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[FreeBSD/FreeBSD.git] / sys / vm / vm_fault.c

/*-
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: (BSD-4-Clause AND MIT-CMU)
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
 *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 1994 John S. Dyson
 * All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 1994 David Greenman
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
 * The Mach Operating System project at Carnegie-Mellon University.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *      from: @(#)vm_fault.c    8.4 (Berkeley) 1/12/94
 *
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 Carnegie-Mellon University.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Authors: Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and
 * its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
 * notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
 * software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
 * thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
 *
 * CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
 * CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND
 * FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 *
 * Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
 *
 *  Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
 *  School of Computer Science
 *  Carnegie Mellon University
 *  Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890
 *
 * any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the
 * rights to redistribute these changes.
 */

/*
 *      Page fault handling module.
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");

#include "opt_ktrace.h"
#include "opt_vm.h"

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/lock.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/racct.h>
#include <sys/resourcevar.h>
#include <sys/rwlock.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/vmmeter.h>
#include <sys/vnode.h>
#ifdef KTRACE
#include <sys/ktrace.h>
#endif

#include <vm/vm.h>
#include <vm/vm_param.h>
#include <vm/pmap.h>
#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_object.h>
#include <vm/vm_page.h>
#include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_pager.h>
#include <vm/vm_extern.h>
#include <vm/vm_reserv.h>

#define PFBAK 4
#define PFFOR 4

#define VM_FAULT_READ_DEFAULT   (1 + VM_FAULT_READ_AHEAD_INIT)
#define VM_FAULT_READ_MAX       (1 + VM_FAULT_READ_AHEAD_MAX)

#define VM_FAULT_DONTNEED_MIN   1048576

struct faultstate {
        vm_page_t m;
        vm_object_t object;
        vm_pindex_t pindex;
        vm_page_t first_m;
        vm_object_t     first_object;
        vm_pindex_t first_pindex;
        vm_map_t map;
        vm_map_entry_t entry;
        int map_generation;
        bool lookup_still_valid;
        struct vnode *vp;
};

static void vm_fault_dontneed(const struct faultstate *fs, vm_offset_t vaddr,
            int ahead);
static void vm_fault_prefault(const struct faultstate *fs, vm_offset_t addra,
            int backward, int forward, bool obj_locked);

static inline void
release_page(struct faultstate *fs)
{

        vm_page_xunbusy(fs->m);
        vm_page_lock(fs->m);
        vm_page_deactivate(fs->m);
        vm_page_unlock(fs->m);
        fs->m = NULL;
}

static inline void
unlock_map(struct faultstate *fs)
{

        if (fs->lookup_still_valid) {
                vm_map_lookup_done(fs->map, fs->entry);
                fs->lookup_still_valid = false;
        }
}

static void
unlock_vp(struct faultstate *fs)
{

        if (fs->vp != NULL) {
                vput(fs->vp);
                fs->vp = NULL;
        }
}

static void
unlock_and_deallocate(struct faultstate *fs)
{

        vm_object_pip_wakeup(fs->object);
        VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs->object);
        if (fs->object != fs->first_object) {
                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs->first_object);
                vm_page_lock(fs->first_m);
                vm_page_free(fs->first_m);
                vm_page_unlock(fs->first_m);
                vm_object_pip_wakeup(fs->first_object);
                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs->first_object);
                fs->first_m = NULL;
        }
        vm_object_deallocate(fs->first_object);
        unlock_map(fs);
        unlock_vp(fs);
}

static void
vm_fault_dirty(vm_map_entry_t entry, vm_page_t m, vm_prot_t prot,
    vm_prot_t fault_type, int fault_flags, bool set_wd)
{
        bool need_dirty;

        if (((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0 &&
            (fault_flags & VM_FAULT_DIRTY) == 0) ||
            (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                return;

        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(m->object);

        need_dirty = ((fault_type & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0 &&
            (fault_flags & VM_FAULT_WIRE) == 0) ||
            (fault_flags & VM_FAULT_DIRTY) != 0;

        if (set_wd)
                vm_object_set_writeable_dirty(m->object);
        else
                /*
                 * If two callers of vm_fault_dirty() with set_wd ==
                 * FALSE, one for the map entry with MAP_ENTRY_NOSYNC
                 * flag set, other with flag clear, race, it is
                 * possible for the no-NOSYNC thread to see m->dirty
                 * != 0 and not clear VPO_NOSYNC.  Take vm_page lock
                 * around manipulation of VPO_NOSYNC and
                 * vm_page_dirty() call, to avoid the race and keep
                 * m->oflags consistent.
                 */
                vm_page_lock(m);

        /*
         * If this is a NOSYNC mmap we do not want to set VPO_NOSYNC
         * if the page is already dirty to prevent data written with
         * the expectation of being synced from not being synced.
         * Likewise if this entry does not request NOSYNC then make
         * sure the page isn't marked NOSYNC.  Applications sharing
         * data should use the same flags to avoid ping ponging.
         */
        if ((entry->eflags & MAP_ENTRY_NOSYNC) != 0) {
                if (m->dirty == 0) {
                        m->oflags |= VPO_NOSYNC;
                }
        } else {
                m->oflags &= ~VPO_NOSYNC;
        }

        /*
         * If the fault is a write, we know that this page is being
         * written NOW so dirty it explicitly to save on
         * pmap_is_modified() calls later.
         *
         * Also, since the page is now dirty, we can possibly tell
         * the pager to release any swap backing the page.  Calling
         * the pager requires a write lock on the object.
         */
        if (need_dirty)
                vm_page_dirty(m);
        if (!set_wd)
                vm_page_unlock(m);
        else if (need_dirty)
                vm_pager_page_unswapped(m);
}

static void
vm_fault_fill_hold(vm_page_t *m_hold, vm_page_t m)
{

        if (m_hold != NULL) {
                *m_hold = m;
                vm_page_lock(m);
                vm_page_hold(m);
                vm_page_unlock(m);
        }
}

/*
 * Unlocks fs.first_object and fs.map on success.
 */
static int
vm_fault_soft_fast(struct faultstate *fs, vm_offset_t vaddr, vm_prot_t prot,
    int fault_type, int fault_flags, boolean_t wired, vm_page_t *m_hold)
{
        vm_page_t m, m_map;
#if (defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__amd64__) || (defined(__arm__) && \
    __ARM_ARCH >= 6) || defined(__i386__)) && VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
        vm_page_t m_super;
        int flags;
#endif
        int psind, rv;

