1 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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32 .\" @(#)make.1 8.8 (Berkeley) 6/13/95
40 .Nd maintain program dependencies
55 .Op Ar variable Ns No = Ns Ar value
60 utility is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs.
61 Its input is a list of specifications
62 describing dependency relationships between the generation of
69 that can be found in either the current directory or a special object directory
72 will be read for this list of specifications.
75 can be found, it is also read (see
78 This manual page is intended as a reference document only.
79 For a more thorough introduction to
81 and makefiles, please refer to
82 .%T "Make \- A Tutorial" .
84 The options are as follows:
87 Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per command and
88 by executing the commands to make the sources of a dependency line in sequence.
89 This is turned on by default unless
95 before reading the makefiles or doing anything else.
98 options are specified, each is interpreted relative to the previous one:
99 .Fl C Pa / Fl C Pa etc
105 to be 1, in the global context.
107 Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of
109 are to print debugging information.
112 is one or more of the following:
115 Print all possible debugging information;
116 equivalent to specifying all of the debugging flags.
118 Print debugging information about archive searching and caching.
120 Print debugging information about conditional evaluation.
122 Print debugging information about directory searching and caching.
124 Print debugging information about the execution of for loops.
126 Print the input graph before making anything.
128 Print the input graph after making everything, or before exiting
131 Print debugging information about running multiple shells.
133 Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not they are prefixed
134 by @ or other "quiet" flags.
135 Also known as "loud" behavior.
137 Print debugging information about making targets, including modification
140 Print debugging information about suffix-transformation rules.
142 Print debugging information about target list maintenance.
144 Print debugging information about variable assignment.
147 Specify a variable whose environment value (if any) will override
148 macro assignments within makefiles.
150 Specify that environment values override macro assignments within
151 makefiles for all variables.
153 Specify a makefile to read instead of the default
161 standard input is read.
162 Multiple makefiles may be specified, and are read in the order specified.
163 .It Fl I Ar directory
164 Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included makefiles.
165 The system makefile directory (or directories, see the
167 option) is automatically included as part of this list.
169 Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile.
170 Equivalent to specifying
172 before each command line in the makefile.
174 Specify the maximum number of jobs that
176 may have running at any one time.
177 Turns compatibility mode off, unless the
179 flag is also specified.
181 Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on those targets
182 that do not depend on the target whose creation caused the error.
183 .It Fl m Ar directory
184 Specify a directory in which to search for
186 and makefiles included via the <...> style.
187 Multiple directories can be added to form a search path.
188 This path will override the default system include path:
190 Furthermore, the system include path will be appended to the search path used
191 for "..."-style inclusions (see the
195 Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not actually
198 Collate the output of a given job and display it only when the job finishes,
199 instead of mixing the output of parallel jobs together.
200 This option has no effect unless
204 Do not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets are
205 up-to-date and 1, otherwise.
207 Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile.
209 Stop processing when an error is encountered.
211 This is needed to negate the
213 option during recursive builds.
215 Do not echo any commands as they are executed.
216 Equivalent to specifying
218 before each command line in the makefile.
220 Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile, create it
221 or update its modification time to make it appear up-to-date.
227 in the global context.
228 Do not build any targets.
229 Multiple instances of this option may be specified;
230 the variables will be printed one per line,
231 with a blank line for each null or undefined variable.
234 For multi-job makes, this will cause file banners to be generated.
238 option to print the values of variables,
239 do not recursively expand the values.
240 .It Ar variable Ns No = Ns Ar value
241 Set the value of the variable
247 There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency
248 specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements,
249 conditional directives, for loops, and comments.
251 In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending
252 them with a backslash
254 The trailing newline character and initial whitespace on the following
255 line are compressed into a single space.
256 .Sh FILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS
257 Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero
259 This creates a relationship where the targets
262 and are usually created from them.
263 The exact relationship between the target and the source is determined
264 by the operator that separates them.
265 The three operators are as follows:
268 A target is considered out-of-date if its modification time is less than
269 those of any of its sources.
270 Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator
272 The target is removed if
276 Targets are always re-created, but not until all sources have been
277 examined and re-created as necessary.
278 Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator
280 The target is removed if
284 If no sources are specified, the target is always re-created.
285 Otherwise, a target is considered out-of-date if any of its sources has
286 been modified more recently than the target.
287 Sources for a target do not accumulate over dependency lines when this
289 The target will not be removed if
294 Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard expressions
305 may only be used as part of the final
306 component of the target or source, and must be used to describe existing
310 need not necessarily be used to describe existing files.
311 Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as done in the shell.
