overflow", __func__, zone));

                slab = keg_alloc_slab(keg, zone, domain, flags, aflags);
                /*
                 * If we got a slab here it's safe to mark it partially used
                 * and return.  We assume that the caller is going to remove
                 * at least one item.
                 */
                if (slab) {
                        MPASS(slab->us_keg == keg);
                        dom = &keg->uk_domain[slab->us_domain];
                        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&dom->ud_part_slab, slab, us_link);
                        return (slab);
                }
                KEG_LOCK(keg);
                if (rr && vm_domainset_iter_policy(&di, &domain) != 0) {
                        if ((flags & M_WAITOK) != 0) {
                                KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
                                vm_wait_doms(&keg->uk_dr.dr_policy->ds_mask);
                                KEG_LOCK(keg);
                                goto restart;
                        }
                        break;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We might not have been able to get a slab but another cpu
         * could have while we were unlocked.  Check again before we
         * fail.
         */
        if ((slab = keg_fetch_free_slab(keg, domain, rr, flags)) != NULL) {
                MPASS(slab->us_keg == keg);
                return (slab);
        }
        return (NULL);
}

static uma_slab_t
zone_fetch_slab(uma_zone_t zone, uma_keg_t keg, int domain, int flags)
{
        uma_slab_t slab;

        if (keg == NULL) {
                keg = zone->uz_keg;
                KEG_LOCK(keg);
        }

        for (;;) {
                slab = keg_fetch_slab(keg, zone, domain, flags);
                if (slab)
                        return (slab);
                if (flags & (M_NOWAIT | M_NOVM))
                        break;
        }
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
        return (NULL);
}

static void *
slab_alloc_item(uma_keg_t keg, uma_slab_t slab)
{
        uma_domain_t dom;
        void *item;
        uint8_t freei;

        MPASS(keg == slab->us_keg);
        KEG_LOCK_ASSERT(keg);

        freei = BIT_FFS(SLAB_SETSIZE, &slab->us_free) - 1;
        BIT_CLR(SLAB_SETSIZE, freei, &slab->us_free);
        item = slab->us_data + (keg->uk_rsize * freei);
        slab->us_freecount--;
        keg->uk_free--;

        /* Move this slab to the full list */
        if (slab->us_freecount == 0) {
                LIST_REMOVE(slab, us_link);
                dom = &keg->uk_domain[slab->us_domain];
                LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&dom->ud_full_slab, slab, us_link);
        }

        return (item);
}

static int
zone_import(uma_zone_t zone, void **bucket, int max, int domain, int flags)
{
        uma_slab_t slab;
        uma_keg_t keg;
#ifdef NUMA
        int stripe;
#endif
        int i;

        slab = NULL;
        keg = NULL;
        /* Try to keep the buckets totally full */
        for (i = 0; i < max; ) {
                if ((slab = zone_fetch_slab(zone, keg, domain, flags)) == NULL)
                        break;
                keg = slab->us_keg;
#ifdef NUMA
                stripe = howmany(max, vm_ndomains);
#endif
                while (slab->us_freecount && i < max) { 
                        bucket[i++] = slab_alloc_item(keg, slab);
                        if (keg->uk_free <= keg->uk_reserve)
                                break;
#ifdef NUMA
                        /*
                         * If the zone is striped we pick a new slab for every
                         * N allocations.  Eliminating this conditional will
                         * instead pick a new domain for each bucket rather
                         * than stripe within each bucket.  The current option
                         * produces more fragmentation and requires more cpu
                         * time but yields better distribution.
                         */
                        if ((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA) == 0 &&
                            vm_ndomains > 1 && --stripe == 0)
                                break;
#endif
                }
                /* Don't block if we allocated any successfully. */
                flags &= ~M_WAITOK;
                flags |= M_NOWAIT;
        }
        if (slab != NULL)
                KEG_UNLOCK(keg);

        return i;
}

static uma_bucket_t
zone_alloc_bucket(uma_zone_t zone, void *udata, int domain, int flags, int max)
{
        uma_bucket_t bucket;

        CTR1(KTR_UMA, "zone_alloc:_bucket domain %d)", domain);

        /* Avoid allocs targeting empty domains. */
        if (domain != UMA_ANYDOMAIN && VM_DOMAIN_EMPTY(domain))
                domain = UMA_ANYDOMAIN;

        /* Don't wait for buckets, preserve caller's NOVM setting. */
        bucket = bucket_alloc(zone, udata, M_NOWAIT | (flags & M_NOVM));
        if (bucket == NULL)
                return (NULL);

        bucket->ub_cnt = zone->uz_import(zone->uz_arg, bucket->ub_bucket,
            MIN(max, bucket->ub_entries), domain, flags);

        /*
         * Initialize the memory if necessary.
         */
        if (bucket->ub_cnt != 0 && zone->uz_init != NULL) {
                int i;

                for (i = 0; i < bucket->ub_cnt; i++)
                        if (zone->uz_init(bucket->ub_bucket[i], zone->uz_size,
                            flags) != 0)
                                break;
                /*
                 * If we couldn't initialize the whole bucket, put the
                 * rest back onto the freelist.
                 */
                if (i != bucket->ub_cnt) {
                        zone->uz_release(zone->uz_arg, &bucket->ub_bucket[i],
                            bucket->ub_cnt - i);
#ifdef INVARIANTS
                        bzero(&bucket->ub_bucket[i],
                            sizeof(void *) * (bucket->ub_cnt - i));
#endif
                        bucket->ub_cnt = i;
                }
        }

        if (bucket->ub_cnt == 0) {
                bucket_free(zone, bucket, udata);
                counter_u64_add(zone->uz_fails, 1);
                return (NULL);
        }

        return (bucket);
}

/*
 * Allocates a single item from a zone.
 *
 * Arguments
 *      zone   The zone to alloc for.
 *      udata  The data to be passed to the constructor.
 *      domain The domain to allocate from or UMA_ANYDOMAIN.
 *      flags  M_WAITOK, M_NOWAIT, M_ZERO.
 *
 * Returns
 *      NULL if there is no memory and M_NOWAIT is set
 *      An item if successful
 */

static void *
zone_alloc_item(uma_zone_t zone, void *udata, int domain, int flags)
{