        MPASS(fs->vp == NULL);
        m = vm_page_lookup(fs->first_object, fs->first_pindex);
        /* A busy page can be mapped for read|execute access. */
        if (m == NULL || ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0 &&
            vm_page_busied(m)) || m->valid != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL)
                return (KERN_FAILURE);
        m_map = m;
        psind = 0;
#if (defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__amd64__) || (defined(__arm__) && \
    __ARM_ARCH >= 6) || defined(__i386__)) && VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
        if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0 &&
            (m_super = vm_reserv_to_superpage(m)) != NULL &&
            rounddown2(vaddr, pagesizes[m_super->psind]) >= fs->entry->start &&
            roundup2(vaddr + 1, pagesizes[m_super->psind]) <= fs->entry->end &&
            (vaddr & (pagesizes[m_super->psind] - 1)) == (VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m) &
            (pagesizes[m_super->psind] - 1)) &&
            pmap_ps_enabled(fs->map->pmap)) {
                flags = PS_ALL_VALID;
                if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0) {
                        /*
                         * Create a superpage mapping allowing write access
                         * only if none of the constituent pages are busy and
                         * all of them are already dirty (except possibly for
                         * the page that was faulted on).
                         */
                        flags |= PS_NONE_BUSY;
                        if ((fs->first_object->flags & OBJ_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                                flags |= PS_ALL_DIRTY;
                }
                if (vm_page_ps_test(m_super, flags, m)) {
                        m_map = m_super;
                        psind = m_super->psind;
                        vaddr = rounddown2(vaddr, pagesizes[psind]);
                        /* Preset the modified bit for dirty superpages. */
                        if ((flags & PS_ALL_DIRTY) != 0)
                                fault_type |= VM_PROT_WRITE;
                }
        }
#endif
        rv = pmap_enter(fs->map->pmap, vaddr, m_map, prot, fault_type |
            PMAP_ENTER_NOSLEEP | (wired ? PMAP_ENTER_WIRED : 0), psind);
        if (rv != KERN_SUCCESS)
                return (rv);
        vm_fault_fill_hold(m_hold, m);
        vm_fault_dirty(fs->entry, m, prot, fault_type, fault_flags, false);
        if (psind == 0 && !wired)
                vm_fault_prefault(fs, vaddr, PFBAK, PFFOR, true);
        VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(fs->first_object);
        vm_map_lookup_done(fs->map, fs->entry);
        curthread->td_ru.ru_minflt++;
        return (KERN_SUCCESS);
}

static void
vm_fault_restore_map_lock(struct faultstate *fs)
{

        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(fs->first_object);
        MPASS(fs->first_object->paging_in_progress > 0);

        if (!vm_map_trylock_read(fs->map)) {
                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs->first_object);
                vm_map_lock_read(fs->map);
                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs->first_object);
        }
        fs->lookup_still_valid = true;
}

static void
vm_fault_populate_check_page(vm_page_t m)
{

        /*
         * Check each page to ensure that the pager is obeying the
         * interface: the page must be installed in the object, fully
         * valid, and exclusively busied.
         */
        MPASS(m != NULL);
        MPASS(m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL);
        MPASS(vm_page_xbusied(m));
}

static void
vm_fault_populate_cleanup(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t first,
    vm_pindex_t last)
{
        vm_page_t m;
        vm_pindex_t pidx;

        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
        MPASS(first <= last);
        for (pidx = first, m = vm_page_lookup(object, pidx);
            pidx <= last; pidx++, m = vm_page_next(m)) {
                vm_fault_populate_check_page(m);
                vm_page_lock(m);
                vm_page_deactivate(m);
                vm_page_unlock(m);
                vm_page_xunbusy(m);
        }
}

static int
vm_fault_populate(struct faultstate *fs, vm_prot_t prot, int fault_type,
    int fault_flags, boolean_t wired, vm_page_t *m_hold)
{
        struct mtx *m_mtx;
        vm_offset_t vaddr;
        vm_page_t m;
        vm_pindex_t map_first, map_last, pager_first, pager_last, pidx;
        int i, npages, psind, rv;

        MPASS(fs->object == fs->first_object);
        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(fs->first_object);
        MPASS(fs->first_object->paging_in_progress > 0);
        MPASS(fs->first_object->backing_object == NULL);
        MPASS(fs->lookup_still_valid);

        pager_first = OFF_TO_IDX(fs->entry->offset);
        pager_last = pager_first + atop(fs->entry->end - fs->entry->start) - 1;
        unlock_map(fs);
        unlock_vp(fs);

        /*
         * Call the pager (driver) populate() method.
         *
         * There is no guarantee that the method will be called again
         * if the current fault is for read, and a future fault is
         * for write.  Report the entry's maximum allowed protection
         * to the driver.
         */
        rv = vm_pager_populate(fs->first_object, fs->first_pindex,
            fault_type, fs->entry->max_protection, &pager_first, &pager_last);

        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(fs->first_object);
        if (rv == VM_PAGER_BAD) {
                /*
                 * VM_PAGER_BAD is the backdoor for a pager to request
                 * normal fault handling.
                 */
                vm_fault_restore_map_lock(fs);
                if (fs->map->timestamp != fs->map_generation)
                        return (KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE); /* RetryFault */
                return (KERN_NOT_RECEIVER);
        }
        if (rv != VM_PAGER_OK)
                return (KERN_FAILURE); /* AKA SIGSEGV */

        /* Ensure that the driver is obeying the interface. */
        MPASS(pager_first <= pager_last);
        MPASS(fs->first_pindex <= pager_last);
        MPASS(fs->first_pindex >= pager_first);
        MPASS(pager_last < fs->first_object->size);

        vm_fault_restore_map_lock(fs);
        if (fs->map->timestamp != fs->map_generation) {
                vm_fault_populate_cleanup(fs->first_object, pager_first,
                    pager_last);
                return (KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE); /* RetryFault */
        }

        /*
         * The map is unchanged after our last unlock.  Process the fault.
         *
         * The range [pager_first, pager_last] that is given to the
         * pager is only a hint.  The pager may populate any range
         * within the object that includes the requested page index.
         * In case the pager expanded the range, clip it to fit into
         * the map entry.
         */
        map_first = OFF_TO_IDX(fs->entry->offset);
        if (map_first > pager_first) {
                vm_fault_populate_cleanup(fs->first_object, pager_first,
                    map_first - 1);
                pager_first = map_first;
        }
        map_last = map_first + atop(fs->entry->end - fs->entry->start) - 1;
        if (map_last < pager_last) {
                vm_fault_populate_cleanup(fs->first_object, map_last + 1,
                    pager_last);
                pager_last = map_last;
        }
        for (pidx = pager_first, m = vm_page_lookup(fs->first_object, pidx);
            pidx <= pager_last;
            pidx += npages, m = vm_page_next(&m[npages - 1])) {
                vaddr = fs->entry->start + IDX_TO_OFF(pidx) - fs->entry->offset;
#if defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__amd64__) || (defined(__arm__) && \
    __ARM_ARCH >= 6) || defined(__i386__)
                psind = m->psind;
                if (psind > 0 && ((vaddr & (pagesizes[psind] - 1)) != 0 ||
                    pidx + OFF_TO_IDX(pagesizes[psind]) - 1 > pager_last ||
                    !pmap_ps_enabled(fs->map->pmap)))
                        psind = 0;
#else
                psind = 0;
#endif          
                npages = atop(pagesizes[psind]);
                for (i = 0; i < npages; i++) {
                        vm_fault_populate_check_page(&m[i]);
                        vm_fault_dirty(fs->entry, &m[i], prot, fault_type,
                            fault_flags, true);
                }
                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs->first_object);
                pmap_enter(fs->map->pmap, vaddr, m, prot, fault_type | (wired ?
                    PMAP_ENTER_WIRED : 0), psind);
                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs->first_object);
                m_mtx = NULL;
                for (i = 0; i < npages; i++) {
                        vm_page_change_lock(&m[i], &m_mtx);
                        if ((fault_flags & VM_FAULT_WIRE) != 0)
                                vm_page_wire(&m[i]);
                        else
                                vm_page_activate(&m[i]);
                        if (m_hold != NULL && m[i].pindex == fs->first_pindex) {
                                *m_hold = &m[i];
                                vm_page_hold(&m[i]);
                        }
                        vm_page_xunbusy_maybelocked(&m[i]);
                }
                if (m_mtx != NULL)
                        mtx_unlock(m_mtx);
        }
        curthread->td_ru.ru_majflt++;
        return (KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 *      vm_fault:
 *
 *      Handle a page fault occurring at the given address,
 *      requiring the given permissions, in the map specified.
 *      If successful, the page is inserted into the
 *      associated physical map.
 *
 *      NOTE: the given address should be truncated to the
 *      proper page address.
 *
 *      KERN_SUCCESS is returned if the page fault is handled; otherwise,
 *      a standard error specifying why the fault is fatal is returned.
 *
 *      The map in question must be referenced, and remains so.
 *      Caller may hold no locks.
 */
int
vm_fault(vm_map_t map, vm_offset_t vaddr, vm_prot_t fault_type,
    int fault_flags)
{
        struct thread *td;
        int result;

