usr.bin/vmstat/vmstat.c

   1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1991, 1993
   3  *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
   4  *
   5  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   6  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   7  * are met:
   8  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   9  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  10  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  12  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  13  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
  14  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
  15  *      This product includes software developed by the University of
  16  *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
  17  * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
  18  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
  19  *    without specific prior written permission.
  20  *
  21  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
  22  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  23  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
  24  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
  25  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
  26  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
  27  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
  28  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
  29  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
  30  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
  31  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  32  */
  33
  34 #ifndef lint
  35 static const char copyright[] =
  36 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1980, 1986, 1991, 1993\n\
  37         The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
  38 #endif /* not lint */
  39
  40 #if 0
  41 #ifndef lint
  42 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)vmstat.c    8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93";
  43 #endif /* not lint */
  44 #endif
  45
  46 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
  47 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
  48
  49 #include <sys/param.h>
  50 #include <sys/time.h>
  51 #include <sys/proc.h>
  52 #include <sys/uio.h>
  53 #include <sys/namei.h>
  54 #include <sys/malloc.h>
  55 #include <sys/signal.h>
  56 #include <sys/fcntl.h>
  57 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
  58 #include <sys/resource.h>
  59 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
  60 #include <sys/vmmeter.h>
  61
  62 #include <vm/vm_param.h>
  63
  64 #include <ctype.h>
  65 #include <devstat.h>
  66 #include <err.h>
  67 #include <errno.h>
  68 #include <kvm.h>
  69 #include <limits.h>
  70 #include <memstat.h>
  71 #include <nlist.h>
  72 #include <paths.h>
  73 #include <stdio.h>
  74 #include <stdlib.h>
  75 #include <string.h>
  76 #include <sysexits.h>
  77 #include <time.h>
  78 #include <unistd.h>
  79 #include <libutil.h>
  80
  81 static char da[] = "da";
  82
  83 static struct nlist namelist[] = {
  84 #define X_SUM           0
  85         { "_cnt" },
  86 #define X_BOOTTIME      1
  87         { "_boottime" },
  88 #define X_HZ            2
  89         { "_hz" },
  90 #define X_STATHZ        3
  91         { "_stathz" },
  92 #define X_NCHSTATS      4
  93         { "_nchstats" },
  94 #define X_INTRNAMES     5
  95         { "_intrnames" },
  96 #define X_EINTRNAMES    6
  97         { "_eintrnames" },
  98 #define X_INTRCNT       7
  99         { "_intrcnt" },
 100 #define X_EINTRCNT      8
 101         { "_eintrcnt" },
 102 #define X_KMEMSTATS     9
 103         { "_kmemstatistics" },
 104 #define X_KMEMZONES     10
 105         { "_kmemzones" },
 106 #ifdef notyet
 107 #define X_DEFICIT       XXX
 108         { "_deficit" },
 109 #define X_REC           XXX
 110         { "_rectime" },
 111 #define X_PGIN          XXX
 112         { "_pgintime" },
 113 #define X_XSTATS        XXX
 114         { "_xstats" },
 115 #define X_END           XXX
 116 #else
 117 #define X_END           11
 118 #endif
 119         { "" },
 120 };
 121
 122 static struct statinfo cur, last;
 123 static int num_devices, maxshowdevs;
 124 static long generation;
 125 static struct device_selection *dev_select;
 126 static int num_selected;
 127 static struct devstat_match *matches;
 128 static int num_matches = 0;
 129 static int num_devices_specified, num_selections;
 130 static long select_generation;
 131 static char **specified_devices;
 132 static devstat_select_mode select_mode;
 133
 134 static struct   vmmeter sum, osum;
 135
 136 static int      winlines = 20;
 137 static int      aflag;
 138 static int      nflag;
 139 static int      Pflag;
 140 static int      hflag;
 141
 142 static kvm_t   *kd;
 143
 144 #define FORKSTAT        0x01
 145 #define INTRSTAT        0x02
 146 #define MEMSTAT         0x04
 147 #define SUMSTAT         0x08
 148 #define TIMESTAT        0x10
 149 #define VMSTAT          0x20
 150 #define ZMEMSTAT        0x40
 151
 152 static void     cpustats(void);
 153 static void     pcpustats(int, u_long, int);
 154 static void     devstats(void);
 155 static void     doforkst(void);
 156 static void     dointr(void);
 157 static void     dosum(void);
 158 static void     dovmstat(unsigned int, int);
 159 static void     domemstat_malloc(void);
 160 static void     domemstat_zone(void);
 161 static void     kread(int, void *, size_t);
 162 static void     kreado(int, void *, size_t, size_t);
 163 static char    *kgetstr(const char *);
 164 static void     needhdr(int);
 165 static void     printhdr(int, u_long);
 166 static void     usage(void);
 167
 168 static long     pct(long, long);
 169 static long     getuptime(void);
 170
 171 static char   **getdrivedata(char **);
 172
 173 int
 174 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 175 {
 176         int c, todo;
 177         unsigned int interval;
 178         int reps;
 179         char *memf, *nlistf;
 180         char errbuf[_POSIX2_LINE_MAX];
 181
 182         memf = nlistf = NULL;
 183         interval = reps = todo = 0;
 184         maxshowdevs = 2;
 185         hflag = isatty(1);
 186         while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ac:fhHiM:mN:n:Pp:stw:z")) != -1) {
 187                 switch (c) {
 188                 case 'a':
 189                         aflag++;
 190                         break;
 191                 case 'c':
 192                         reps = atoi(optarg);
 193                         break;
 194                 case 'P':
 195                         Pflag++;
 196                         break;
 197                 case 'f':
 198                         todo |= FORKSTAT;
 199                         break;
 200                 case 'h':
 201                         hflag = 1;
 202                         break;
 203                 case 'H':
 204                         hflag = 0;
 205                         break;
 206                 case 'i':
 207                         todo |= INTRSTAT;