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        return (zone_alloc_item_locked(zone, udata, domain, flags));
}

/*
 * Returns with zone unlocked.
 */
static void *
zone_alloc_item_locked(uma_zone_t zone, void *udata, int domain, int flags)
{
        void *item;
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        bool skipdbg;
#endif

        ZONE_LOCK_ASSERT(zone);

        if (zone->uz_max_items > 0) {
                if (zone->uz_items >= zone->uz_max_items) {
                        zone_log_warning(zone);
                        zone_maxaction(zone);
                        if (flags & M_NOWAIT) {
                                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                                return (NULL);
                        }
                        zone->uz_sleeps++;
                        zone->uz_sleepers++;
                        while (zone->uz_items >= zone->uz_max_items)
                                mtx_sleep(zone, zone->uz_lockptr, PVM,
                                    "zonelimit", 0);
                        zone->uz_sleepers--;
                        if (zone->uz_sleepers > 0 &&
                            zone->uz_items + 1 < zone->uz_max_items)
                                wakeup_one(zone);
                }
                zone->uz_items++;
        }
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        /* Avoid allocs targeting empty domains. */
        if (domain != UMA_ANYDOMAIN && VM_DOMAIN_EMPTY(domain))
                domain = UMA_ANYDOMAIN;

        if (zone->uz_import(zone->uz_arg, &item, 1, domain, flags) != 1)
                goto fail;

#ifdef INVARIANTS
        skipdbg = uma_dbg_zskip(zone, item);
#endif
        /*
         * We have to call both the zone's init (not the keg's init)
         * and the zone's ctor.  This is because the item is going from
         * a keg slab directly to the user, and the user is expecting it
         * to be both zone-init'd as well as zone-ctor'd.
         */
        if (zone->uz_init != NULL) {
                if (zone->uz_init(item, zone->uz_size, flags) != 0) {
                        zone_free_item(zone, item, udata, SKIP_FINI | SKIP_CNT);
                        goto fail;
                }
        }
        if (zone->uz_ctor != NULL &&
#ifdef INVARIANTS
            (!skipdbg || zone->uz_ctor != trash_ctor ||
            zone->uz_dtor != trash_dtor) &&
#endif
            zone->uz_ctor(item, zone->uz_size, udata, flags) != 0) {
                zone_free_item(zone, item, udata, SKIP_DTOR | SKIP_CNT);
                goto fail;
        }
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        if (!skipdbg)
                uma_dbg_alloc(zone, NULL, item);
#endif
        if (flags & M_ZERO)
                uma_zero_item(item, zone);

        counter_u64_add(zone->uz_allocs, 1);
        CTR3(KTR_UMA, "zone_alloc_item item %p from %s(%p)", item,
            zone->uz_name, zone);

        return (item);

fail:
        if (zone->uz_max_items > 0) {
                ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                zone->uz_items--;
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
        }
        counter_u64_add(zone->uz_fails, 1);
        CTR2(KTR_UMA, "zone_alloc_item failed from %s(%p)",
            zone->uz_name, zone);
        return (NULL);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zfree_arg(uma_zone_t zone, void *item, void *udata)
{
        uma_cache_t cache;
        uma_bucket_t bucket;
        uma_zone_domain_t zdom;
        int cpu, domain;
#ifdef UMA_XDOMAIN
        int itemdomain;
#endif
        bool lockfail;
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        bool skipdbg;
#endif

        /* Enable entropy collection for RANDOM_ENABLE_UMA kernel option */
        random_harvest_fast_uma(&zone, sizeof(zone), RANDOM_UMA);

        CTR2(KTR_UMA, "uma_zfree_arg thread %x zone %s", curthread,
            zone->uz_name);

        KASSERT(curthread->td_critnest == 0 || SCHEDULER_STOPPED(),
            ("uma_zfree_arg: called with spinlock or critical section held"));

        /* uma_zfree(..., NULL) does nothing, to match free(9). */
        if (item == NULL)
                return;
#ifdef DEBUG_MEMGUARD
        if (is_memguard_addr(item)) {
                if (zone->uz_dtor != NULL)
                        zone->uz_dtor(item, zone->uz_size, udata);
                if (zone->uz_fini != NULL)
                        zone->uz_fini(item, zone->uz_size);
                memguard_free(item);
                return;
        }
#endif
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        skipdbg = uma_dbg_zskip(zone, item);
        if (skipdbg == false) {
                if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_MALLOC)
                        uma_dbg_free(zone, udata, item);
                else
                        uma_dbg_free(zone, NULL, item);
        }
        if (zone->uz_dtor != NULL && (!skipdbg ||
            zone->uz_dtor != trash_dtor || zone->uz_ctor != trash_ctor))
#else
        if (zone->uz_dtor != NULL)
#endif
                zone->uz_dtor(item, zone->uz_size, udata);

        /*
         * The race here is acceptable.  If we miss it we'll just have to wait
         * a little longer for the limits to be reset.
         */
        if (zone->uz_sleepers > 0)
                goto zfree_item;

#ifdef UMA_XDOMAIN
        if ((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA) != 0)
                itemdomain = _vm_phys_domain(pmap_kextract((vm_offset_t)item));
#endif

        /*
         * If possible, free to the per-CPU cache.  There are two
         * requirements for safe access to the per-CPU cache: (1) the thread
         * accessing the cache must not be preempted or yield during access,
         * and (2) the thread must not migrate CPUs without switching which
         * cache it accesses.  We rely on a critical section to prevent
         * preemption and migration.  We release the critical section in
         * order to acquire the zone mutex if we are unable to free to the
         * current cache; when we re-acquire the critical section, we must
         * detect and handle migration if it has occurred.
         */
zfree_restart:
        critical_enter();
        cpu = curcpu;
        cache = &zone->uz_cpu[cpu];

zfree_start:
        domain = PCPU_GET(domain);
#ifdef UMA_XDOMAIN
        if ((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA) == 0)
                itemdomain = domain;
#endif
        /*
         * Try to free into the allocbucket first to give LIFO ordering
         * for cache-hot datastructures.  Spill over into the freebucket
         * if necessary.  Alloc will swap them if one runs dry.
         */
#ifdef UMA_XDOMAIN
        if (domain != itemdomain) {
                bucket = cache->uc_crossbucket;
        } else
#endif
        {
                bucket = cache->uc_allocbucket;
                if (bucket == NULL || bucket->ub_cnt >= bucket->ub_entries)
                        bucket = cache->uc_freebucket;
        }
        if (bucket != NULL && bucket->ub_cnt < bucket->ub_entries) {
                KASSERT(bucket->ub_bucket[bucket->ub_cnt] == NULL,
                    ("uma_zfree: Freeing to non free bucket index."));
                bucket->ub_bucket[bucket->ub_cnt] = item;
                bucket->ub_cnt++;
                cache->uc_frees++;
                critical_exit();
                return;
        }