        td = curthread;
        if ((td->td_pflags & TDP_NOFAULTING) != 0)
                return (KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
#ifdef KTRACE
        if (map != kernel_map && KTRPOINT(td, KTR_FAULT))
                ktrfault(vaddr, fault_type);
#endif
        result = vm_fault_hold(map, trunc_page(vaddr), fault_type, fault_flags,
            NULL);
#ifdef KTRACE
        if (map != kernel_map && KTRPOINT(td, KTR_FAULTEND))
                ktrfaultend(result);
#endif
        return (result);
}

int
vm_fault_hold(vm_map_t map, vm_offset_t vaddr, vm_prot_t fault_type,
    int fault_flags, vm_page_t *m_hold)
{
        struct faultstate fs;
        struct vnode *vp;
        struct domainset *dset;
        vm_object_t next_object, retry_object;
        vm_offset_t e_end, e_start;
        vm_pindex_t retry_pindex;
        vm_prot_t prot, retry_prot;
        int ahead, alloc_req, behind, cluster_offset, error, era, faultcount;
        int locked, nera, result, rv;
        u_char behavior;
        boolean_t wired;        /* Passed by reference. */
        bool dead, hardfault, is_first_object_locked;

        VM_CNT_INC(v_vm_faults);
        fs.vp = NULL;
        faultcount = 0;
        nera = -1;
        hardfault = false;

RetryFault:;

        /*
         * Find the backing store object and offset into it to begin the
         * search.
         */
        fs.map = map;
        result = vm_map_lookup(&fs.map, vaddr, fault_type |
            VM_PROT_FAULT_LOOKUP, &fs.entry, &fs.first_object,
            &fs.first_pindex, &prot, &wired);
        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                unlock_vp(&fs);
                return (result);
        }

        fs.map_generation = fs.map->timestamp;

        if (fs.entry->eflags & MAP_ENTRY_NOFAULT) {
                panic("%s: fault on nofault entry, addr: %#lx",
                    __func__, (u_long)vaddr);
        }

        if (fs.entry->eflags & MAP_ENTRY_IN_TRANSITION &&
            fs.entry->wiring_thread != curthread) {
                vm_map_unlock_read(fs.map);
                vm_map_lock(fs.map);
                if (vm_map_lookup_entry(fs.map, vaddr, &fs.entry) &&
                    (fs.entry->eflags & MAP_ENTRY_IN_TRANSITION)) {
                        unlock_vp(&fs);
                        fs.entry->eflags |= MAP_ENTRY_NEEDS_WAKEUP;
                        vm_map_unlock_and_wait(fs.map, 0);
                } else
                        vm_map_unlock(fs.map);
                goto RetryFault;
        }

        MPASS((fs.entry->eflags & MAP_ENTRY_GUARD) == 0);

        if (wired)
                fault_type = prot | (fault_type & VM_PROT_COPY);
        else
                KASSERT((fault_flags & VM_FAULT_WIRE) == 0,
                    ("!wired && VM_FAULT_WIRE"));

        /*
         * Try to avoid lock contention on the top-level object through
         * special-case handling of some types of page faults, specifically,
         * those that are both (1) mapping an existing page from the top-
         * level object and (2) not having to mark that object as containing
         * dirty pages.  Under these conditions, a read lock on the top-level
         * object suffices, allowing multiple page faults of a similar type to
         * run in parallel on the same top-level object.
         */
        if (fs.vp == NULL /* avoid locked vnode leak */ &&
            (fault_flags & (VM_FAULT_WIRE | VM_FAULT_DIRTY)) == 0 &&
            /* avoid calling vm_object_set_writeable_dirty() */
            ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0 ||
            (fs.first_object->type != OBJT_VNODE &&
            (fs.first_object->flags & OBJ_TMPFS_NODE) == 0) ||
            (fs.first_object->flags & OBJ_MIGHTBEDIRTY) != 0)) {
                VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(fs.first_object);
                if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0 ||
                    (fs.first_object->type != OBJT_VNODE &&
                    (fs.first_object->flags & OBJ_TMPFS_NODE) == 0) ||
                    (fs.first_object->flags & OBJ_MIGHTBEDIRTY) != 0) {
                        rv = vm_fault_soft_fast(&fs, vaddr, prot, fault_type,
                            fault_flags, wired, m_hold);
                        if (rv == KERN_SUCCESS)
                                return (rv);
                }
                if (!VM_OBJECT_TRYUPGRADE(fs.first_object)) {
                        VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(fs.first_object);
                        VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs.first_object);
                }
        } else {
                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs.first_object);
        }

        /*
         * Make a reference to this object to prevent its disposal while we
         * are messing with it.  Once we have the reference, the map is free
         * to be diddled.  Since objects reference their shadows (and copies),
         * they will stay around as well.
         *
         * Bump the paging-in-progress count to prevent size changes (e.g. 
         * truncation operations) during I/O.
         */
        vm_object_reference_locked(fs.first_object);
        vm_object_pip_add(fs.first_object, 1);

        fs.lookup_still_valid = true;

        fs.first_m = NULL;

        /*
         * Search for the page at object/offset.
         */
        fs.object = fs.first_object;
        fs.pindex = fs.first_pindex;
        while (TRUE) {
                /*
                 * If the object is marked for imminent termination,
                 * we retry here, since the collapse pass has raced
                 * with us.  Otherwise, if we see terminally dead
                 * object, return fail.
                 */
                if ((fs.object->flags & OBJ_DEAD) != 0) {
                        dead = fs.object->type == OBJT_DEAD;
                        unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                        if (dead)
                                return (KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                        pause("vmf_de", 1);
                        goto RetryFault;
                }

                /*
                 * See if page is resident
                 */
                fs.m = vm_page_lookup(fs.object, fs.pindex);
                if (fs.m != NULL) {
                        /*
                         * Wait/Retry if the page is busy.  We have to do this
                         * if the page is either exclusive or shared busy
                         * because the vm_pager may be using read busy for
                         * pageouts (and even pageins if it is the vnode
                         * pager), and we could end up trying to pagein and
                         * pageout the same page simultaneously.
                         *
                         * We can theoretically allow the busy case on a read
                         * fault if the page is marked valid, but since such
                         * pages are typically already pmap'd, putting that
                         * special case in might be more effort then it is 
                         * worth.  We cannot under any circumstances mess
                         * around with a shared busied page except, perhaps,
                         * to pmap it.
                         */
                        if (vm_page_busied(fs.m)) {
                                /*
                                 * Reference the page before unlocking and
                                 * sleeping so that the page daemon is less
                                 * likely to reclaim it.
                                 */
                                vm_page_aflag_set(fs.m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                                if (fs.object != fs.first_object) {
                                        if (!VM_OBJECT_TRYWLOCK(
                                            fs.first_object)) {
                                                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs.object);
                                                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs.first_object);
                                                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs.object);
                                        }
                                        vm_page_lock(fs.first_m);
                                        vm_page_free(fs.first_m);
                                        vm_page_unlock(fs.first_m);
                                        vm_object_pip_wakeup(fs.first_object);
                                        VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs.first_object);
                                        fs.first_m = NULL;
                                }
                                unlock_map(&fs);
                                if (fs.m == vm_page_lookup(fs.object,
                                    fs.pindex)) {
                                        vm_page_sleep_if_busy(fs.m, "vmpfw");
                                }
                                vm_object_pip_wakeup(fs.object);
                                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs.object);
                                VM_CNT_INC(v_intrans);
                                vm_object_deallocate(fs.first_object);
                                goto RetryFault;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Mark page busy for other processes, and the 
                         * pagedaemon.  If it still isn't completely valid
                         * (readable), jump to readrest, else break-out ( we
                         * found the page ).
                         */
                        vm_page_xbusy(fs.m);
                        if (fs.m->valid != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL)
                                goto readrest;
                        break; /* break to PAGE HAS BEEN FOUND */
                }
                KASSERT(fs.m == NULL, ("fs.m should be NULL, not %p", fs.m));