 208                         break;
 209                 case 'M':
 210                         memf = optarg;
 211                         break;
 212                 case 'm':
 213                         todo |= MEMSTAT;
 214                         break;
 215                 case 'N':
 216                         nlistf = optarg;
 217                         break;
 218                 case 'n':
 219                         nflag = 1;
 220                         maxshowdevs = atoi(optarg);
 221                         if (maxshowdevs < 0)
 222                                 errx(1, "number of devices %d is < 0",
 223                                      maxshowdevs);
 224                         break;
 225                 case 'p':
 226                         if (devstat_buildmatch(optarg, &matches, &num_matches) != 0)
 227                                 errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 228                         break;
 229                 case 's':
 230                         todo |= SUMSTAT;
 231                         break;
 232                 case 't':
 233 #ifdef notyet
 234                         todo |= TIMESTAT;
 235 #else
 236                         errx(EX_USAGE, "sorry, -t is not (re)implemented yet");
 237 #endif
 238                         break;
 239                 case 'w':
 240                         interval = atoi(optarg);
 241                         break;
 242                 case 'z':
 243                         todo |= ZMEMSTAT;
 244                         break;
 245                 case '?':
 246                 default:
 247                         usage();
 248                 }
 249         }
 250         argc -= optind;
 251         argv += optind;
 252
 253         if (todo == 0)
 254                 todo = VMSTAT;
 255
 256         if (memf != NULL) {
 257                 kd = kvm_openfiles(nlistf, memf, NULL, O_RDONLY, errbuf);
 258                 if (kd == NULL)
 259                         errx(1, "kvm_openfiles: %s", errbuf);
 260         }
 261
 262         if (kd != NULL && (c = kvm_nlist(kd, namelist)) != 0) {
 263                 if (c > 0) {
 264                         warnx("undefined symbols:");
 265                         for (c = 0;
 266                              c < (int)(sizeof(namelist)/sizeof(namelist[0]));
 267                              c++)
 268                                 if (namelist[c].n_type == 0)
 269                                         (void)fprintf(stderr, " %s",
 270                                             namelist[c].n_name);
 271                         (void)fputc('\n', stderr);
 272                 } else
 273                         warnx("kvm_nlist: %s", kvm_geterr(kd));
 274                 exit(1);
 275         }
 276         if (kd && Pflag)
 277                 errx(1, "Cannot use -P with crash dumps");
 278
 279         if (todo & VMSTAT) {
 280                 struct winsize winsize;
 281
 282                 /*
 283                  * Make sure that the userland devstat version matches the
 284                  * kernel devstat version.  If not, exit and print a
 285                  * message informing the user of his mistake.
 286                  */
 287                 if (devstat_checkversion(NULL) < 0)
 288                         errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 289
 290
 291                 argv = getdrivedata(argv);
 292                 winsize.ws_row = 0;
 293                 (void) ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, (char *)&winsize);
 294                 if (winsize.ws_row > 0)
 295                         winlines = winsize.ws_row;
 296
 297         }
 298
 299 #define BACKWARD_COMPATIBILITY
 300 #ifdef  BACKWARD_COMPATIBILITY
 301         if (*argv) {
 302                 interval = atoi(*argv);
 303                 if (*++argv)
 304                         reps = atoi(*argv);
 305         }
 306 #endif
 307
 308         if (interval) {
 309                 if (!reps)
 310                         reps = -1;
 311         } else if (reps)
 312                 interval = 1;
 313
 314         if (todo & FORKSTAT)
 315                 doforkst();
 316         if (todo & MEMSTAT)
 317                 domemstat_malloc();
 318         if (todo & ZMEMSTAT)
 319                 domemstat_zone();
 320         if (todo & SUMSTAT)
 321                 dosum();
 322 #ifdef notyet
 323         if (todo & TIMESTAT)
 324                 dotimes();
 325 #endif
 326         if (todo & INTRSTAT)
 327                 dointr();
 328         if (todo & VMSTAT)
 329                 dovmstat(interval, reps);
 330         exit(0);
 331 }
 332
 333 static int
 334 mysysctl(const char *name, void *oldp, size_t *oldlenp,
 335     void *newp, size_t newlen)
 336 {
 337         int error;
 338
 339         error = sysctlbyname(name, oldp, oldlenp, newp, newlen);
 340         if (error != 0 && errno != ENOMEM)
 341                 err(1, "sysctl(%s)", name);
 342         return (error);
 343 }
 344
 345 static char **
 346 getdrivedata(char **argv)
 347 {
 348         if ((num_devices = devstat_getnumdevs(NULL)) < 0)
 349                 errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 350
 351         cur.dinfo = (struct devinfo *)malloc(sizeof(struct devinfo));
 352         last.dinfo = (struct devinfo *)malloc(sizeof(struct devinfo));
 353         bzero(cur.dinfo, sizeof(struct devinfo));
 354         bzero(last.dinfo, sizeof(struct devinfo));
 355
 356         if (devstat_getdevs(NULL, &cur) == -1)
 357                 errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 358
 359         num_devices = cur.dinfo->numdevs;
 360         generation = cur.dinfo->generation;
 361
 362         specified_devices = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *));
 363         for (num_devices_specified = 0; *argv; ++argv) {
 364                 if (isdigit(**argv))
 365                         break;
 366                 num_devices_specified++;
 367                 specified_devices = (char **)realloc(specified_devices,
 368                                                      sizeof(char *) *
 369                                                      num_devices_specified);
 370                 specified_devices[num_devices_specified - 1] = *argv;
 371         }
 372         dev_select = NULL;
 373
 374         if (nflag == 0 && maxshowdevs < num_devices_specified)
 375                         maxshowdevs = num_devices_specified;
 376
 377         /*
 378          * People are generally only interested in disk statistics when
 379          * they're running vmstat.  So, that's what we're going to give
 380          * them if they don't specify anything by default.  We'll also give
 381          * them any other random devices in the system so that we get to
 382          * maxshowdevs devices, if that many devices exist.  If the user
 383          * specifies devices on the command line, either through a pattern
 384          * match or by naming them explicitly, we will give the user only
 385          * those devices.