        /*
         * We must go back the zone, which requires acquiring the zone lock,
         * which in turn means we must release and re-acquire the critical
         * section.  Since the critical section is released, we may be
         * preempted or migrate.  As such, make sure not to maintain any
         * thread-local state specific to the cache from prior to releasing
         * the critical section.
         */
        critical_exit();
        if (zone->uz_count == 0 || bucketdisable)
                goto zfree_item;

        lockfail = false;
        if (ZONE_TRYLOCK(zone) == 0) {
                /* Record contention to size the buckets. */
                ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                lockfail = true;
        }
        critical_enter();
        cpu = curcpu;
        domain = PCPU_GET(domain);
        cache = &zone->uz_cpu[cpu];

#ifdef UMA_XDOMAIN
        if (domain != itemdomain)
                bucket = cache->uc_crossbucket;
        else
#endif
                bucket = cache->uc_freebucket;
        if (bucket != NULL && bucket->ub_cnt < bucket->ub_entries) {
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                goto zfree_start;
        }
#ifdef UMA_XDOMAIN
        if (domain != itemdomain)
                cache->uc_crossbucket = NULL;
        else
#endif
                cache->uc_freebucket = NULL;
        /* We are no longer associated with this CPU. */
        critical_exit();

#ifdef UMA_XDOMAIN
        if (domain != itemdomain) {
                if (bucket != NULL) {
                        zone->uz_xdomain += bucket->ub_cnt;
                        if (vm_ndomains > 2 ||
                            zone->uz_bkt_count >= zone->uz_bkt_max) {
                                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                                bucket_drain(zone, bucket);
                                bucket_free(zone, bucket, udata);
                        } else {
                                zdom = &zone->uz_domain[itemdomain];
                                zone_put_bucket(zone, zdom, bucket, true);
                                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                        }
                } else
                        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                bucket = bucket_alloc(zone, udata, M_NOWAIT);
                if (bucket == NULL)
                        goto zfree_item;
                critical_enter();
                cpu = curcpu;
                cache = &zone->uz_cpu[cpu];
                if (cache->uc_crossbucket == NULL) {
                        cache->uc_crossbucket = bucket;
                        goto zfree_start;
                }
                critical_exit();
                bucket_free(zone, bucket, udata);
                goto zfree_restart;
        }
#endif

        if ((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA) != 0) {
                zdom = &zone->uz_domain[domain];
        } else {
                domain = 0;
                zdom = &zone->uz_domain[0];
        }

        /* Can we throw this on the zone full list? */
        if (bucket != NULL) {
                CTR3(KTR_UMA,
                    "uma_zfree: zone %s(%p) putting bucket %p on free list",
                    zone->uz_name, zone, bucket);
                /* ub_cnt is pointing to the last free item */
                KASSERT(bucket->ub_cnt == bucket->ub_entries,
                    ("uma_zfree: Attempting to insert not full bucket onto the full list.\n"));
                if (zone->uz_bkt_count >= zone->uz_bkt_max) {
                        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
                        bucket_drain(zone, bucket);
                        bucket_free(zone, bucket, udata);
                        goto zfree_restart;
                } else
                        zone_put_bucket(zone, zdom, bucket, true);
        }

        /*
         * We bump the uz count when the cache size is insufficient to
         * handle the working set.
         */
        if (lockfail && zone->uz_count < zone->uz_count_max)
                zone->uz_count++;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        bucket = bucket_alloc(zone, udata, M_NOWAIT);
        CTR3(KTR_UMA, "uma_zfree: zone %s(%p) allocated bucket %p",
            zone->uz_name, zone, bucket);
        if (bucket) {
                critical_enter();
                cpu = curcpu;
                cache = &zone->uz_cpu[cpu];
                if (cache->uc_freebucket == NULL &&
                    ((zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_NUMA) == 0 ||
                    domain == PCPU_GET(domain))) {
                        cache->uc_freebucket = bucket;
                        goto zfree_start;
                }
                /*
                 * We lost the race, start over.  We have to drop our
                 * critical section to free the bucket.
                 */
                critical_exit();
                bucket_free(zone, bucket, udata);
                goto zfree_restart;
        }

        /*
         * If nothing else caught this, we'll just do an internal free.
         */
zfree_item:
        zone_free_item(zone, item, udata, SKIP_DTOR);
}

void
uma_zfree_domain(uma_zone_t zone, void *item, void *udata)
{

        /* Enable entropy collection for RANDOM_ENABLE_UMA kernel option */
        random_harvest_fast_uma(&zone, sizeof(zone), RANDOM_UMA);

        CTR2(KTR_UMA, "uma_zfree_domain thread %x zone %s", curthread,
            zone->uz_name);

        KASSERT(curthread->td_critnest == 0 || SCHEDULER_STOPPED(),
            ("uma_zfree_domain: called with spinlock or critical section held"));

        /* uma_zfree(..., NULL) does nothing, to match free(9). */
        if (item == NULL)
                return;
        zone_free_item(zone, item, udata, SKIP_NONE);
}

static void
slab_free_item(uma_zone_t zone, uma_slab_t slab, void *item)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;
        uma_domain_t dom;
        uint8_t freei;

        keg = zone->uz_keg;
        MPASS(zone->uz_lockptr == &keg->uk_lock);
        KEG_LOCK_ASSERT(keg);
        MPASS(keg == slab->us_keg);

        dom = &keg->uk_domain[slab->us_domain];

        /* Do we need to remove from any lists? */
        if (slab->us_freecount+1 == keg->uk_ipers) {
                LIST_REMOVE(slab, us_link);
                LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&dom->ud_free_slab, slab, us_link);
        } else if (slab->us_freecount == 0) {
                LIST_REMOVE(slab, us_link);
                LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&dom->ud_part_slab, slab, us_link);
        }