                /*
                 * Page is not resident.  If the pager might contain the page
                 * or this is the beginning of the search, allocate a new
                 * page.  (Default objects are zero-fill, so there is no real
                 * pager for them.)
                 */
                if (fs.object->type != OBJT_DEFAULT ||
                    fs.object == fs.first_object) {
                        if (fs.pindex >= fs.object->size) {
                                unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                                return (KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                        }

                        if (fs.object == fs.first_object &&
                            (fs.first_object->flags & OBJ_POPULATE) != 0 &&
                            fs.first_object->shadow_count == 0) {
                                rv = vm_fault_populate(&fs, prot, fault_type,
                                    fault_flags, wired, m_hold);
                                switch (rv) {
                                case KERN_SUCCESS:
                                case KERN_FAILURE:
                                        unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                                        return (rv);
                                case KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE:
                                        unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                                        goto RetryFault;
                                case KERN_NOT_RECEIVER:
                                        /*
                                         * Pager's populate() method
                                         * returned VM_PAGER_BAD.
                                         */
                                        break;
                                default:
                                        panic("inconsistent return codes");
                                }
                        }

                        /*
                         * Allocate a new page for this object/offset pair.
                         *
                         * Unlocked read of the p_flag is harmless. At
                         * worst, the P_KILLED might be not observed
                         * there, and allocation can fail, causing
                         * restart and new reading of the p_flag.
                         */
                        dset = fs.object->domain.dr_policy;
                        if (dset == NULL)
                                dset = curthread->td_domain.dr_policy;
                        if (!vm_page_count_severe_set(&dset->ds_mask) ||
                            P_KILLED(curproc)) {
#if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                                vm_object_color(fs.object, atop(vaddr) -
                                    fs.pindex);
#endif
                                alloc_req = P_KILLED(curproc) ?
                                    VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM : VM_ALLOC_NORMAL;
                                if (fs.object->type != OBJT_VNODE &&
                                    fs.object->backing_object == NULL)
                                        alloc_req |= VM_ALLOC_ZERO;
                                fs.m = vm_page_alloc(fs.object, fs.pindex,
                                    alloc_req);
                        }
                        if (fs.m == NULL) {
                                unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                                vm_waitpfault(dset);
                                goto RetryFault;
                        }
                }

readrest:
                /*
                 * At this point, we have either allocated a new page or found
                 * an existing page that is only partially valid.
                 *
                 * We hold a reference on the current object and the page is
                 * exclusive busied.
                 */

                /*
                 * If the pager for the current object might have the page,
                 * then determine the number of additional pages to read and
                 * potentially reprioritize previously read pages for earlier
                 * reclamation.  These operations should only be performed
                 * once per page fault.  Even if the current pager doesn't
                 * have the page, the number of additional pages to read will
                 * apply to subsequent objects in the shadow chain.
                 */
                if (fs.object->type != OBJT_DEFAULT && nera == -1 &&
                    !P_KILLED(curproc)) {
                        KASSERT(fs.lookup_still_valid, ("map unlocked"));
                        era = fs.entry->read_ahead;
                        behavior = vm_map_entry_behavior(fs.entry);
                        if (behavior == MAP_ENTRY_BEHAV_RANDOM) {
                                nera = 0;
                        } else if (behavior == MAP_ENTRY_BEHAV_SEQUENTIAL) {
                                nera = VM_FAULT_READ_AHEAD_MAX;
                                if (vaddr == fs.entry->next_read)
                                        vm_fault_dontneed(&fs, vaddr, nera);
                        } else if (vaddr == fs.entry->next_read) {
                                /*
                                 * This is a sequential fault.  Arithmetically
                                 * increase the requested number of pages in
                                 * the read-ahead window.  The requested
                                 * number of pages is "# of sequential faults
                                 * x (read ahead min + 1) + read ahead min"
                                 */
                                nera = VM_FAULT_READ_AHEAD_MIN;
                                if (era > 0) {
                                        nera += era + 1;
                                        if (nera > VM_FAULT_READ_AHEAD_MAX)
                                                nera = VM_FAULT_READ_AHEAD_MAX;
                                }
                                if (era == VM_FAULT_READ_AHEAD_MAX)
                                        vm_fault_dontneed(&fs, vaddr, nera);
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * This is a non-sequential fault.
                                 */
                                nera = 0;
                        }
                        if (era != nera) {
                                /*
                                 * A read lock on the map suffices to update
                                 * the read ahead count safely.
                                 */
                                fs.entry->read_ahead = nera;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Prepare for unlocking the map.  Save the map
                         * entry's start and end addresses, which are used to
                         * optimize the size of the pager operation below.
                         * Even if the map entry's addresses change after
                         * unlocking the map, using the saved addresses is
                         * safe.
                         */
                        e_start = fs.entry->start;
                        e_end = fs.entry->end;
                }

                /*
                 * Call the pager to retrieve the page if there is a chance
                 * that the pager has it, and potentially retrieve additional
                 * pages at the same time.
                 */
                if (fs.object->type != OBJT_DEFAULT) {
                        /*
                         * Release the map lock before locking the vnode or
                         * sleeping in the pager.  (If the current object has
                         * a shadow, then an earlier iteration of this loop
                         * may have already unlocked the map.)
                         */
                        unlock_map(&fs);

                        if (fs.object->type == OBJT_VNODE &&
                            (vp = fs.object->handle) != fs.vp) {
                                /*
                                 * Perform an unlock in case the desired vnode
                                 * changed while the map was unlocked during a
                                 * retry.
                                 */
                                unlock_vp(&fs);

                                locked = VOP_ISLOCKED(vp);
                                if (locked != LK_EXCLUSIVE)
                                        locked = LK_SHARED;

                                /*
                                 * We must not sleep acquiring the vnode lock
                                 * while we have the page exclusive busied or
                                 * the object's paging-in-progress count
                                 * incremented.  Otherwise, we could deadlock.
                                 */
                                error = vget(vp, locked | LK_CANRECURSE |
                                    LK_NOWAIT, curthread);
                                if (error != 0) {
                                        vhold(vp);
                                        release_page(&fs);
                                        unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                                        error = vget(vp, locked | LK_RETRY |
                                            LK_CANRECURSE, curthread);
                                        vdrop(vp);
                                        fs.vp = vp;
                                        KASSERT(error == 0,
                                            ("vm_fault: vget failed"));
                                        goto RetryFault;
                                }
                                fs.vp = vp;
                        }
                        KASSERT(fs.vp == NULL || !fs.map->system_map,
                            ("vm_fault: vnode-backed object mapped by system map"));