 386          */
 387         if ((num_devices_specified == 0) && (num_matches == 0)) {
 388                 if (devstat_buildmatch(da, &matches, &num_matches) != 0)
 389                         errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 390
 391                 select_mode = DS_SELECT_ADD;
 392         } else
 393                 select_mode = DS_SELECT_ONLY;
 394
 395         /*
 396          * At this point, selectdevs will almost surely indicate that the
 397          * device list has changed, so we don't look for return values of 0
 398          * or 1.  If we get back -1, though, there is an error.
 399          */
 400         if (devstat_selectdevs(&dev_select, &num_selected, &num_selections,
 401                        &select_generation, generation, cur.dinfo->devices,
 402                        num_devices, matches, num_matches, specified_devices,
 403                        num_devices_specified, select_mode,
 404                        maxshowdevs, 0) == -1)
 405                 errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 406
 407         return(argv);
 408 }
 409
 410 static long
 411 getuptime(void)
 412 {
 413         struct timespec sp;
 414         time_t uptime;
 415
 416         (void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &sp);
 417         uptime = sp.tv_sec;
 418         if (uptime <= 0 || uptime > 60*60*24*365*10)
 419                 errx(1, "time makes no sense; namelist must be wrong");
 420
 421         return(uptime);
 422 }
 423
 424 static void
 425 fill_vmmeter(struct vmmeter *vmmp)
 426 {
 427         if (kd != NULL) {
 428                 kread(X_SUM, vmmp, sizeof(*vmmp));
 429         } else {
 430                 size_t size = sizeof(unsigned int);
 431 #define GET_VM_STATS(cat, name) \
 432         mysysctl("vm.stats." #cat "." #name, &vmmp->name, &size, NULL, 0)
 433                 /* sys */
 434                 GET_VM_STATS(sys, v_swtch);
 435                 GET_VM_STATS(sys, v_trap);
 436                 GET_VM_STATS(sys, v_syscall);
 437                 GET_VM_STATS(sys, v_intr);
 438                 GET_VM_STATS(sys, v_soft);
 439
 440                 /* vm */
 441                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_vm_faults);
 442                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_cow_faults);
 443                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_cow_optim);
 444                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_zfod);
 445                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_ozfod);
 446                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_swapin);
 447                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_swapout);
 448                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_swappgsin);
 449                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_swappgsout);
 450                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_vnodein);
 451                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_vnodeout);
 452                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_vnodepgsin);
 453                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_vnodepgsout);
 454                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_intrans);
 455                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_reactivated);
 456                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_pdwakeups);
 457                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_pdpages);
 458                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_tcached);
 459                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_dfree);
 460                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_pfree);
 461                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_tfree);
 462                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_page_size);
 463                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_page_count);
 464                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_free_reserved);
 465                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_free_target);
 466                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_free_min);
 467                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_free_count);
 468                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_wire_count);
 469                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_active_count);
 470                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_inactive_target);
 471                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_inactive_count);
 472                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_cache_count);
 473                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_cache_min);
 474                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_cache_max);
 475                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_pageout_free_min);
 476                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_interrupt_free_min);
 477                 /*GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_free_severe);*/
 478                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_forks);
 479                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_vforks);
 480                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_rforks);
 481                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_kthreads);
 482                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_forkpages);
 483                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_vforkpages);
 484                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_rforkpages);
 485                 GET_VM_STATS(vm, v_kthreadpages);
 486 #undef GET_VM_STATS
 487         }
 488 }
 489
 490 static void
 491 fill_vmtotal(struct vmtotal *vmtp)
 492 {
 493         if (kd != NULL) {
 494                 /* XXX fill vmtp */
 495                 errx(1, "not implemented");
 496         } else {
 497                 size_t size = sizeof(*vmtp);
 498                 mysysctl("vm.vmtotal", vmtp, &size, NULL, 0);
 499                 if (size != sizeof(*vmtp))
 500                         errx(1, "vm.total size mismatch");
 501         }
 502 }
 503
 504 /* Determine how many cpu columns, and what index they are in kern.cp_times */
 505 static int
 506 getcpuinfo(u_long *maskp, int *maxidp)
 507 {
 508         int maxcpu;
 509         int maxid;
 510         int ncpus;
 511         int i, j;
 512         int empty;
 513         size_t size;
 514         long *times;
 515         u_long mask;
 516
 517         if (kd != NULL)
 518                 errx(1, "not implemented");
 519         mask = 0;
 520         ncpus = 0;
 521         size = sizeof(maxcpu);
 522         mysysctl("kern.smp.maxcpus", &maxcpu, &size, NULL, 0);
 523         if (size != sizeof(maxcpu))
 524                 errx(1, "sysctl kern.smp.maxcpus");
 525         size = sizeof(long) * maxcpu * CPUSTATES;
 526         times = malloc(size);
 527         if (times == NULL)
 528                 err(1, "malloc %zd bytes", size);
 529         mysysctl("kern.cp_times", times, &size, NULL, 0);
 530         maxid = (size / CPUSTATES / sizeof(long)) - 1;
 531         for (i = 0; i <= maxid; i++) {
 532                 empty = 1;
 533                 for (j = 0; empty && j < CPUSTATES; j++) {
 534                         if (times[i * CPUSTATES + j] != 0)
 535                                 empty = 0;
 536                 }
 537                 if (!empty) {
 538                         mask |= (1ul << i);
 539                         ncpus++;
 540                 }
 541         }
 542         if (maskp)
 543                 *maskp = mask;
 544         if (maxidp)