        /* Slab management. */
        freei = ((uintptr_t)item - (uintptr_t)slab->us_data) / keg->uk_rsize;
        BIT_SET(SLAB_SETSIZE, freei, &slab->us_free);
        slab->us_freecount++;

        /* Keg statistics. */
        keg->uk_free++;
}

static void
zone_release(uma_zone_t zone, void **bucket, int cnt)
{
        void *item;
        uma_slab_t slab;
        uma_keg_t keg;
        uint8_t *mem;
        int i;

        keg = zone->uz_keg;
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
                item = bucket[i];
                if (!(zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_VTOSLAB)) {
                        mem = (uint8_t *)((uintptr_t)item & (~UMA_SLAB_MASK));
                        if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_HASH) {
                                slab = hash_sfind(&keg->uk_hash, mem);
                        } else {
                                mem += keg->uk_pgoff;
                                slab = (uma_slab_t)mem;
                        }
                } else {
                        slab = vtoslab((vm_offset_t)item);
                        MPASS(slab->us_keg == keg);
                }
                slab_free_item(zone, slab, item);
        }
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
}

/*
 * Frees a single item to any zone.
 *
 * Arguments:
 *      zone   The zone to free to
 *      item   The item we're freeing
 *      udata  User supplied data for the dtor
 *      skip   Skip dtors and finis
 */
static void
zone_free_item(uma_zone_t zone, void *item, void *udata, enum zfreeskip skip)
{
#ifdef INVARIANTS
        bool skipdbg;

        skipdbg = uma_dbg_zskip(zone, item);
        if (skip == SKIP_NONE && !skipdbg) {
                if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_MALLOC)
                        uma_dbg_free(zone, udata, item);
                else
                        uma_dbg_free(zone, NULL, item);
        }

        if (skip < SKIP_DTOR && zone->uz_dtor != NULL &&
            (!skipdbg || zone->uz_dtor != trash_dtor ||
            zone->uz_ctor != trash_ctor))
#else
        if (skip < SKIP_DTOR && zone->uz_dtor != NULL)
#endif
                zone->uz_dtor(item, zone->uz_size, udata);

        if (skip < SKIP_FINI && zone->uz_fini)
                zone->uz_fini(item, zone->uz_size);

        zone->uz_release(zone->uz_arg, &item, 1);

        if (skip & SKIP_CNT)
                return;

        counter_u64_add(zone->uz_frees, 1);

        if (zone->uz_max_items > 0) {
                ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                zone->uz_items--;
                if (zone->uz_sleepers > 0 &&
                    zone->uz_items < zone->uz_max_items)
                        wakeup_one(zone);
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
        }
}

/* See uma.h */
int
uma_zone_set_max(uma_zone_t zone, int nitems)
{
        struct uma_bucket_zone *ubz;

        /*
         * If limit is very low we may need to limit how
         * much items are allowed in CPU caches.
         */
        ubz = &bucket_zones[0];
        for (; ubz->ubz_entries != 0; ubz++)
                if (ubz->ubz_entries * 2 * mp_ncpus > nitems)
                        break;
        if (ubz == &bucket_zones[0])
                nitems = ubz->ubz_entries * 2 * mp_ncpus;
        else
                ubz--;

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        zone->uz_count_max = zone->uz_count = ubz->ubz_entries;
        if (zone->uz_count_min > zone->uz_count_max)
                zone->uz_count_min = zone->uz_count_max;
        zone->uz_max_items = nitems;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        return (nitems);
}

/* See uma.h */
int
uma_zone_set_maxcache(uma_zone_t zone, int nitems)
{

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        zone->uz_bkt_max = nitems;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        return (nitems);
}

/* See uma.h */
int
uma_zone_get_max(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        int nitems;

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        nitems = zone->uz_max_items;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        return (nitems);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zone_set_warning(uma_zone_t zone, const char *warning)
{

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        zone->uz_warning = warning;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zone_set_maxaction(uma_zone_t zone, uma_maxaction_t maxaction)
{

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        TASK_INIT(&zone->uz_maxaction, 0, (task_fn_t *)maxaction, zone);
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
}

/* See uma.h */
int
uma_zone_get_cur(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        int64_t nitems;
        u_int i;

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        nitems = counter_u64_fetch(zone->uz_allocs) -
            counter_u64_fetch(zone->uz_frees);
        CPU_FOREACH(i) {
                /*
                 * See the comment in uma_vm_zone_stats() regarding the
                 * safety of accessing the per-cpu caches. With the zone lock
                 * held, it is safe, but can potentially result in stale data.
                 */
                nitems += zone->uz_cpu[i].uc_allocs -
                    zone->uz_cpu[i].uc_frees;
        }
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        return (nitems < 0 ? 0 : nitems);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zone_set_init(uma_zone_t zone, uma_init uminit)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;

        KEG_GET(zone, keg);
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        KASSERT(keg->uk_pages == 0,
            ("uma_zone_set_init on non-empty keg"));
        keg->uk_init = uminit;
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zone_set_fini(uma_zone_t zone, uma_fini fini)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;

        KEG_GET(zone, keg);
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        KASSERT(keg->uk_pages == 0,
            ("uma_zone_set_fini on non-empty keg"));
        keg->uk_fini = fini;
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zone_set_zinit(uma_zone_t zone, uma_init zinit)
{

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        KASSERT(zone->uz_keg->uk_pages == 0,
            ("uma_zone_set_zinit on non-empty keg"));
        zone->uz_init = zinit;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zone_set_zfini(uma_zone_t zone, uma_fini zfini)
{

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        KASSERT(zone->uz_keg->uk_pages == 0,
            ("uma_zone_set_zfini on non-empty keg"));
        zone->uz_fini = zfini;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
}

/* See uma.h */
/* XXX uk_freef is not actually used with the zone locked */
void
uma_zone_set_freef(uma_zone_t zone, uma_free freef)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;

        KEG_GET(zone, keg);
        KASSERT(keg != NULL, ("uma_zone_set_freef: Invalid zone type"));
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        keg->uk_freef = freef;
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
}