313 Each target may have associated with it a series of shell commands, normally
314 used to create the target.
315 Each of the commands in this script
317 be preceded by a tab.
318 While any target may appear on a dependency line, only one of these
319 dependencies may be followed by a creation script, unless the
323 If the first characters of the command line are
328 the command is treated specially.
331 causes the command not to be echoed before it is executed.
334 causes any non-zero exit status of the command line to be ignored.
337 causes the command to be executed even if
339 is specified on the command line.
340 .Sh VARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS
343 are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradition,
344 consist of all upper-case letters.
345 The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as
349 Assign the value to the variable.
350 Any previous value is overridden.
352 Append the value to the current value of the variable.
354 Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined.
356 Assign with expansion, i.e., expand the value before assigning it
358 Normally, expansion is not done until the variable is referenced.
360 Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and assign
361 the result to the variable.
362 Any newlines in the result are replaced with spaces.
365 Any whitespace before the assigned
367 is removed; if the value is being appended, a single space is inserted
368 between the previous contents of the variable and the appended value.
370 Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either
375 and preceding it with
378 If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surrounding
379 braces or parentheses are not required.
380 This shorter form is not recommended.
382 Variable substitution occurs at two distinct times, depending on where
383 the variable is being used.
384 Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read.
385 Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is
388 The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing precedence)
391 .It Environment variables
392 Variables defined as part of
396 Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles.
397 .It Command line variables
398 Variables defined as part of the command line and variables
401 environment variable or the
405 Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.
406 The seven local variables are as follows:
407 .Bl -tag -width ".ARCHIVE"
409 The list of all sources for this target; also known as
412 The name of the archive file; also known as
415 The name/path of the source from which the target is to be transformed
418 source); also known as
421 The name of the archive member; also known as
424 The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-of-date; also
428 The file prefix of the file, containing only the file portion, no suffix
429 or preceding directory components; also known as
432 The name of the target; also known as
445 are permitted for backward
446 compatibility and are not recommended.
456 permitted for compatibility with
458 makefiles and are not recommended.
460 Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines
461 because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line.
472 sets or knows about the following internal variables or environment
474 .Bl -tag -width ".Va .MAKEFILE_LIST"
480 expands to a single dollar
486 .Pq Va argv Ns Op 0 .
488 A path to the directory where
495 to the canonical path given by
498 A path to the directory where the targets are built.
501 searches for an alternate directory to place target files.
502 It will attempt to change into this special directory
503 and will search this directory for makefiles
504 not found in the current directory.
505 The following directories are tried in order:
509 ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}/`pwd`
520 The first directory that
522 successfully changes into is used.
527 is set in the environment but
529 is unable to change into the corresponding directory,
530 then the current directory is used
531 without checking the remainder of the list.
532 If they are undefined and
534 is unable to change into any of the remaining three directories,
535 then the current directory is used.
540 must be environment variables and should not be set on
548 to the canonical path given by
550 .It Va .MAKEFILE_LIST
553 reads various makefiles, including the default files and any
554 obtained from the command line and
556 directives, their names will be automatically appended to the
559 They are added right before
561 begins to parse them, so that the name of the current makefile is the
562 last word in this variable.
564 The environment variable
566 may contain anything that
570 Its contents are stored in
574 All options and variable assignments specified on
576 command line are appended to the
578 variable which is then
579 entered into the environment as
581 for all programs which
584 By modifying the contents of the
586 variable, makefile can alter the contents of the
588 environment variable made available for all programs which
590 executes; compare with the
592 special target below.
594 When passing macro definitions and flag arguments in the
596 environment variable,
597 space and tab characters are quoted by preceding them with a backslash.
600 variable from the environment,
601 all sequences of a backslash and one of space or tab
602 are replaced just with their second character
603 without causing a word break.
604 Any other occurences of a backslash are retained.
605 Groups of unquoted space, tab and newline characters cause word
608 This variable is provided for backward compatibility and
609 contains all the options from the
611 environment variable plus any options specified on
617 is currently building.
627 Name of the machine architecture
629 is running on, obtained from the
631 environment variable, or through
635 Name of the machine architecture
637 was compiled for, defined at compilation time.
639 Makefiles may assign a colon-delimited list of directories to
641 These directories will be searched for source files by
643 after it has finished parsing all input makefiles.
646 Variable expansion may be modified to select or modify each word of the
649 is whitespace-delimited sequence of characters).
650 The general format of a variable expansion is as follows:
652 .Dl {variable[:modifier[:...]]}
654 Each modifier begins with a colon and one of the following
656 The colon may be escaped with a backslash
660 .It Cm C No \&/ Ar pattern Xo
661 .No \&/ Ar replacement
665 Modify each word of the value,
666 substituting every match of the extended regular expression
674 Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern in
675 each word of the value is changed.