 545                 *maxidp = maxid;
 546         return (ncpus);
 547 }
 548
 549
 550 static void
 551 prthuman(u_int64_t val, int size)
 552 {
 553         char buf[10];
 554         int flags;
 555
 556         if (size < 5 || size > 9)
 557                 errx(1, "doofus");
 558         flags = HN_B | HN_NOSPACE | HN_DECIMAL;
 559         humanize_number(buf, size, val, "", HN_AUTOSCALE, flags);
 560         printf("%*s", size, buf);
 561 }
 562
 563 static int hz, hdrcnt;
 564
 565 static long *cur_cp_times;
 566 static long *last_cp_times;
 567 static size_t size_cp_times;
 568
 569 static void
 570 dovmstat(unsigned int interval, int reps)
 571 {
 572         struct vmtotal total;
 573         time_t uptime, halfuptime;
 574         struct devinfo *tmp_dinfo;
 575         size_t size;
 576         int ncpus, maxid;
 577         u_long cpumask;
 578
 579         uptime = getuptime();
 580         halfuptime = uptime / 2;
 581         (void)signal(SIGCONT, needhdr);
 582
 583         if (kd != NULL) {
 584                 if (namelist[X_STATHZ].n_type != 0 &&
 585                     namelist[X_STATHZ].n_value != 0)
 586                         kread(X_STATHZ, &hz, sizeof(hz));
 587                 if (!hz)
 588                         kread(X_HZ, &hz, sizeof(hz));
 589         } else {
 590                 struct clockinfo clockrate;
 591
 592                 size = sizeof(clockrate);
 593                 mysysctl("kern.clockrate", &clockrate, &size, NULL, 0);
 594                 if (size != sizeof(clockrate))
 595                         errx(1, "clockrate size mismatch");
 596                 hz = clockrate.hz;
 597         }
 598
 599         if (Pflag) {
 600                 ncpus = getcpuinfo(&cpumask, &maxid);
 601                 size_cp_times = sizeof(long) * (maxid + 1) * CPUSTATES;
 602                 cur_cp_times = malloc(size_cp_times);
 603                 last_cp_times = malloc(size_cp_times);
 604                 bzero(cur_cp_times, size_cp_times);
 605                 bzero(last_cp_times, size_cp_times);
 606         }
 607         for (hdrcnt = 1;;) {
 608                 if (!--hdrcnt)
 609                         printhdr(ncpus, cpumask);
 610                 if (kd != NULL) {
 611                         if (kvm_getcptime(kd, cur.cp_time) < 0)
 612                                 errx(1, "kvm_getcptime: %s", kvm_geterr(kd));
 613                 } else {
 614                         size = sizeof(cur.cp_time);
 615                         mysysctl("kern.cp_time", &cur.cp_time, &size, NULL, 0);
 616                         if (size != sizeof(cur.cp_time))
 617                                 errx(1, "cp_time size mismatch");
 618                 }
 619                 if (Pflag) {
 620                         size = size_cp_times;
 621                         mysysctl("kern.cp_times", cur_cp_times, &size, NULL, 0);
 622                         if (size != size_cp_times)
 623                                 errx(1, "cp_times mismatch");
 624                 }
 625
 626                 tmp_dinfo = last.dinfo;
 627                 last.dinfo = cur.dinfo;
 628                 cur.dinfo = tmp_dinfo;
 629                 last.snap_time = cur.snap_time;
 630
 631                 /*
 632                  * Here what we want to do is refresh our device stats.
 633                  * getdevs() returns 1 when the device list has changed.
 634                  * If the device list has changed, we want to go through
 635                  * the selection process again, in case a device that we
 636                  * were previously displaying has gone away.
 637                  */
 638                 switch (devstat_getdevs(NULL, &cur)) {
 639                 case -1:
 640                         errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 641                         break;
 642                 case 1: {
 643                         int retval;
 644
 645                         num_devices = cur.dinfo->numdevs;
 646                         generation = cur.dinfo->generation;
 647
 648                         retval = devstat_selectdevs(&dev_select, &num_selected,
 649                                             &num_selections, &select_generation,
 650                                             generation, cur.dinfo->devices,
 651                                             num_devices, matches, num_matches,
 652                                             specified_devices,
 653                                             num_devices_specified, select_mode,
 654                                             maxshowdevs, 0);
 655                         switch (retval) {
 656                         case -1:
 657                                 errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 658                                 break;
 659                         case 1:
 660                                 printhdr(ncpus, cpumask);
 661                                 break;
 662                         default:
 663                                 break;
 664                         }
 665                 }
 666                 default:
 667                         break;
 668                 }
 669
 670                 fill_vmmeter(&sum);
 671                 fill_vmtotal(&total);
 672                 (void)printf("%2d %1d %1d",
 673                     total.t_rq - 1, total.t_dw + total.t_pw, total.t_sw);
 674 #define vmstat_pgtok(a) ((a) * (sum.v_page_size >> 10))
 675 #define rate(x) (((x) + halfuptime) / uptime)   /* round */
 676                 if (hflag) {
 677                         printf(" ");
 678                         prthuman(total.t_avm * (u_int64_t)sum.v_page_size, 7);
 679                         printf(" ");
 680                         prthuman(total.t_free * (u_int64_t)sum.v_page_size, 6);
 681                         printf(" ");
 682                 } else {
 683                         printf(" %7d ", vmstat_pgtok(total.t_avm));
 684                         printf(" %6d ", vmstat_pgtok(total.t_free));
 685                 }
 686                 (void)printf("%5lu ",
 687                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_vm_faults - osum.v_vm_faults));
 688                 (void)printf("%3lu ",
 689                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_reactivated - osum.v_reactivated));
 690                 (void)printf("%3lu ",
 691                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_swapin + sum.v_vnodein -
 692                     (osum.v_swapin + osum.v_vnodein)));
 693                 (void)printf("%3lu ",
 694                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_swapout + sum.v_vnodeout -
 695                     (osum.v_swapout + osum.v_vnodeout)));
 696                 (void)printf("%5lu ",
 697                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_tfree - osum.v_tfree));
 698                 (void)printf("%3lu ",
 699                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_pdpages - osum.v_pdpages));
 700                 devstats();
 701                 (void)printf("%4lu %4lu %4lu",
 702                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_intr - osum.v_intr),
 703                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_syscall - osum.v_syscall),
 704                     (unsigned long)rate(sum.v_swtch - osum.v_swtch));
 705                 if (Pflag)
 706                         pcpustats(ncpus, cpumask, maxid);
 707                 else
 708                         cpustats();
 709                 (void)printf("\n");
 710                 (void)fflush(stdout);
 711                 if (reps >= 0 && --reps <= 0)
 712                         break;
 713                 osum = sum;
 714                 uptime = interval;
 715                 /*
 716                  * We round upward to avoid losing low-frequency events
 717                  * (i.e., >= 1 per interval but < 1 per second).