/* See uma.h */
/* XXX uk_allocf is not actually used with the zone locked */
void
uma_zone_set_allocf(uma_zone_t zone, uma_alloc allocf)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;

        KEG_GET(zone, keg);
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        keg->uk_allocf = allocf;
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zone_reserve(uma_zone_t zone, int items)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;

        KEG_GET(zone, keg);
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        keg->uk_reserve = items;
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
}

/* See uma.h */
int
uma_zone_reserve_kva(uma_zone_t zone, int count)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;
        vm_offset_t kva;
        u_int pages;

        KEG_GET(zone, keg);

        pages = count / keg->uk_ipers;
        if (pages * keg->uk_ipers < count)
                pages++;
        pages *= keg->uk_ppera;

#ifdef UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC
        if (keg->uk_ppera > 1) {
#else
        if (1) {
#endif
                kva = kva_alloc((vm_size_t)pages * PAGE_SIZE);
                if (kva == 0)
                        return (0);
        } else
                kva = 0;

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        MPASS(keg->uk_kva == 0);
        keg->uk_kva = kva;
        keg->uk_offset = 0;
        zone->uz_max_items = pages * keg->uk_ipers;
#ifdef UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC
        keg->uk_allocf = (keg->uk_ppera > 1) ? noobj_alloc : uma_small_alloc;
#else
        keg->uk_allocf = noobj_alloc;
#endif
        keg->uk_flags |= UMA_ZONE_NOFREE;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);

        return (1);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_prealloc(uma_zone_t zone, int items)
{
        struct vm_domainset_iter di;
        uma_domain_t dom;
        uma_slab_t slab;
        uma_keg_t keg;
        int aflags, domain, slabs;

        KEG_GET(zone, keg);
        KEG_LOCK(keg);
        slabs = items / keg->uk_ipers;
        if (slabs * keg->uk_ipers < items)
                slabs++;
        while (slabs-- > 0) {
                aflags = M_NOWAIT;
                vm_domainset_iter_policy_ref_init(&di, &keg->uk_dr, &domain,
                    &aflags);
                for (;;) {
                        slab = keg_alloc_slab(keg, zone, domain, M_WAITOK,
                            aflags);
                        if (slab != NULL) {
                                MPASS(slab->us_keg == keg);
                                dom = &keg->uk_domain[slab->us_domain];
                                LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&dom->ud_free_slab, slab,
                                    us_link);
                                break;
                        }
                        KEG_LOCK(keg);
                        if (vm_domainset_iter_policy(&di, &domain) != 0) {
                                KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
                                vm_wait_doms(&keg->uk_dr.dr_policy->ds_mask);
                                KEG_LOCK(keg);
                        }
                }
        }
        KEG_UNLOCK(keg);
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_reclaim(int req)
{

        CTR0(KTR_UMA, "UMA: vm asked us to release pages!");
        sx_xlock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
        bucket_enable();

        switch (req) {
        case UMA_RECLAIM_TRIM:
                zone_foreach(zone_trim);
                break;
        case UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN:
        case UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN_CPU:
                zone_foreach(zone_drain);
                if (req == UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN_CPU) {
                        pcpu_cache_drain_safe(NULL);
                        zone_foreach(zone_drain);
                }
                break;
        default:
                panic("unhandled reclamation request %d", req);
        }

        /*
         * Some slabs may have been freed but this zone will be visited early
         * we visit again so that we can free pages that are empty once other
         * zones are drained.  We have to do the same for buckets.
         */
        zone_drain(slabzone);
        bucket_zone_drain();
        sx_xunlock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
}

static volatile int uma_reclaim_needed;

void
uma_reclaim_wakeup(void)
{

        if (atomic_fetchadd_int(&uma_reclaim_needed, 1) == 0)
                wakeup(uma_reclaim);
}

void
uma_reclaim_worker(void *arg __unused)
{

        for (;;) {
                sx_xlock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
                while (atomic_load_int(&uma_reclaim_needed) == 0)
                        sx_sleep(uma_reclaim, &uma_reclaim_lock, PVM, "umarcl",
                            hz);
                sx_xunlock(&uma_reclaim_lock);
                EVENTHANDLER_INVOKE(vm_lowmem, VM_LOW_KMEM);
                uma_reclaim(UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN_CPU);
                atomic_store_int(&uma_reclaim_needed, 0);
                /* Don't fire more than once per-second. */
                pause("umarclslp", hz);
        }
}

/* See uma.h */
void
uma_zone_reclaim(uma_zone_t zone, int req)
{

        switch (req) {
        case UMA_RECLAIM_TRIM:
                zone_trim(zone);
                break;
        case UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN:
                zone_drain(zone);
                break;
        case UMA_RECLAIM_DRAIN_CPU:
                pcpu_cache_drain_safe(zone);
                zone_drain(zone);
                break;
        default:
                panic("unhandled reclamation request %d", req);
        }
}

/* See uma.h */
int
uma_zone_exhausted(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        int full;

        ZONE_LOCK(zone);
        full = zone->uz_sleepers > 0;
        ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
        return (full);  
}

int
uma_zone_exhausted_nolock(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        return (zone->uz_sleepers > 0);
}

void *
uma_large_malloc_domain(vm_size_t size, int domain, int wait)
{
        struct domainset *policy;
        vm_offset_t addr;
        uma_slab_t slab;

        if (domain != UMA_ANYDOMAIN) {
                /* avoid allocs targeting empty domains */
                if (VM_DOMAIN_EMPTY(domain))
                        domain = UMA_ANYDOMAIN;
        }
        slab = zone_alloc_item(slabzone, NULL, domain, wait);
        if (slab == NULL)
                return (NULL);
        policy = (domain == UMA_ANYDOMAIN) ? DOMAINSET_RR() :
            DOMAINSET_FIXED(domain);
        addr = kmem_malloc_domainset(policy, size, wait);
        if (addr != 0) {
                vsetslab(addr, slab);
                slab->us_data = (void *)addr;
                slab->us_flags = UMA_SLAB_KERNEL | UMA_SLAB_MALLOC;
                slab->us_size = size;
                slab->us_domain = vm_phys_domain(PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(
                    pmap_kextract(addr)));
                uma_total_inc(size);
        } else {
                zone_free_item(slabzone, slab, NULL, SKIP_NONE);
        }