678 modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one word; the
680 modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many instances of the
681 search pattern as occur in the word or words it is found in.
686 are orthogonal; the former specifies whether multiple words are
687 potentially affected, the latter whether multiple substitutions can
688 potentially occur within each affected word.
690 Replaces each word in the variable with its suffix.
692 Replaces each word in the variable with everything but the last component.
694 Converts variable to lower-case letters.
695 .It Cm M Ns Ar pattern
696 Select only those words that match the rest of the modifier.
697 The standard shell wildcard characters
704 The wildcard characters may be escaped with a backslash
706 .It Cm N Ns Ar pattern
709 but selects all words which do not match
710 the rest of the modifier.
712 Order every word in the variable alphabetically.
714 Quotes every shell meta-character in the variable, so that it can be passed
715 safely through recursive invocations of
718 Replaces each word in the variable with everything but its suffix.
720 .It Cm S No \&/ Ar old_string Xo
721 .No \&/ Ar new_string
725 Modify the first occurrence of
727 in each word of the variable's value, replacing it with
731 is appended to the last slash of the pattern, all occurrences
732 in each word are replaced.
738 is anchored at the beginning of each word.
741 ends with a dollar sign
743 it is anchored at the end of each word.
750 Any character may be used as a delimiter for the parts of the modifier
752 The anchoring, ampersand, and delimiter characters may be escaped with a
756 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
760 with the single exception that a backslash is used to prevent the expansion
763 not a preceding dollar sign as is usual.
764 .It Ar old_string=new_string
767 style variable substitution.
768 It must be the last modifier specified.
773 do not contain the pattern matching character
775 then it is assumed that they are
776 anchored at the end of each word, so only suffixes or entire
777 words may be replaced.
785 Replaces each word in the variable with its last component.
787 Converts variable to upper-case letters.
789 .Sh DIRECTIVES, CONDITIONALS, AND FOR LOOPS
790 Directives, conditionals, and for loops reminiscent
791 of the C programming language are provided in
793 All such structures are identified by a line beginning with a single
797 The following directives are supported:
799 .It Ic \&.include Ar <file>
800 .It Ic \&.include Ar \*qfile\*q
801 Include the specified makefile.
802 Variables between the angle brackets
803 or double quotes are expanded to form the file name.
805 are used, the included makefile is expected to be in the system
807 If double quotes are used, the including
808 makefile's directory and any directories specified using the
810 option are searched before the system
812 .It Ic .undef Ar variable
813 Un-define the specified global variable.
814 Only global variables may be un-defined.
815 .It Ic .error Ar message
816 Terminate processing of the makefile immediately.
818 makefile, the line on which the error was encountered and the specified
819 message are printed to the standard error output and
821 terminates with exit code 1.
822 Variables in the message are expanded.
823 .It Ic .warning Ar message
824 Emit a warning message.
825 The filename of the makefile,
826 the line on which the warning was encountered,
827 and the specified message are printed to the standard error output.
828 Variables in the message are expanded.
831 Conditionals are used to determine which parts of the Makefile
833 They are used similarly to the conditionals supported
834 by the C pre-processor.
835 The following conditionals are supported:
839 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar expression
840 .Op Ar operator expression ...
842 Test the value of an expression.
845 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable
846 .Op Ar operator variable ...
848 Test the value of a variable.
851 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable
852 .Op Ar operator variable ...
854 Test the value of a variable.
857 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target
858 .Op Ar operator target ...
860 Test the target being built.
863 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target
864 .Op Ar operator target ...
866 Test the target being built.
868 Reverse the sense of the last conditional.
871 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar expression
872 .Op Ar operator expression ...
880 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable
881 .Op Ar operator variable ...
889 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable
890 .Op Ar operator variable ...
898 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target
899 .Op Ar operator target ...
907 .Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target
908 .Op Ar operator target ...
915 End the body of the conditional.
920 may be any one of the following:
921 .Bl -tag -width "Cm XX"
928 of higher precedence than
934 will only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to determine
936 Parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation.
939 may be used to logically negate an entire
941 It is of higher precedence than
946 may be any of the following:
949 Takes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if the variable
952 Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target
953 was specified as part of
955 command line or was declared the default target (either implicitly or
958 before the line containing the conditional.
960 Takes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true if
961 the expansion of the variable would result in an empty string.