 718                  */
 719                 if (interval != 1)
 720                         halfuptime = (uptime + 1) / 2;
 721                 else
 722                         halfuptime = 0;
 723                 (void)sleep(interval);
 724         }
 725 }
 726
 727 static void
 728 printhdr(int ncpus, u_long cpumask)
 729 {
 730         int i, num_shown;
 731
 732         num_shown = (num_selected < maxshowdevs) ? num_selected : maxshowdevs;
 733         (void)printf(" procs      memory      page%*s", 19, "");
 734         if (num_shown > 1)
 735                 (void)printf(" disks %*s", num_shown * 4 - 7, "");
 736         else if (num_shown == 1)
 737                 (void)printf("disk");
 738         (void)printf("   faults         ");
 739         if (Pflag) {
 740                 for (i = 0; i < ncpus; i++) {
 741                         if (cpumask & (1ul << i))
 742                                 printf("cpu%-2d    ", i);
 743                 }
 744                 printf("\n");
 745         } else
 746                 printf("cpu\n");
 747         (void)printf(" r b w     avm    fre   flt  re  pi  po    fr  sr ");
 748         for (i = 0; i < num_devices; i++)
 749                 if ((dev_select[i].selected)
 750                  && (dev_select[i].selected <= maxshowdevs))
 751                         (void)printf("%c%c%d ", dev_select[i].device_name[0],
 752                                      dev_select[i].device_name[1],
 753                                      dev_select[i].unit_number);
 754         (void)printf("  in   sy   cs");
 755         if (Pflag) {
 756                 for (i = 0; i < ncpus; i++)
 757                         printf(" us sy id");
 758                 printf("\n");
 759         } else
 760                 printf(" us sy id\n");
 761         hdrcnt = winlines - 2;
 762 }
 763
 764 /*
 765  * Force a header to be prepended to the next output.
 766  */
 767 static void
 768 needhdr(int dummy __unused)
 769 {
 770
 771         hdrcnt = 1;
 772 }
 773
 774 #ifdef notyet
 775 static void
 776 dotimes(void)
 777 {
 778         unsigned int pgintime, rectime;
 779
 780         kread(X_REC, &rectime, sizeof(rectime));
 781         kread(X_PGIN, &pgintime, sizeof(pgintime));
 782         kread(X_SUM, &sum, sizeof(sum));
 783         (void)printf("%u reclaims, %u total time (usec)\n",
 784             sum.v_pgrec, rectime);
 785         (void)printf("average: %u usec / reclaim\n", rectime / sum.v_pgrec);
 786         (void)printf("\n");
 787         (void)printf("%u page ins, %u total time (msec)\n",
 788             sum.v_pgin, pgintime / 10);
 789         (void)printf("average: %8.1f msec / page in\n",
 790             pgintime / (sum.v_pgin * 10.0));
 791 }
 792 #endif
 793
 794 static long
 795 pct(long top, long bot)
 796 {
 797         long ans;
 798
 799         if (bot == 0)
 800                 return(0);
 801         ans = (quad_t)top * 100 / bot;
 802         return (ans);
 803 }
 804
 805 #define PCT(top, bot) pct((long)(top), (long)(bot))
 806
 807 static void
 808 dosum(void)
 809 {
 810         struct nchstats lnchstats;
 811         long nchtotal;
 812
 813         fill_vmmeter(&sum);
 814         (void)printf("%9u cpu context switches\n", sum.v_swtch);
 815         (void)printf("%9u device interrupts\n", sum.v_intr);
 816         (void)printf("%9u software interrupts\n", sum.v_soft);
 817         (void)printf("%9u traps\n", sum.v_trap);
 818         (void)printf("%9u system calls\n", sum.v_syscall);
 819         (void)printf("%9u kernel threads created\n", sum.v_kthreads);
 820         (void)printf("%9u  fork() calls\n", sum.v_forks);
 821         (void)printf("%9u vfork() calls\n", sum.v_vforks);
 822         (void)printf("%9u rfork() calls\n", sum.v_rforks);
 823         (void)printf("%9u swap pager pageins\n", sum.v_swapin);
 824         (void)printf("%9u swap pager pages paged in\n", sum.v_swappgsin);
 825         (void)printf("%9u swap pager pageouts\n", sum.v_swapout);
 826         (void)printf("%9u swap pager pages paged out\n", sum.v_swappgsout);
 827         (void)printf("%9u vnode pager pageins\n", sum.v_vnodein);
 828         (void)printf("%9u vnode pager pages paged in\n", sum.v_vnodepgsin);
 829         (void)printf("%9u vnode pager pageouts\n", sum.v_vnodeout);
 830         (void)printf("%9u vnode pager pages paged out\n", sum.v_vnodepgsout);
 831         (void)printf("%9u page daemon wakeups\n", sum.v_pdwakeups);
 832         (void)printf("%9u pages examined by the page daemon\n", sum.v_pdpages);
 833         (void)printf("%9u pages reactivated\n", sum.v_reactivated);
 834         (void)printf("%9u copy-on-write faults\n", sum.v_cow_faults);
 835         (void)printf("%9u copy-on-write optimized faults\n", sum.v_cow_optim);
 836         (void)printf("%9u zero fill pages zeroed\n", sum.v_zfod);
 837         (void)printf("%9u zero fill pages prezeroed\n", sum.v_ozfod);
 838         (void)printf("%9u intransit blocking page faults\n", sum.v_intrans);
 839         (void)printf("%9u total VM faults taken\n", sum.v_vm_faults);
 840         (void)printf("%9u pages affected by kernel thread creation\n", sum.v_kthreadpages);
 841         (void)printf("%9u pages affected by  fork()\n", sum.v_forkpages);
 842         (void)printf("%9u pages affected by vfork()\n", sum.v_vforkpages);