        return ((void *)addr);
}

void *
uma_large_malloc(vm_size_t size, int wait)
{

        return uma_large_malloc_domain(size, UMA_ANYDOMAIN, wait);
}

void
uma_large_free(uma_slab_t slab)
{

        KASSERT((slab->us_flags & UMA_SLAB_KERNEL) != 0,
            ("uma_large_free:  Memory not allocated with uma_large_malloc."));
        kmem_free((vm_offset_t)slab->us_data, slab->us_size);
        uma_total_dec(slab->us_size);
        zone_free_item(slabzone, slab, NULL, SKIP_NONE);
}

static void
uma_zero_item(void *item, uma_zone_t zone)
{

        bzero(item, zone->uz_size);
}

unsigned long
uma_limit(void)
{

        return (uma_kmem_limit);
}

void
uma_set_limit(unsigned long limit)
{

        uma_kmem_limit = limit;
}

unsigned long
uma_size(void)
{

        return (atomic_load_long(&uma_kmem_total));
}

long
uma_avail(void)
{

        return (uma_kmem_limit - uma_size());
}

void
uma_print_stats(void)
{
        zone_foreach(uma_print_zone);
}

static void
slab_print(uma_slab_t slab)
{
        printf("slab: keg %p, data %p, freecount %d\n",
                slab->us_keg, slab->us_data, slab->us_freecount);
}

static void
cache_print(uma_cache_t cache)
{
        printf("alloc: %p(%d), free: %p(%d), cross: %p(%d)j\n",
                cache->uc_allocbucket,
                cache->uc_allocbucket?cache->uc_allocbucket->ub_cnt:0,
                cache->uc_freebucket,
                cache->uc_freebucket?cache->uc_freebucket->ub_cnt:0,
                cache->uc_crossbucket,
                cache->uc_crossbucket?cache->uc_crossbucket->ub_cnt:0);
}

static void
uma_print_keg(uma_keg_t keg)
{
        uma_domain_t dom;
        uma_slab_t slab;
        int i;

        printf("keg: %s(%p) size %d(%d) flags %#x ipers %d ppera %d "
            "out %d free %d\n",
            keg->uk_name, keg, keg->uk_size, keg->uk_rsize, keg->uk_flags,
            keg->uk_ipers, keg->uk_ppera,
            (keg->uk_pages / keg->uk_ppera) * keg->uk_ipers - keg->uk_free,
            keg->uk_free);
        for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++) {
                dom = &keg->uk_domain[i];
                printf("Part slabs:\n");
                LIST_FOREACH(slab, &dom->ud_part_slab, us_link)
                        slab_print(slab);
                printf("Free slabs:\n");
                LIST_FOREACH(slab, &dom->ud_free_slab, us_link)
                        slab_print(slab);
                printf("Full slabs:\n");
                LIST_FOREACH(slab, &dom->ud_full_slab, us_link)
                        slab_print(slab);
        }
}

void
uma_print_zone(uma_zone_t zone)
{
        uma_cache_t cache;
        int i;

        printf("zone: %s(%p) size %d maxitems %ju flags %#x\n",
            zone->uz_name, zone, zone->uz_size, (uintmax_t)zone->uz_max_items,
            zone->uz_flags);
        if (zone->uz_lockptr != &zone->uz_lock)
                uma_print_keg(zone->uz_keg);
        CPU_FOREACH(i) {
                cache = &zone->uz_cpu[i];
                printf("CPU %d Cache:\n", i);
                cache_print(cache);
        }
}

#ifdef DDB
/*
 * Generate statistics across both the zone and its per-cpu cache's.  Return
 * desired statistics if the pointer is non-NULL for that statistic.
 *
 * Note: does not update the zone statistics, as it can't safely clear the
 * per-CPU cache statistic.
 *
 * XXXRW: Following the uc_allocbucket and uc_freebucket pointers here isn't
 * safe from off-CPU; we should modify the caches to track this information
 * directly so that we don't have to.
 */
static void
uma_zone_sumstat(uma_zone_t z, long *cachefreep, uint64_t *allocsp,
    uint64_t *freesp, uint64_t *sleepsp, uint64_t *xdomainp)
{
        uma_cache_t cache;
        uint64_t allocs, frees, sleeps, xdomain;
        int cachefree, cpu;

        allocs = frees = sleeps = xdomain = 0;
        cachefree = 0;
        CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
                cache = &z->uz_cpu[cpu];
                if (cache->uc_allocbucket != NULL)
                        cachefree += cache->uc_allocbucket->ub_cnt;
                if (cache->uc_freebucket != NULL)
                        cachefree += cache->uc_freebucket->ub_cnt;
                if (cache->uc_crossbucket != NULL) {
                        xdomain += cache->uc_crossbucket->ub_cnt;
                        cachefree += cache->uc_crossbucket->ub_cnt;
                }
                allocs += cache->uc_allocs;
                frees += cache->uc_frees;
        }
        allocs += counter_u64_fetch(z->uz_allocs);
        frees += counter_u64_fetch(z->uz_frees);
        sleeps += z->uz_sleeps;
        xdomain += z->uz_xdomain;
        if (cachefreep != NULL)
                *cachefreep = cachefree;
        if (allocsp != NULL)
                *allocsp = allocs;
        if (freesp != NULL)
                *freesp = frees;
        if (sleepsp != NULL)
                *sleepsp = sleeps;
        if (xdomainp != NULL)
                *xdomainp = xdomain;
}
#endif /* DDB */

static int
sysctl_vm_zone_count(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        uma_keg_t kz;
        uma_zone_t z;
        int count;

        count = 0;
        rw_rlock(&uma_rwlock);
        LIST_FOREACH(kz, &uma_kegs, uk_link) {
                LIST_FOREACH(z, &kz->uk_zones, uz_link)
                        count++;
        }
        LIST_FOREACH(z, &uma_cachezones, uz_link)
                count++;

        rw_runlock(&uma_rwlock);
        return (sysctl_handle_int(oidp, &count, 0, req));
}

static void
uma_vm_zone_stats(struct uma_type_header *uth, uma_zone_t z, struct sbuf *sbuf,
    struct uma_percpu_stat *ups, bool internal)
{
        uma_zone_domain_t zdom;
        uma_cache_t cache;
        int i;