                        /*
                         * Page in the requested page and hint the pager,
                         * that it may bring up surrounding pages.
                         */
                        if (nera == -1 || behavior == MAP_ENTRY_BEHAV_RANDOM ||
                            P_KILLED(curproc)) {
                                behind = 0;
                                ahead = 0;
                        } else {
                                /* Is this a sequential fault? */
                                if (nera > 0) {
                                        behind = 0;
                                        ahead = nera;
                                } else {
                                        /*
                                         * Request a cluster of pages that is
                                         * aligned to a VM_FAULT_READ_DEFAULT
                                         * page offset boundary within the
                                         * object.  Alignment to a page offset
                                         * boundary is more likely to coincide
                                         * with the underlying file system
                                         * block than alignment to a virtual
                                         * address boundary.
                                         */
                                        cluster_offset = fs.pindex %
                                            VM_FAULT_READ_DEFAULT;
                                        behind = ulmin(cluster_offset,
                                            atop(vaddr - e_start));
                                        ahead = VM_FAULT_READ_DEFAULT - 1 -
                                            cluster_offset;
                                }
                                ahead = ulmin(ahead, atop(e_end - vaddr) - 1);
                        }
                        rv = vm_pager_get_pages(fs.object, &fs.m, 1,
                            &behind, &ahead);
                        if (rv == VM_PAGER_OK) {
                                faultcount = behind + 1 + ahead;
                                hardfault = true;
                                break; /* break to PAGE HAS BEEN FOUND */
                        }
                        if (rv == VM_PAGER_ERROR)
                                printf("vm_fault: pager read error, pid %d (%s)\n",
                                    curproc->p_pid, curproc->p_comm);

                        /*
                         * If an I/O error occurred or the requested page was
                         * outside the range of the pager, clean up and return
                         * an error.
                         */
                        if (rv == VM_PAGER_ERROR || rv == VM_PAGER_BAD) {
                                vm_page_lock(fs.m);
                                if (fs.m->wire_count == 0)
                                        vm_page_free(fs.m);
                                else
                                        vm_page_xunbusy_maybelocked(fs.m);
                                vm_page_unlock(fs.m);
                                fs.m = NULL;
                                unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                                return (rv == VM_PAGER_ERROR ? KERN_FAILURE :
                                    KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                        }

                        /*
                         * The requested page does not exist at this object/
                         * offset.  Remove the invalid page from the object,
                         * waking up anyone waiting for it, and continue on to
                         * the next object.  However, if this is the top-level
                         * object, we must leave the busy page in place to
                         * prevent another process from rushing past us, and
                         * inserting the page in that object at the same time
                         * that we are.
                         */
                        if (fs.object != fs.first_object) {
                                vm_page_lock(fs.m);
                                if (fs.m->wire_count == 0)
                                        vm_page_free(fs.m);
                                else
                                        vm_page_xunbusy_maybelocked(fs.m);
                                vm_page_unlock(fs.m);
                                fs.m = NULL;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * We get here if the object has default pager (or unwiring) 
                 * or the pager doesn't have the page.
                 */
                if (fs.object == fs.first_object)
                        fs.first_m = fs.m;

                /*
                 * Move on to the next object.  Lock the next object before
                 * unlocking the current one.
                 */
                next_object = fs.object->backing_object;
                if (next_object == NULL) {
                        /*
                         * If there's no object left, fill the page in the top
                         * object with zeros.
                         */
                        if (fs.object != fs.first_object) {
                                vm_object_pip_wakeup(fs.object);
                                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs.object);

                                fs.object = fs.first_object;
                                fs.pindex = fs.first_pindex;
                                fs.m = fs.first_m;
                                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs.object);
                        }
                        fs.first_m = NULL;

                        /*
                         * Zero the page if necessary and mark it valid.
                         */
                        if ((fs.m->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0) {
                                pmap_zero_page(fs.m);
                        } else {
                                VM_CNT_INC(v_ozfod);
                        }
                        VM_CNT_INC(v_zfod);
                        fs.m->valid = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
                        /* Don't try to prefault neighboring pages. */
                        faultcount = 1;
                        break;  /* break to PAGE HAS BEEN FOUND */
                } else {
                        KASSERT(fs.object != next_object,
                            ("object loop %p", next_object));
                        VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(next_object);
                        vm_object_pip_add(next_object, 1);
                        if (fs.object != fs.first_object)
                                vm_object_pip_wakeup(fs.object);
                        fs.pindex +=
                            OFF_TO_IDX(fs.object->backing_object_offset);
                        VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs.object);
                        fs.object = next_object;
                }
        }

        vm_page_assert_xbusied(fs.m);

        /*
         * PAGE HAS BEEN FOUND. [Loop invariant still holds -- the object lock
         * is held.]
         */

        /*
         * If the page is being written, but isn't already owned by the
         * top-level object, we have to copy it into a new page owned by the
         * top-level object.
         */
        if (fs.object != fs.first_object) {
                /*
                 * We only really need to copy if we want to write it.
                 */
                if ((fault_type & (VM_PROT_COPY | VM_PROT_WRITE)) != 0) {
                        /*
                         * This allows pages to be virtually copied from a 
                         * backing_object into the first_object, where the 
                         * backing object has no other refs to it, and cannot
                         * gain any more refs.  Instead of a bcopy, we just 
                         * move the page from the backing object to the 
                         * first object.  Note that we must mark the page 
                         * dirty in the first object so that it will go out 
                         * to swap when needed.
                         */
                        is_first_object_locked = false;
                        if (
                                /*
                                 * Only one shadow object
                                 */
                                (fs.object->shadow_count == 1) &&
                                /*
                                 * No COW refs, except us
                                 */
                                (fs.object->ref_count == 1) &&
                                /*
                                 * No one else can look this object up
                                 */
                                (fs.object->handle == NULL) &&
                                /*
                                 * No other ways to look the object up
                                 */
                                ((fs.object->type == OBJT_DEFAULT) ||
                                 (fs.object->type == OBJT_SWAP)) &&
                            (is_first_object_locked = VM_OBJECT_TRYWLOCK(fs.first_object)) &&
                                /*
                                 * We don't chase down the shadow chain
                                 */
                            fs.object == fs.first_object->backing_object) {
                                vm_page_lock(fs.m);
                                vm_page_dequeue(fs.m);
                                vm_page_remove(fs.m);
                                vm_page_unlock(fs.m);
                                vm_page_lock(fs.first_m);
                                vm_page_replace_checked(fs.m, fs.first_object,
                                    fs.first_pindex, fs.first_m);
                                vm_page_free(fs.first_m);
                                vm_page_unlock(fs.first_m);
                                vm_page_dirty(fs.m);
#if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                                /*
                                 * Rename the reservation.
                                 */
                                vm_reserv_rename(fs.m, fs.first_object,
                                    fs.object, OFF_TO_IDX(
                                    fs.first_object->backing_object_offset));
#endif
                                /*
                                 * Removing the page from the backing object
                                 * unbusied it.
                                 */
                                vm_page_xbusy(fs.m);
                                fs.first_m = fs.m;
                                fs.m = NULL;
                                VM_CNT_INC(v_cow_optim);
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * Oh, well, lets copy it.
                                 */
                                pmap_copy_page(fs.m, fs.first_m);
                                fs.first_m->valid = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
                                if (wired && (fault_flags &
                                    VM_FAULT_WIRE) == 0) {
                                        vm_page_lock(fs.first_m);
                                        vm_page_wire(fs.first_m);
                                        vm_page_unlock(fs.first_m);
                                        