 843         (void)printf("%9u pages affected by rfork()\n", sum.v_rforkpages);
 844         (void)printf("%9u pages cached\n", sum.v_tcached);
 845         (void)printf("%9u pages freed\n", sum.v_tfree);
 846         (void)printf("%9u pages freed by daemon\n", sum.v_dfree);
 847         (void)printf("%9u pages freed by exiting processes\n", sum.v_pfree);
 848         (void)printf("%9u pages active\n", sum.v_active_count);
 849         (void)printf("%9u pages inactive\n", sum.v_inactive_count);
 850         (void)printf("%9u pages in VM cache\n", sum.v_cache_count);
 851         (void)printf("%9u pages wired down\n", sum.v_wire_count);
 852         (void)printf("%9u pages free\n", sum.v_free_count);
 853         (void)printf("%9u bytes per page\n", sum.v_page_size);
 854         if (kd != NULL) {
 855                 kread(X_NCHSTATS, &lnchstats, sizeof(lnchstats));
 856         } else {
 857                 size_t size = sizeof(lnchstats);
 858                 mysysctl("vfs.cache.nchstats", &lnchstats, &size, NULL, 0);
 859                 if (size != sizeof(lnchstats))
 860                         errx(1, "vfs.cache.nchstats size mismatch");
 861         }
 862         nchtotal = lnchstats.ncs_goodhits + lnchstats.ncs_neghits +
 863             lnchstats.ncs_badhits + lnchstats.ncs_falsehits +
 864             lnchstats.ncs_miss + lnchstats.ncs_long;
 865         (void)printf("%9ld total name lookups\n", nchtotal);
 866         (void)printf(
 867             "%9s cache hits (%ld%% pos + %ld%% neg) system %ld%% per-directory\n",
 868             "", PCT(lnchstats.ncs_goodhits, nchtotal),
 869             PCT(lnchstats.ncs_neghits, nchtotal),
 870             PCT(lnchstats.ncs_pass2, nchtotal));
 871         (void)printf("%9s deletions %ld%%, falsehits %ld%%, toolong %ld%%\n", "",
 872             PCT(lnchstats.ncs_badhits, nchtotal),
 873             PCT(lnchstats.ncs_falsehits, nchtotal),
 874             PCT(lnchstats.ncs_long, nchtotal));
 875 }
 876
 877 static void
 878 doforkst(void)
 879 {
 880         fill_vmmeter(&sum);
 881         (void)printf("%u forks, %u pages, average %.2f\n",
 882             sum.v_forks, sum.v_forkpages,
 883             sum.v_forks == 0 ? 0.0 :
 884             (double)sum.v_forkpages / sum.v_forks);
 885         (void)printf("%u vforks, %u pages, average %.2f\n",
 886             sum.v_vforks, sum.v_vforkpages,
 887             sum.v_vforks == 0 ? 0.0 :
 888             (double)sum.v_vforkpages / sum.v_vforks);
 889         (void)printf("%u rforks, %u pages, average %.2f\n",
 890             sum.v_rforks, sum.v_rforkpages,
 891             sum.v_rforks == 0 ? 0.0 :
 892             (double)sum.v_rforkpages / sum.v_rforks);
 893 }
 894
 895 static void
 896 devstats(void)
 897 {
 898         int dn, state;
 899         long double transfers_per_second;
 900         long double busy_seconds;
 901         long tmp;
 902
 903         for (state = 0; state < CPUSTATES; ++state) {
 904                 tmp = cur.cp_time[state];
 905                 cur.cp_time[state] -= last.cp_time[state];
 906                 last.cp_time[state] = tmp;
 907         }
 908
 909         busy_seconds = cur.snap_time - last.snap_time;
 910
 911         for (dn = 0; dn < num_devices; dn++) {
 912                 int di;
 913
 914                 if ((dev_select[dn].selected == 0)
 915                  || (dev_select[dn].selected > maxshowdevs))
 916                         continue;
 917
 918                 di = dev_select[dn].position;
 919
 920                 if (devstat_compute_statistics(&cur.dinfo->devices[di],
 921                     &last.dinfo->devices[di], busy_seconds,
 922                     DSM_TRANSFERS_PER_SECOND, &transfers_per_second,
 923                     DSM_NONE) != 0)
 924                         errx(1, "%s", devstat_errbuf);
 925
 926                 (void)printf("%3.0Lf ", transfers_per_second);
 927         }
 928 }
 929
 930 static void
 931 percent(double pct, int *over)
 932 {
 933         char buf[10];
 934         int l;
 935
 936         l = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.0f", pct);
 937         if (l == 1 && *over) {
 938                 printf("%s",  buf);
 939                 (*over)--;
 940         } else
 941                 printf("%2s", buf);
 942         if (l > 2)
 943                 (*over)++;
 944 }
 945
 946 static void
 947 cpustats(void)
 948 {
 949         int state, over;
 950         double lpct, total;
 951
 952         total = 0;
 953         for (state = 0; state < CPUSTATES; ++state)
 954                 total += cur.cp_time[state];
 955         if (total)
 956                 lpct = 100.0 / total;
 957         else
 958                 lpct = 0.0;
 959         over = 0;
 960         printf(" ");
 961         percent((cur.cp_time[CP_USER] + cur.cp_time[CP_NICE]) * lpct, &over);
 962         printf(" ");
 963         percent((cur.cp_time[CP_SYS] + cur.cp_time[CP_INTR]) * lpct, &over);
 964         printf(" ");
 965         percent(cur.cp_time[CP_IDLE] * lpct, &over);
 966 }
 967
 968 static void
 969 pcpustats(int ncpus, u_long cpumask, int maxid)
 970 {
 971         int state, i;
 972         double lpct, total;
 973         long tmp;
 974         int over;
 975
 976         /* devstats does this for cp_time */
 977         for (i = 0; i <= maxid; i++) {
 978                 if ((cpumask & (1ul << i)) == 0)