        for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++) {
                zdom = &z->uz_domain[i];
                uth->uth_zone_free += zdom->uzd_nitems;
        }
        uth->uth_allocs = counter_u64_fetch(z->uz_allocs);
        uth->uth_frees = counter_u64_fetch(z->uz_frees);
        uth->uth_fails = counter_u64_fetch(z->uz_fails);
        uth->uth_sleeps = z->uz_sleeps;
        uth->uth_xdomain = z->uz_xdomain;
        /*
         * While it is not normally safe to access the cache
         * bucket pointers while not on the CPU that owns the
         * cache, we only allow the pointers to be exchanged
         * without the zone lock held, not invalidated, so
         * accept the possible race associated with bucket
         * exchange during monitoring.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < mp_maxid + 1; i++) {
                bzero(&ups[i], sizeof(*ups));
                if (internal || CPU_ABSENT(i))
                        continue;
                cache = &z->uz_cpu[i];
                if (cache->uc_allocbucket != NULL)
                        ups[i].ups_cache_free +=
                            cache->uc_allocbucket->ub_cnt;
                if (cache->uc_freebucket != NULL)
                        ups[i].ups_cache_free +=
                            cache->uc_freebucket->ub_cnt;
                if (cache->uc_crossbucket != NULL)
                        ups[i].ups_cache_free +=
                            cache->uc_crossbucket->ub_cnt;
                ups[i].ups_allocs = cache->uc_allocs;
                ups[i].ups_frees = cache->uc_frees;
        }
}

static int
sysctl_vm_zone_stats(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        struct uma_stream_header ush;
        struct uma_type_header uth;
        struct uma_percpu_stat *ups;
        struct sbuf sbuf;
        uma_keg_t kz;
        uma_zone_t z;
        int count, error, i;

        error = sysctl_wire_old_buffer(req, 0);
        if (error != 0)
                return (error);
        sbuf_new_for_sysctl(&sbuf, NULL, 128, req);
        sbuf_clear_flags(&sbuf, SBUF_INCLUDENUL);
        ups = malloc((mp_maxid + 1) * sizeof(*ups), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);

        count = 0;
        rw_rlock(&uma_rwlock);
        LIST_FOREACH(kz, &uma_kegs, uk_link) {
                LIST_FOREACH(z, &kz->uk_zones, uz_link)
                        count++;
        }

        LIST_FOREACH(z, &uma_cachezones, uz_link)
                count++;

        /*
         * Insert stream header.
         */
        bzero(&ush, sizeof(ush));
        ush.ush_version = UMA_STREAM_VERSION;
        ush.ush_maxcpus = (mp_maxid + 1);
        ush.ush_count = count;
        (void)sbuf_bcat(&sbuf, &ush, sizeof(ush));

        LIST_FOREACH(kz, &uma_kegs, uk_link) {
                LIST_FOREACH(z, &kz->uk_zones, uz_link) {
                        bzero(&uth, sizeof(uth));
                        ZONE_LOCK(z);
                        strlcpy(uth.uth_name, z->uz_name, UTH_MAX_NAME);
                        uth.uth_align = kz->uk_align;
                        uth.uth_size = kz->uk_size;
                        uth.uth_rsize = kz->uk_rsize;
                        if (z->uz_max_items > 0)
                                uth.uth_pages = (z->uz_items / kz->uk_ipers) *
                                        kz->uk_ppera;
                        else
                                uth.uth_pages = kz->uk_pages;
                        uth.uth_maxpages = (z->uz_max_items / kz->uk_ipers) *
                            kz->uk_ppera;
                        uth.uth_limit = z->uz_max_items;
                        uth.uth_keg_free = z->uz_keg->uk_free;

                        /*
                         * A zone is secondary is it is not the first entry
                         * on the keg's zone list.
                         */
                        if ((z->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_SECONDARY) &&
                            (LIST_FIRST(&kz->uk_zones) != z))
                                uth.uth_zone_flags = UTH_ZONE_SECONDARY;
                        uma_vm_zone_stats(&uth, z, &sbuf, ups,
                            kz->uk_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL);
                        ZONE_UNLOCK(z);
                        (void)sbuf_bcat(&sbuf, &uth, sizeof(uth));
                        for (i = 0; i < mp_maxid + 1; i++)
                                (void)sbuf_bcat(&sbuf, &ups[i], sizeof(ups[i]));
                }
        }
        LIST_FOREACH(z, &uma_cachezones, uz_link) {
                bzero(&uth, sizeof(uth));
                ZONE_LOCK(z);
                strlcpy(uth.uth_name, z->uz_name, UTH_MAX_NAME);
                uth.uth_size = z->uz_size;
                uma_vm_zone_stats(&uth, z, &sbuf, ups, false);
                ZONE_UNLOCK(z);
                (void)sbuf_bcat(&sbuf, &uth, sizeof(uth));
                for (i = 0; i < mp_maxid + 1; i++)
                        (void)sbuf_bcat(&sbuf, &ups[i], sizeof(ups[i]));
        }

        rw_runlock(&uma_rwlock);
        error = sbuf_finish(&sbuf);
        sbuf_delete(&sbuf);
        free(ups, M_TEMP);
        return (error);
}

int
sysctl_handle_uma_zone_max(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        uma_zone_t zone = *(uma_zone_t *)arg1;
        int error, max;

        max = uma_zone_get_max(zone);
        error = sysctl_handle_int(oidp, &max, 0, req);
        if (error || !req->newptr)
                return (error);

        uma_zone_set_max(zone, max);

        return (0);
}

int
sysctl_handle_uma_zone_cur(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        uma_zone_t zone = *(uma_zone_t *)arg1;
        int cur;

        cur = uma_zone_get_cur(zone);
        return (sysctl_handle_int(oidp, &cur, 0, req));
}