                                        vm_page_lock(fs.m);
                                        vm_page_unwire(fs.m, PQ_INACTIVE);
                                        vm_page_unlock(fs.m);
                                }
                                /*
                                 * We no longer need the old page or object.
                                 */
                                release_page(&fs);
                        }
                        /*
                         * fs.object != fs.first_object due to above 
                         * conditional
                         */
                        vm_object_pip_wakeup(fs.object);
                        VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs.object);

                        /*
                         * We only try to prefault read-only mappings to the
                         * neighboring pages when this copy-on-write fault is
                         * a hard fault.  In other cases, trying to prefault
                         * is typically wasted effort.
                         */
                        if (faultcount == 0)
                                faultcount = 1;

                        /*
                         * Only use the new page below...
                         */
                        fs.object = fs.first_object;
                        fs.pindex = fs.first_pindex;
                        fs.m = fs.first_m;
                        if (!is_first_object_locked)
                                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs.object);
                        VM_CNT_INC(v_cow_faults);
                        curthread->td_cow++;
                } else {
                        prot &= ~VM_PROT_WRITE;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We must verify that the maps have not changed since our last
         * lookup.
         */
        if (!fs.lookup_still_valid) {
                if (!vm_map_trylock_read(fs.map)) {
                        release_page(&fs);
                        unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                        goto RetryFault;
                }
                fs.lookup_still_valid = true;
                if (fs.map->timestamp != fs.map_generation) {
                        result = vm_map_lookup_locked(&fs.map, vaddr, fault_type,
                            &fs.entry, &retry_object, &retry_pindex, &retry_prot, &wired);

                        /*
                         * If we don't need the page any longer, put it on the inactive
                         * list (the easiest thing to do here).  If no one needs it,
                         * pageout will grab it eventually.
                         */
                        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                release_page(&fs);
                                unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);

                                /*
                                 * If retry of map lookup would have blocked then
                                 * retry fault from start.
                                 */
                                if (result == KERN_FAILURE)
                                        goto RetryFault;
                                return (result);
                        }
                        if ((retry_object != fs.first_object) ||
                            (retry_pindex != fs.first_pindex)) {
                                release_page(&fs);
                                unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                                goto RetryFault;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Check whether the protection has changed or the object has
                         * been copied while we left the map unlocked. Changing from
                         * read to write permission is OK - we leave the page
                         * write-protected, and catch the write fault. Changing from
                         * write to read permission means that we can't mark the page
                         * write-enabled after all.
                         */
                        prot &= retry_prot;
                        fault_type &= retry_prot;
                        if (prot == 0) {
                                release_page(&fs);
                                unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
                                goto RetryFault;
                        }

                        /* Reassert because wired may have changed. */
                        KASSERT(wired || (fault_flags & VM_FAULT_WIRE) == 0,
                            ("!wired && VM_FAULT_WIRE"));
                }
        }

        /*
         * If the page was filled by a pager, save the virtual address that
         * should be faulted on next under a sequential access pattern to the
         * map entry.  A read lock on the map suffices to update this address
         * safely.
         */
        if (hardfault)
                fs.entry->next_read = vaddr + ptoa(ahead) + PAGE_SIZE;

        vm_fault_dirty(fs.entry, fs.m, prot, fault_type, fault_flags, true);
        vm_page_assert_xbusied(fs.m);

        /*
         * Page must be completely valid or it is not fit to
         * map into user space.  vm_pager_get_pages() ensures this.
         */
        KASSERT(fs.m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL,
            ("vm_fault: page %p partially invalid", fs.m));
        VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(fs.object);

        /*
         * Put this page into the physical map.  We had to do the unlock above
         * because pmap_enter() may sleep.  We don't put the page
         * back on the active queue until later so that the pageout daemon
         * won't find it (yet).
         */
        pmap_enter(fs.map->pmap, vaddr, fs.m, prot,
            fault_type | (wired ? PMAP_ENTER_WIRED : 0), 0);
        if (faultcount != 1 && (fault_flags & VM_FAULT_WIRE) == 0 &&
            wired == 0)
                vm_fault_prefault(&fs, vaddr,
                    faultcount > 0 ? behind : PFBAK,
                    faultcount > 0 ? ahead : PFFOR, false);
        VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(fs.object);
        vm_page_lock(fs.m);

        /*
         * If the page is not wired down, then put it where the pageout daemon
         * can find it.
         */
        if ((fault_flags & VM_FAULT_WIRE) != 0)
                vm_page_wire(fs.m);
        else
                vm_page_activate(fs.m);
        if (m_hold != NULL) {
                *m_hold = fs.m;
                vm_page_hold(fs.m);
        }
        vm_page_unlock(fs.m);
        vm_page_xunbusy(fs.m);

        /*
         * Unlock everything, and return
         */
        unlock_and_deallocate(&fs);
        if (hardfault) {
                VM_CNT_INC(v_io_faults);
                curthread->td_ru.ru_majflt++;
#ifdef RACCT
                if (racct_enable && fs.object->type == OBJT_VNODE) {
                        PROC_LOCK(curproc);
                        if ((fault_type & (VM_PROT_COPY | VM_PROT_WRITE)) != 0) {
                                racct_add_force(curproc, RACCT_WRITEBPS,
                                    PAGE_SIZE + behind * PAGE_SIZE);
                                racct_add_force(curproc, RACCT_WRITEIOPS, 1);
                        } else {
                                racct_add_force(curproc, RACCT_READBPS,
                                    PAGE_SIZE + ahead * PAGE_SIZE);
                                racct_add_force(curproc, RACCT_READIOPS, 1);
                        }
                        PROC_UNLOCK(curproc);
                }
#endif
        } else 
                curthread->td_ru.ru_minflt++;

        return (KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 * Speed up the reclamation of pages that precede the faulting pindex within
 * the first object of the shadow chain.  Essentially, perform the equivalent
 * to madvise(..., MADV_DONTNEED) on a large cluster of pages that precedes
 * the faulting pindex by the cluster size when the pages read by vm_fault()
 * cross a cluster-size boundary.  The cluster size is the greater of the
 * smallest superpage size and VM_FAULT_DONTNEED_MIN.
 *
 * When "fs->first_object" is a shadow object, the pages in the backing object
 * that precede the faulting pindex are deactivated by vm_fault().  So, this
 * function must only be concerned with pages in the first object.
 */
static void
vm_fault_dontneed(const struct faultstate *fs, vm_offset_t vaddr, int ahead)
{
        vm_map_entry_t entry;
        vm_object_t first_object, object;
        vm_offset_t end, start;
        vm_page_t m, m_next;
        vm_pindex_t pend, pstart;
        vm_size_t size;

        object = fs->object;
        VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
        first_object = fs->first_object;
        if (first_object != object) {
                if (!VM_OBJECT_TRYWLOCK(first_object)) {
                        VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
                        VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(first_object);
                        VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
                }
        }
        /* Neither fictitious nor unmanaged pages can be reclaimed. */
        if ((first_object->flags & (OBJ_FICTITIOUS | OBJ_UNMANAGED)) == 0) {
                size = VM_FAULT_DONTNEED_MIN;
                if (MAXPAGESIZES > 1 && size < pagesizes[1])
                        size = pagesizes[1];
                end = rounddown2(vaddr, size);
                if (vaddr - end >= size - PAGE_SIZE - ptoa(ahead) &&
                    (entry = fs->entry)->start < end) {
                        if (end - entry->start < size)
                                start = entry->start;
                        else
                                start = end - size;
                        pmap_advise(fs->map->pmap, start, end, MADV_DONTNEED);
                        pstart = OFF_TO_IDX(entry->offset) + atop(start -
                            entry->start);
                        m_next = vm_page_find_least(first_object, pstart);
                        pend = OFF_TO_IDX(entry->offset) + atop(end -
                            entry->start);
                        while ((m = m_next) != NULL && m->pindex < pend) {
                                m_next = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq);
                                if (m->valid != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL ||
                                    vm_page_busied(m))
                                        continue;