 979                         continue;
 980                 for (state = 0; state < CPUSTATES; ++state) {
 981                         tmp = cur_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + state];
 982                         cur_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + state] -= last_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + state];
 983                         last_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + state] = tmp;
 984                 }
 985         }
 986
 987         over = 0;
 988         for (i = 0; i <= maxid; i++) {
 989                 if ((cpumask & (1ul << i)) == 0)
 990                         continue;
 991                 total = 0;
 992                 for (state = 0; state < CPUSTATES; ++state)
 993                         total += cur_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + state];
 994                 if (total)
 995                         lpct = 100.0 / total;
 996                 else
 997                         lpct = 0.0;
 998                 printf(" ");
 999                 percent((cur_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER] +
1000                          cur_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE]) * lpct, &over);
1001                 printf(" ");
1002                 percent((cur_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS] +
1003                          cur_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR]) * lpct, &over);
1004                 printf(" ");
1005                 percent(cur_cp_times[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE] * lpct, &over);
1006         }
1007 }
1008
1009 static void
1010 dointr(void)
1011 {
1012         unsigned long *intrcnt, uptime;
1013         uint64_t inttotal;
1014         size_t clen, inamlen, intrcntlen, istrnamlen;
1015         unsigned int i, nintr;
1016         char *intrname, *tintrname;
1017
1018         uptime = getuptime();
1019         if (kd != NULL) {
1020                 intrcntlen = namelist[X_EINTRCNT].n_value -
1021                     namelist[X_INTRCNT].n_value;
1022                 inamlen = namelist[X_EINTRNAMES].n_value -
1023                     namelist[X_INTRNAMES].n_value;
1024                 if ((intrcnt = malloc(intrcntlen)) == NULL ||
1025                     (intrname = malloc(inamlen)) == NULL)
1026                         err(1, "malloc()");
1027                 kread(X_INTRCNT, intrcnt, intrcntlen);
1028                 kread(X_INTRNAMES, intrname, inamlen);
1029         } else {
1030                 for (intrcnt = NULL, intrcntlen = 1024; ; intrcntlen *= 2) {
1031                         if ((intrcnt = reallocf(intrcnt, intrcntlen)) == NULL)
1032                                 err(1, "reallocf()");
1033                         if (mysysctl("hw.intrcnt",
1034                             intrcnt, &intrcntlen, NULL, 0) == 0)
1035                                 break;
1036                 }
1037                 for (intrname = NULL, inamlen = 1024; ; inamlen *= 2) {
1038                         if ((intrname = reallocf(intrname, inamlen)) == NULL)
1039                                 err(1, "reallocf()");
1040                         if (mysysctl("hw.intrnames",
1041                             intrname, &inamlen, NULL, 0) == 0)
1042                                 break;
1043                 }
1044         }
1045         nintr = intrcntlen / sizeof(unsigned long);
1046         tintrname = intrname;
1047         istrnamlen = strlen("interrupt");
1048         for (i = 0; i < nintr; i++) {
1049                 clen = strlen(tintrname);
1050                 if (clen > istrnamlen)
1051                         istrnamlen = clen;
1052                 tintrname += clen + 1;
1053         }
1054         (void)printf("%-*s %20s %10s\n", istrnamlen, "interrupt", "total",
1055             "rate");
1056         inttotal = 0;
1057         for (i = 0; i < nintr; i++) {
1058                 if (intrname[0] != '\0' && (*intrcnt != 0 || aflag))
1059                         (void)printf("%-*s %20lu %10lu\n", istrnamlen, intrname,
1060                             *intrcnt, *intrcnt / uptime);
1061                 intrname += strlen(intrname) + 1;
1062                 inttotal += *intrcnt++;
1063         }
1064         (void)printf("%-*s %20llu %10llu\n", istrnamlen, "Total",
1065             (long long)inttotal, (long long)(inttotal / uptime));
1066 }
1067
1068 static void
1069 domemstat_malloc(void)
1070 {
1071         struct memory_type_list *mtlp;
1072         struct memory_type *mtp;
1073         int error, first, i;
1074
1075         mtlp = memstat_mtl_alloc();
1076         if (mtlp == NULL) {
1077                 warn("memstat_mtl_alloc");
1078                 return;
1079         }
1080         if (kd == NULL) {
1081                 if (memstat_sysctl_malloc(mtlp, 0) < 0) {
1082                         warnx("memstat_sysctl_malloc: %s",
1083                             memstat_strerror(memstat_mtl_geterror(mtlp)));
1084                         return;
1085                 }
1086         } else {
1087                 if (memstat_kvm_malloc(mtlp, kd) < 0) {
1088                         error = memstat_mtl_geterror(mtlp);
1089                         if (error == MEMSTAT_ERROR_KVM)
1090                                 warnx("memstat_kvm_malloc: %s",