#ifdef INVARIANTS
static uma_slab_t
uma_dbg_getslab(uma_zone_t zone, void *item)
{
        uma_slab_t slab;
        uma_keg_t keg;
        uint8_t *mem;

        mem = (uint8_t *)((uintptr_t)item & (~UMA_SLAB_MASK));
        if (zone->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_VTOSLAB) {
                slab = vtoslab((vm_offset_t)mem);
        } else {
                /*
                 * It is safe to return the slab here even though the
                 * zone is unlocked because the item's allocation state
                 * essentially holds a reference.
                 */
                if (zone->uz_lockptr == &zone->uz_lock)
                        return (NULL);
                ZONE_LOCK(zone);
                keg = zone->uz_keg;
                if (keg->uk_flags & UMA_ZONE_HASH)
                        slab = hash_sfind(&keg->uk_hash, mem);
                else
                        slab = (uma_slab_t)(mem + keg->uk_pgoff);
                ZONE_UNLOCK(zone);
        }

        return (slab);
}

static bool
uma_dbg_zskip(uma_zone_t zone, void *mem)
{

        if (zone->uz_lockptr == &zone->uz_lock)
                return (true);

        return (uma_dbg_kskip(zone->uz_keg, mem));
}

static bool
uma_dbg_kskip(uma_keg_t keg, void *mem)
{
        uintptr_t idx;

        if (dbg_divisor == 0)
                return (true);

        if (dbg_divisor == 1)
                return (false);

        idx = (uintptr_t)mem >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        if (keg->uk_ipers > 1) {
                idx *= keg->uk_ipers;
                idx += ((uintptr_t)mem & PAGE_MASK) / keg->uk_rsize;
        }

        if ((idx / dbg_divisor) * dbg_divisor != idx) {
                counter_u64_add(uma_skip_cnt, 1);
                return (true);
        }
        counter_u64_add(uma_dbg_cnt, 1);

        return (false);
}

/*
 * Set up the slab's freei data such that uma_dbg_free can function.
 *
 */
static void
uma_dbg_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, uma_slab_t slab, void *item)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;
        int freei;

        if (slab == NULL) {
                slab = uma_dbg_getslab(zone, item);
                if (slab == NULL) 
                        panic("uma: item %p did not belong to zone %s\n",
                            item, zone->uz_name);
        }
        keg = slab->us_keg;
        freei = ((uintptr_t)item - (uintptr_t)slab->us_data) / keg->uk_rsize;

        if (BIT_ISSET(SLAB_SETSIZE, freei, &slab->us_debugfree))
                panic("Duplicate alloc of %p from zone %p(%s) slab %p(%d)\n",
                    item, zone, zone->uz_name, slab, freei);
        BIT_SET_ATOMIC(SLAB_SETSIZE, freei, &slab->us_debugfree);

        return;
}

/*
 * Verifies freed addresses.  Checks for alignment, valid slab membership
 * and duplicate frees.
 *
 */
static void
uma_dbg_free(uma_zone_t zone, uma_slab_t slab, void *item)
{
        uma_keg_t keg;
        int freei;

        if (slab == NULL) {
                slab = uma_dbg_getslab(zone, item);
                if (slab == NULL) 
                        panic("uma: Freed item %p did not belong to zone %s\n",
                            item, zone->uz_name);
        }
        keg = slab->us_keg;
        freei = ((uintptr_t)item - (uintptr_t)slab->us_data) / keg->uk_rsize;

        if (freei >= keg->uk_ipers)
                panic("Invalid free of %p from zone %p(%s) slab %p(%d)\n",
                    item, zone, zone->uz_name, slab, freei);

        if (((freei * keg->uk_rsize) + slab->us_data) != item) 
                panic("Unaligned free of %p from zone %p(%s) slab %p(%d)\n",
                    item, zone, zone->uz_name, slab, freei);

        if (!BIT_ISSET(SLAB_SETSIZE, freei, &slab->us_debugfree))
                panic("Duplicate free of %p from zone %p(%s) slab %p(%d)\n",
                    item, zone, zone->uz_name, slab, freei);

        BIT_CLR_ATOMIC(SLAB_SETSIZE, freei, &slab->us_debugfree);
}
#endif /* INVARIANTS */

#ifdef DDB
DB_SHOW_COMMAND(uma, db_show_uma)
{
        uma_keg_t kz;
        uma_zone_t z;
        uint64_t allocs, frees, sleeps, xdomain;
        long cachefree;
        int i;

        db_printf("%18s %8s %8s %8s %12s %8s %8s %8s\n", "Zone", "Size", "Used",
            "Free", "Requests", "Sleeps", "Bucket", "XFree");
        LIST_FOREACH(kz, &uma_kegs, uk_link) {
                LIST_FOREACH(z, &kz->uk_zones, uz_link) {
                        if (kz->uk_flags & UMA_ZFLAG_INTERNAL) {
                                allocs = counter_u64_fetch(z->uz_allocs);
                                frees = counter_u64_fetch(z->uz_frees);
                                sleeps = z->uz_sleeps;
                                cachefree = 0;
                        } else
                                uma_zone_sumstat(z, &cachefree, &allocs,
                                    &frees, &sleeps, &xdomain);
                        if (!((z->uz_flags & UMA_ZONE_SECONDARY) &&
                            (LIST_FIRST(&kz->uk_zones) != z)))
                                cachefree += kz->uk_free;
                        for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++)
                                cachefree += z->uz_domain[i].uzd_nitems;

                        db_printf("%18s %8ju %8jd %8ld %12ju %8ju %8u %8ju\n",
                            z->uz_name, (uintmax_t)kz->uk_size,
                            (intmax_t)(allocs - frees), cachefree,
                            (uintmax_t)allocs, sleeps, z->uz_count, xdomain);
                        if (db_pager_quit)
                                return;
                }
        }
}

DB_SHOW_COMMAND(umacache, db_show_umacache)
{
        uma_zone_t z;
        uint64_t allocs, frees;
        long cachefree;
        int i;

        db_printf("%18s %8s %8s %8s %12s %8s\n", "Zone", "Size", "Used", "Free",
            "Requests", "Bucket");
        LIST_FOREACH(z, &uma_cachezones, uz_link) {
                uma_zone_sumstat(z, &cachefree, &allocs, &frees, NULL, NULL);
                for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++)
                        cachefree += z->uz_domain[i].uzd_nitems;
                db_printf("%18s %8ju %8jd %8ld %12ju %8u\n",
                    z->uz_name, (uintmax_t)z->uz_size,
                    (intmax_t)(allocs - frees), cachefree,
                    (uintmax_t)allocs, z->uz_count);
                if (db_pager_quit)
                        return;
        }
}
#endif  /* DDB */