963 Takes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the file exists.
964 The file is searched for on the system search path (see
967 Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target
973 may also be an arithmetic or string comparison, with the left-hand side
974 being a variable expansion.
975 Variable expansion is
976 performed on both sides of the comparison, after which the integral
978 A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if it is
979 preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not supported.
980 The standard C relational operators are all supported.
982 variable expansion, either the left or right hand side of a
986 operator is not an integral value, then
987 string comparison is performed between the expanded
989 If no relational operator is given, it is assumed that the expanded
990 variable is being compared against 0.
994 is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it encounters
995 a word it does not recognize, either the
999 expression is applied to it, depending on the form of the conditional.
1007 expression is applied.
1008 Similarly, if the form is
1014 expression is applied.
1016 If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile continues
1018 If it evaluates to false, the following lines are skipped.
1019 In both cases this continues until a
1025 For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files.
1026 The syntax of a for loop is:
1028 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
1029 .It Ic .for Ar variable Ic in Ar expression
1036 is evaluated, it is split into words.
1040 is successively set to each word, and substituted in the
1042 inside the body of the for loop.
1044 Comments begin with a hash
1046 character, anywhere but in a shell
1047 command line, and continue to the end of the line.
1051 Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this target, exactly
1052 as if they all were preceded by a dash
1055 Execute the commands associated with this target even if the
1059 options were specified.
1060 Normally used to mark recursive
1065 selects the first target it encounters as the default target to be built
1066 if no target was specified.
1067 This source prevents this target from being selected.
1069 If a target is marked with this attribute and
1071 cannot figure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume
1072 the file is not needed or already exists.
1076 is interrupted, it removes any partially made targets.
1077 This source prevents the target from being removed.
1079 Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target, exactly
1080 as if they all were preceded by an at sign
1083 Turn the target into
1086 When the target is used as a source for another target, the other target
1087 acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for
1091 If the target already has commands, the
1093 target's commands are appended
1098 source is appears in a dependency line, the sources that precede it are
1099 made before the sources that succeed it in the line.
1101 detected and targets that form loops will be silently ignored.
1103 .Sh "SPECIAL TARGETS"
1104 Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e., they must be
1105 the only target specified.
1108 Any command lines attached to this target are executed before anything
1113 rule for any target (that was used only as a
1116 cannot figure out any other way to create.
1117 Only the shell script is used.
1120 variable of a target that inherits
1123 to the target's own name.
1125 Any command lines attached to this target are executed after everything
1128 Mark each of the sources with the
1131 If no sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the
1135 A list of suffixes that indicate files that can be included in a source
1137 The suffix must have already been declared with
1139 any suffix so declared will have the directories on its search path (see
1143 special variable, each preceded by a
1149 is interrupted, the commands for this target will be executed.
1151 This does for libraries what
1153 does for include files, except that the flag used is
1156 If no target is specified when
1158 is invoked, this target will be built.
1159 This is always set, either
1160 explicitly, or implicitly when
1162 selects the default target, to give the user a way to refer to the default
1163 target on the command line.
1165 This target provides a way to specify flags for
1167 when the makefile is used.
1168 The flags are as if typed to the shell, though the
1174 and variable assignments specified as the source
1175 for this target are also appended to the
1178 Please note the difference between this target and the
1180 internal variable: specifying an option or variable
1181 assignment as the source for this target will affect
1183 the current makefile and all processes that
1187 Same as above, for backward compatibility.
1188 .\" XXX: NOT YET!!!!
1189 .\" .It Ic .NOTPARALLEL
1190 .\" The named targets are executed in non parallel mode. If no targets are
1191 .\" specified, then all targets are executed in non parallel mode.
1193 Disable parallel mode.
1195 Same as above, for compatibility with other
1199 The named targets are made in sequence.
1200 .\" XXX: NOT YET!!!!
1201 .\" .It Ic .PARALLEL
1202 .\" The named targets are executed in parallel mode. If no targets are
1203 .\" specified, then all targets are executed in parallel mode.
1205 The sources are directories which are to be searched for files not
1206 found in the current directory.
1207 If no sources are specified, any previously specified directories are
1209 Where possible, use of
1211 is preferred over use of the
1214 .It Ic .PATH\fIsuffix\fR
1215 The sources are directories which are to be searched for suffixed files
1216 not found in the current directory.
1220 first searches the suffixed search path, before reverting to the default
1221 path if the file is not found there.
1222 This form is required for
1230 attribute to any specified sources.
1231 Targets with this attribute are always
1232 considered to be out of date.
1236 attribute to any specified sources.
1237 If no sources are specified, the
1239 attribute is applied to every
1242 Select another shell.
1243 The sources of this target have the format
1244 .Ar key Ns = Ns Ar value .