                                /*
                                 * Don't clear PGA_REFERENCED, since it would
                                 * likely represent a reference by a different
                                 * process.
                                 *
                                 * Typically, at this point, prefetched pages
                                 * are still in the inactive queue.  Only
                                 * pages that triggered page faults are in the
                                 * active queue.
                                 */
                                vm_page_lock(m);
                                if (!vm_page_inactive(m))
                                        vm_page_deactivate(m);
                                vm_page_unlock(m);
                        }
                }
        }
        if (first_object != object)
                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(first_object);
}

/*
 * vm_fault_prefault provides a quick way of clustering
 * pagefaults into a processes address space.  It is a "cousin"
 * of vm_map_pmap_enter, except it runs at page fault time instead
 * of mmap time.
 */
static void
vm_fault_prefault(const struct faultstate *fs, vm_offset_t addra,
    int backward, int forward, bool obj_locked)
{
        pmap_t pmap;
        vm_map_entry_t entry;
        vm_object_t backing_object, lobject;
        vm_offset_t addr, starta;
        vm_pindex_t pindex;
        vm_page_t m;
        int i;

        pmap = fs->map->pmap;
        if (pmap != vmspace_pmap(curthread->td_proc->p_vmspace))
                return;

        entry = fs->entry;

        if (addra < backward * PAGE_SIZE) {
                starta = entry->start;
        } else {
                starta = addra - backward * PAGE_SIZE;
                if (starta < entry->start)
                        starta = entry->start;
        }

        /*
         * Generate the sequence of virtual addresses that are candidates for
         * prefaulting in an outward spiral from the faulting virtual address,
         * "addra".  Specifically, the sequence is "addra - PAGE_SIZE", "addra
         * + PAGE_SIZE", "addra - 2 * PAGE_SIZE", "addra + 2 * PAGE_SIZE", ...
         * If the candidate address doesn't have a backing physical page, then
         * the loop immediately terminates.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < 2 * imax(backward, forward); i++) {
                addr = addra + ((i >> 1) + 1) * ((i & 1) == 0 ? -PAGE_SIZE :
                    PAGE_SIZE);
                if (addr > addra + forward * PAGE_SIZE)
                        addr = 0;

                if (addr < starta || addr >= entry->end)
                        continue;

                if (!pmap_is_prefaultable(pmap, addr))
                        continue;

                pindex = ((addr - entry->start) + entry->offset) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                lobject = entry->object.vm_object;
                if (!obj_locked)
                        VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(lobject);
                while ((m = vm_page_lookup(lobject, pindex)) == NULL &&
                    lobject->type == OBJT_DEFAULT &&
                    (backing_object = lobject->backing_object) != NULL) {
                        KASSERT((lobject->backing_object_offset & PAGE_MASK) ==
                            0, ("vm_fault_prefault: unaligned object offset"));
                        pindex += lobject->backing_object_offset >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                        VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(backing_object);
                        if (!obj_locked || lobject != entry->object.vm_object)
                                VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(lobject);
                        lobject = backing_object;
                }
                if (m == NULL) {
                        if (!obj_locked || lobject != entry->object.vm_object)
                                VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(lobject);
                        break;
                }
                if (m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL &&
                    (m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0)
                        pmap_enter_quick(pmap, addr, m, entry->protection);
                if (!obj_locked || lobject != entry->object.vm_object)
                        VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(lobject);
        }
}

/*
 * Hold each of the physical pages that are mapped by the specified range of
 * virtual addresses, ["addr", "addr" + "len"), if those mappings are valid
 * and allow the specified types of access, "prot".  If all of the implied
 * pages are successfully held, then the number of held pages is returned
 * together with pointers to those pages in the array "ma".  However, if any
 * of the pages cannot be held, -1 is returned.
 */
int
vm_fault_quick_hold_pages(vm_map_t map, vm_offset_t addr, vm_size_t len,
    vm_prot_t prot, vm_page_t *ma, int max_count)
{
        vm_offset_t end, va;
        vm_page_t *mp;
        int count;
        boolean_t pmap_failed;

        if (len == 0)
                return (0);
        end = round_page(addr + len);
        addr = trunc_page(addr);

        /*
         * Check for illegal addresses.
         */
        if (addr < vm_map_min(map) || addr > end || end > vm_map_max(map))
                return (-1);

        if (atop(end - addr) > max_count)
                panic("vm_fault_quick_hold_pages: count > max_count");
        count = atop(end - addr);

        /*
         * Most likely, the physical pages are resident in the pmap, so it is
         * faster to try pmap_extract_and_hold() first.
         */
        pmap_failed = FALSE;
        for (mp = ma, va = addr; va < end; mp++, va += PAGE_SIZE) {
                *mp = pmap_extract_and_hold(map->pmap, va, prot);
                if (*mp == NULL)
                        pmap_failed = TRUE;
                else if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0 &&
                    (*mp)->dirty != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL) {
                        /*
                         * Explicitly dirty the physical page.  Otherwise, the
                         * caller's changes may go unnoticed because they are
                         * performed through an unmanaged mapping or by a DMA
                         * operation.
                         *
                         * The object lock is not held here.
                         * See vm_page_clear_dirty_mask().
                         */
                        vm_page_dirty(*mp);
                }
        }
        if (pmap_failed) {
                /*
                 * One or more pages could not be held by the pmap.  Either no
                 * page was mapped at the specified virtual address or that
                 * mapping had insufficient permissions.  Attempt to fault in
                 * and hold these pages.
                 *
                 * If vm_fault_disable_pagefaults() was called,
                 * i.e., TDP_NOFAULTING is set, we must not sleep nor
                 * acquire MD VM locks, which means we must not call
                 * vm_fault_hold().  Some (out of tree) callers mark
                 * too wide a code area with vm_fault_disable_pagefaults()
                 * already, use the VM_PROT_QUICK_NOFAULT flag to request
                 * the proper behaviour explicitly.
                 */
                if ((prot & VM_PROT_QUICK_NOFAULT) != 0 &&
                    (curthread->td_pflags & TDP_NOFAULTING) != 0)
                        goto error;
                for (mp = ma, va = addr; va < end; mp++, va += PAGE_SIZE)
                        if (*mp == NULL && vm_fault_hold(map, va, prot,
                            VM_FAULT_NORMAL, mp) != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                goto error;
        }
        return (count);
error:  
        for (mp = ma; mp < ma + count; mp++)
                if (*mp != NULL) {
                        vm_page_lock(*mp);
                        vm_page_unhold(*mp);
                        vm_page_unlock(*mp);
                }
        return (-1);
}