1091                                     kvm_geterr(kd));
1092                         else
1093                                 warnx("memstat_kvm_malloc: %s",
1094                                     memstat_strerror(error));
1095                 }
1096         }
1097         printf("%13s %5s %6s %7s %8s  Size(s)\n", "Type", "InUse", "MemUse",
1098             "HighUse", "Requests");
1099         for (mtp = memstat_mtl_first(mtlp); mtp != NULL;
1100             mtp = memstat_mtl_next(mtp)) {
1101                 if (memstat_get_numallocs(mtp) == 0 &&
1102                     memstat_get_count(mtp) == 0)
1103                         continue;
1104                 printf("%13s %5lld %5lldK %7s %8lld  ",
1105                     memstat_get_name(mtp), memstat_get_count(mtp),
1106                     ((int64_t)memstat_get_bytes(mtp) + 1023) / 1024, "-",
1107                     memstat_get_numallocs(mtp));
1108                 first = 1;
1109                 for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
1110                         if (memstat_get_sizemask(mtp) & (1 << i)) {
1111                                 if (!first)
1112                                         printf(",");
1113                                 printf("%d", 1 << (i + 4));
1114                                 first = 0;
1115                         }
1116                 }
1117                 printf("\n");
1118         }
1119         memstat_mtl_free(mtlp);
1120 }
1121
1122 static void
1123 domemstat_zone(void)
1124 {
1125         struct memory_type_list *mtlp;
1126         struct memory_type *mtp;
1127         char name[MEMTYPE_MAXNAME + 1];
1128         int error;
1129
1130         mtlp = memstat_mtl_alloc();
1131         if (mtlp == NULL) {
1132                 warn("memstat_mtl_alloc");
1133                 return;
1134         }
1135         if (kd == NULL) {
1136                 if (memstat_sysctl_uma(mtlp, 0) < 0) {
1137                         warnx("memstat_sysctl_uma: %s",
1138                             memstat_strerror(memstat_mtl_geterror(mtlp)));
1139                         return;
1140                 }
1141         } else {
1142                 if (memstat_kvm_uma(mtlp, kd) < 0) {
1143                         error = memstat_mtl_geterror(mtlp);
1144                         if (error == MEMSTAT_ERROR_KVM)
1145                                 warnx("memstat_kvm_uma: %s",
1146                                     kvm_geterr(kd));
1147                         else
1148                                 warnx("memstat_kvm_uma: %s",
1149                                     memstat_strerror(error));
1150                 }
1151         }
1152         printf("%-20s %8s  %8s  %8s  %8s  %8s  %8s\n\n", "ITEM", "SIZE",
1153             "LIMIT", "USED", "FREE", "REQUESTS", "FAILURES");
1154         for (mtp = memstat_mtl_first(mtlp); mtp != NULL;
1155             mtp = memstat_mtl_next(mtp)) {
1156                 strlcpy(name, memstat_get_name(mtp), MEMTYPE_MAXNAME);
1157                 strcat(name, ":");
1158                 printf("%-20s %8llu, %8llu, %8llu, %8llu, %8llu, %8llu\n", name,
1159                     memstat_get_size(mtp), memstat_get_countlimit(mtp),
1160                     memstat_get_count(mtp), memstat_get_free(mtp),
1161                     memstat_get_numallocs(mtp), memstat_get_failures(mtp));
1162         }
1163         memstat_mtl_free(mtlp);
1164         printf("\n");
1165 }
1166
1167 /*
1168  * kread reads something from the kernel, given its nlist index.
1169  */
1170 static void
1171 kreado(int nlx, void *addr, size_t size, size_t offset)
1172 {
1173         const char *sym;
1174
1175         if (namelist[nlx].n_type == 0 || namelist[nlx].n_value == 0) {
1176                 sym = namelist[nlx].n_name;
1177                 if (*sym == '_')
1178                         ++sym;
1179                 errx(1, "symbol %s not defined", sym);
1180         }
1181         if ((size_t)kvm_read(kd, namelist[nlx].n_value + offset, addr,
1182             size) != size) {
1183                 sym = namelist[nlx].n_name;
1184                 if (*sym == '_')
1185                         ++sym;
1186                 errx(1, "%s: %s", sym, kvm_geterr(kd));
1187         }
1188 }
1189
1190 static void
1191 kread(int nlx, void *addr, size_t size)
1192 {
1193         kreado(nlx, addr, size, 0);
1194 }
1195
1196 static char *
1197 kgetstr(const char *strp)
1198 {
1199         int n = 0, size = 1;
1200         char *ret = NULL;
1201
1202         do {
1203                 if (size == n + 1) {
1204                         ret = realloc(ret, size);
1205                         if (ret == NULL)
1206                                 err(1, "%s: realloc", __func__);
1207                         size *= 2;
1208                 }
1209                 if (kvm_read(kd, (u_long)strp + n, &ret[n], 1) != 1)
1210                         errx(1, "%s: %s", __func__, kvm_geterr(kd));
1211         } while (ret[n++] != '\0');
1212         return (ret);
1213 }
1214
1215 static void
1216 usage(void)
1217 {
1218         (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s%s",
1219                 "usage: vmstat [-afHhimPsz] [-c count] [-M core [-N system]] [-w wait]\n",
1220                 "              [-n devs] [-p type,if,pass] [disks]\n");
1221         exit(1);
1222 }