1248 .Bl -tag -width ".Va hasErrCtl"
1250 Specify the path to the new shell.
1252 Specify the name of the new shell.
1253 This may be either one of the three builtin shells (see below) or any
1256 Specify the shell command to turn echoing off.
1258 Specify the shell command to turn echoing on.
1260 Usually shells print the echo off command before turning echoing off.
1261 This is the exact string that will be printed by the shell and is used
1262 to filter the shell output to remove the echo off command.
1264 The shell option that turns echoing on.
1266 The shell option to turn on error checking.
1267 If error checking is on, the shell should exit if a command returns
1270 True if the shell has error control.
1274 is true then this is the shell command to turn error checking on.
1277 is false then this is a command template to echo commands for which error
1278 checking is disabled.
1279 The template must contain a
1284 is true, this is the shell command to turn error checking off.
1287 is false, this is a command template to execute a command so that errors
1289 The template must contain a
1293 Values that are strings must be surrounded by double quotes.
1294 Boolean values are specified as
1298 (in either case) to mean true.
1299 Any other value is taken to mean false.
1301 There are several uses of the
1306 Selecting one of the builtin shells.
1307 This is done by just specifying the name of the shell with the
1310 It is also possible to modify the parameters of the builtin shell by just
1311 specifying other keywords (except for
1314 Using another executable for one of the builtin shells.
1315 This is done by specifying the path to the executable with the
1318 If the last component is the same as the name of the builtin shell, no
1319 name needs to be specified; if it is different, the name must be given:
1320 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1321 \&.SHELL: path="/usr/local/bin/sh"
1324 selects the builtin shell
1326 but will execute it from
1327 .Pa /usr/local/bin/sh .
1328 Like in the previous case, it is possible to modify parameters of the builtin
1329 shell by just specifying them.
1331 Using an entirely different shell.
1332 This is done by specifying all keywords.
1335 The builtin shells are
1346 it is unwise to specify
1347 .Va name Ns = Ns Qq Li ksh
1348 without also specifying a path.
1352 attribute to any specified sources.
1353 If no sources are specified, the
1355 attribute is applied to every
1356 command in the file.
1358 Each source specifies a suffix to
1360 If no sources are specified, any previous specified suffices are deleted.
1365 utility uses the following environment variables, if they exist:
1371 .Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX .
1373 .Bl -tag -width /usr/share/doc/psd/12.make -compact
1375 list of dependencies
1377 list of dependencies
1379 list of dependencies
1383 system makefile (processed before any other file, including
1387 .It Pa /usr/share/mk
1388 system makefile directory
1389 .It /usr/share/doc/psd/12.make
1393 .Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX
1397 List all included makefiles in order visited:
1399 .Dl "make -V .MAKEFILE_LIST | tr \e\ \e\en"
1407 This was removed for POSIX compatibility.
1408 The internal variable
1410 is set to the same value as
1412 support for this may be removed in the future.
1414 Most of the more esoteric features of
1416 should probably be avoided for greater compatibility.
1421 .%T "PMake - A Tutorial"
1424 .Pa /usr/share/doc/psd/12.make
1428 command appeared in PWB UNIX.
1430 The determination of
1432 is contorted to the point of absurdity.
1434 In the presence of several
1438 silently ignores all but the first.
1441 is not set to the default target when
1443 is invoked without a target name and no
1445 special target exists.
1449 in a test is very simple-minded.
1450 Currently, the only form that works is
1451 .Ql .if ${VAR} op something
1452 For instance, you should write tests as
1453 .Ql .if ${VAR} == "string"
1454 not the other way around, which would give you an error.
1456 For loops are expanded before tests, so a fragment such as:
1457 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1458 \&.for ARCH in ${SHARED_ARCHS}
1459 \&.if ${ARCH} == ${MACHINE}
1465 will not work, and should be rewritten as:
1466 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1467 \&.for ARCH in ${SHARED_ARCHS}
1468 \&.if ${MACHINE} == ${ARCH}
1474 The parsing code is broken with respect to handling a semicolon
1475 after a colon, so a fragment like this will fail:
1476 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1480 \&.for h in ${HDRS:S;^;${.CURDIR}/;}
1485 A trailing backslash in a variable value defined on the command line causes
1486 the delimiting space in the
1488 environment variable to be preceeded by that backslash.
1489 That causes a submake to not treat that space as a word delimiter.
1490 Fixing this requires a larger rewrite of the code handling command line
1491 macros and assignments to
projects / FreeBSD / FreeBSD.git / blob