/*
 *      Routine:
 *              vm_fault_copy_entry
 *      Function:
 *              Create new shadow object backing dst_entry with private copy of
 *              all underlying pages. When src_entry is equal to dst_entry,
 *              function implements COW for wired-down map entry. Otherwise,
 *              it forks wired entry into dst_map.
 *
 *      In/out conditions:
 *              The source and destination maps must be locked for write.
 *              The source map entry must be wired down (or be a sharing map
 *              entry corresponding to a main map entry that is wired down).
 */
void
vm_fault_copy_entry(vm_map_t dst_map, vm_map_t src_map,
    vm_map_entry_t dst_entry, vm_map_entry_t src_entry,
    vm_ooffset_t *fork_charge)
{
        vm_object_t backing_object, dst_object, object, src_object;
        vm_pindex_t dst_pindex, pindex, src_pindex;
        vm_prot_t access, prot;
        vm_offset_t vaddr;
        vm_page_t dst_m;
        vm_page_t src_m;
        boolean_t upgrade;

#ifdef  lint
        src_map++;
#endif  /* lint */

        upgrade = src_entry == dst_entry;
        access = prot = dst_entry->protection;

        src_object = src_entry->object.vm_object;
        src_pindex = OFF_TO_IDX(src_entry->offset);

        if (upgrade && (dst_entry->eflags & MAP_ENTRY_NEEDS_COPY) == 0) {
                dst_object = src_object;
                vm_object_reference(dst_object);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Create the top-level object for the destination entry. (Doesn't
                 * actually shadow anything - we copy the pages directly.)
                 */
                dst_object = vm_object_allocate(OBJT_DEFAULT,
                    atop(dst_entry->end - dst_entry->start));
#if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                dst_object->flags |= OBJ_COLORED;
                dst_object->pg_color = atop(dst_entry->start);
#endif
                dst_object->domain = src_object->domain;
                dst_object->charge = dst_entry->end - dst_entry->start;
        }

        VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(dst_object);
        KASSERT(upgrade || dst_entry->object.vm_object == NULL,
            ("vm_fault_copy_entry: vm_object not NULL"));
        if (src_object != dst_object) {
                dst_entry->object.vm_object = dst_object;
                dst_entry->offset = 0;
        }
        if (fork_charge != NULL) {
                KASSERT(dst_entry->cred == NULL,
                    ("vm_fault_copy_entry: leaked swp charge"));
                dst_object->cred = curthread->td_ucred;
                crhold(dst_object->cred);
                *fork_charge += dst_object->charge;
        } else if ((dst_object->type == OBJT_DEFAULT ||
            dst_object->type == OBJT_SWAP) &&
            dst_object->cred == NULL) {
                KASSERT(dst_entry->cred != NULL, ("no cred for entry %p",
                    dst_entry));
                dst_object->cred = dst_entry->cred;
                dst_entry->cred = NULL;
        }

        /*
         * If not an upgrade, then enter the mappings in the pmap as
         * read and/or execute accesses.  Otherwise, enter them as
         * write accesses.
         *
         * A writeable large page mapping is only created if all of
         * the constituent small page mappings are modified. Marking
         * PTEs as modified on inception allows promotion to happen
         * without taking potentially large number of soft faults.
         */
        if (!upgrade)
                access &= ~VM_PROT_WRITE;

        /*
         * Loop through all of the virtual pages within the entry's
         * range, copying each page from the source object to the
         * destination object.  Since the source is wired, those pages
         * must exist.  In contrast, the destination is pageable.
         * Since the destination object doesn't share any backing storage
         * with the source object, all of its pages must be dirtied,
         * regardless of whether they can be written.
         */
        for (vaddr = dst_entry->start, dst_pindex = 0;
            vaddr < dst_entry->end;
            vaddr += PAGE_SIZE, dst_pindex++) {
again:
                /*
                 * Find the page in the source object, and copy it in.
                 * Because the source is wired down, the page will be
                 * in memory.
                 */
                if (src_object != dst_object)
                        VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(src_object);
                object = src_object;
                pindex = src_pindex + dst_pindex;
                while ((src_m = vm_page_lookup(object, pindex)) == NULL &&
                    (backing_object = object->backing_object) != NULL) {
                        /*
                         * Unless the source mapping is read-only or
                         * it is presently being upgraded from
                         * read-only, the first object in the shadow
                         * chain should provide all of the pages.  In
                         * other words, this loop body should never be
                         * executed when the source mapping is already
                         * read/write.
                         */
                        KASSERT((src_entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0 ||
                            upgrade,
                            ("vm_fault_copy_entry: main object missing page"));

                        VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(backing_object);
                        pindex += OFF_TO_IDX(object->backing_object_offset);
                        if (object != dst_object)
                                VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(object);
                        object = backing_object;
                }
                KASSERT(src_m != NULL, ("vm_fault_copy_entry: page missing"));

                if (object != dst_object) {
                        /*
                         * Allocate a page in the destination object.
                         */
                        dst_m = vm_page_alloc(dst_object, (src_object ==
                            dst_object ? src_pindex : 0) + dst_pindex,
                            VM_ALLOC_NORMAL);
                        if (dst_m == NULL) {
                                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(dst_object);
                                VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(object);
                                vm_wait(dst_object);
                                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(dst_object);
                                goto again;
                        }
                        pmap_copy_page(src_m, dst_m);
                        VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(object);
                        dst_m->valid = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
                        dst_m->dirty = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
                } else {
                        dst_m = src_m;
                        if (vm_page_sleep_if_busy(dst_m, "fltupg"))
                                goto again;
                        if (dst_m->pindex >= dst_object->size)
                                /*
                                 * We are upgrading.  Index can occur
                                 * out of bounds if the object type is
                                 * vnode and the file was truncated.
                                 */
                                break;
                        vm_page_xbusy(dst_m);
                        KASSERT(dst_m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL,
                            ("invalid dst page %p", dst_m));
                }
                VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(dst_object);

                /*
                 * Enter it in the pmap. If a wired, copy-on-write
                 * mapping is being replaced by a write-enabled
                 * mapping, then wire that new mapping.
                 */
                pmap_enter(dst_map->pmap, vaddr, dst_m, prot,
                    access | (upgrade ? PMAP_ENTER_WIRED : 0), 0);

                /*
                 * Mark it no longer busy, and put it on the active list.
                 */
                VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(dst_object);
                
                if (upgrade) {
                        if (src_m != dst_m) {
                                vm_page_lock(src_m);
                                vm_page_unwire(src_m, PQ_INACTIVE);
                                vm_page_unlock(src_m);
                                vm_page_lock(dst_m);
                                vm_page_wire(dst_m);
                                vm_page_unlock(dst_m);
                        } else {
                                KASSERT(dst_m->wire_count > 0,
                                    ("dst_m %p is not wired", dst_m));
                        }
                } else {
                        vm_page_lock(dst_m);
                        vm_page_activate(dst_m);
                        vm_page_unlock(dst_m);
                }
                vm_page_xunbusy(dst_m);
        }
        VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(dst_object);
        if (upgrade) {
                dst_entry->eflags &= ~(MAP_ENTRY_COW | MAP_ENTRY_NEEDS_COPY);
                vm_object_deallocate(src_object);
        }
}

/*
 * Block entry into the machine-independent layer's page fault handler by
 * the calling thread.  Subsequent calls to vm_fault() by that thread will
 * return KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE.  Enable machine-dependent handling of
 * spurious page faults. 
 */
int
vm_fault_disable_pagefaults(void)
{

        return (curthread_pflags_set(TDP_NOFAULTING | TDP_RESETSPUR));
}

void
vm_fault_enable_pagefaults(int save)
{

        curthread_pflags_restore(save);
}