2 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
4 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008, Joseph Koshy
5 * Copyright (c) 2007 The FreeBSD Foundation
8 * Portions of this software were developed by A. Joseph Koshy under
9 * sponsorship from the FreeBSD Foundation and Google, Inc.
11 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
12 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
14 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
15 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
16 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
17 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
18 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
20 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
33 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
34 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
36 #include <sys/param.h>
37 #include <sys/cpuset.h>
38 #include <sys/event.h>
39 #include <sys/queue.h>
40 #include <sys/socket.h>
42 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
44 #include <sys/ttycom.h>
70 #include <libpmcstat.h>
75 * A given invocation of pmcstat(8) can manage multiple PMCs of both
76 * the system-wide and per-process variety. Each of these could be in
77 * 'counting mode' or in 'sampling mode'.
79 * For 'counting mode' PMCs, pmcstat(8) will periodically issue a
80 * pmc_read() at the configured time interval and print out the value
81 * of the requested PMCs.
83 * For 'sampling mode' PMCs it can log to a file for offline analysis,
84 * or can analyse sampling data "on the fly", either by converting
85 * samples to printed textual form or by creating gprof(1) compatible
86 * profiles, one per program executed. When creating gprof(1)
87 * profiles it can optionally merge entries from multiple processes
88 * for a given executable into a single profile file.
90 * pmcstat(8) can also execute a command line and attach PMCs to the
91 * resulting child process. The protocol used is as follows:
93 * - parent creates a socketpair for two way communication and
99 * - Wait for child's token.
101 * - Awaits signal to start.
102 * - Attaches PMCs to the child's pid
103 * and starts them. Sets up
104 * monitoring for the child.
105 * - Signals child to start.
106 * - Receives signal, attempts exec().
108 * After this point normal processing can happen.
113 int pmcstat_displayheight = DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT;
114 int pmcstat_displaywidth = DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH;
115 static int pmcstat_sockpair[NSOCKPAIRFD];
116 static int pmcstat_kq;
117 static kvm_t *pmcstat_kvm;
118 static struct kinfo_proc *pmcstat_plist;
119 struct pmcstat_args args;
120 static bool libpmc_initialized = false;
123 pmcstat_get_cpumask(const char *cpuspec, cpuset_t *cpumask)
133 cpu = strtol(s, &end, 0);
134 if (cpu < 0 || end == s)
136 "ERROR: Illegal CPU specification \"%s\".",
138 CPU_SET(cpu, cpumask);
139 s = end + strspn(end, ", \t");
141 assert(!CPU_EMPTY(cpumask));
145 pmcstat_cleanup(void)
147 struct pmcstat_ev *ev;
149 /* release allocated PMCs. */
150 STAILQ_FOREACH(ev, &args.pa_events, ev_next)
151 if (ev->ev_pmcid != PMC_ID_INVALID) {
152 if (pmc_stop(ev->ev_pmcid) < 0)
154 "ERROR: cannot stop pmc 0x%x \"%s\"",
155 ev->ev_pmcid, ev->ev_name);
156 if (pmc_release(ev->ev_pmcid) < 0)
158 "ERROR: cannot release pmc 0x%x \"%s\"",
159 ev->ev_pmcid, ev->ev_name);
162 /* de-configure the log file if present. */
163 if (args.pa_flags & (FLAG_HAS_PIPE | FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE))
164 (void) pmc_configure_logfile(-1);
166 if (args.pa_logparser) {
167 pmclog_close(args.pa_logparser);
168 args.pa_logparser = NULL;
171 pmcstat_log_shutdown_logging();
175 pmcstat_find_targets(const char *spec)
177 int n, nproc, pid, rv;
178 struct pmcstat_target *pt;
179 char errbuf[_POSIX2_LINE_MAX], *end;
180 static struct kinfo_proc *kp;
184 /* First check if we've been given a process id. */
185 pid = strtol(spec, &end, 0);
186 if (end != spec && pid >= 0) {
187 if ((pt = malloc(sizeof(*pt))) == NULL)
190 SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&args.pa_targets, pt, pt_next);
194 /* Otherwise treat arg as a regular expression naming processes. */
195 if (pmcstat_kvm == NULL) {
196 if ((pmcstat_kvm = kvm_openfiles(NULL, "/dev/null", NULL, 0,
198 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot open kernel \"%s\"",
200 if ((pmcstat_plist = kvm_getprocs(pmcstat_kvm, KERN_PROC_PROC,
202 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot get process list: %s",
203 kvm_geterr(pmcstat_kvm));
207 if ((rv = regcomp(®, spec, REG_EXTENDED|REG_NOSUB)) != 0) {
208 regerror(rv, ®, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
209 err(EX_DATAERR, "ERROR: Failed to compile regex \"%s\": %s",
213 for (n = 0, kp = pmcstat_plist; n < nproc; n++, kp++) {
214 if ((rv = regexec(®, kp->ki_comm, 1, ®match, 0)) == 0) {
215 if ((pt = malloc(sizeof(*pt))) == NULL)
217 pt->pt_pid = kp->ki_pid;
218 SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&args.pa_targets, pt, pt_next);
219 } else if (rv != REG_NOMATCH) {
220 regerror(rv, ®, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
221 errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "ERROR: Regex evalation failed: %s",
231 errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "Out of memory.");
236 pmcstat_kill_process(void)
238 struct pmcstat_target *pt;
240 assert(args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE);
243 * If a command line was specified, it would be the very first
244 * in the list, before any other processes specified by -t.
246 pt = SLIST_FIRST(&args.pa_targets);
249 if (kill(pt->pt_pid, SIGINT) != 0)
250 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: cannot signal child process");
254 pmcstat_start_pmcs(void)
256 struct pmcstat_ev *ev;
258 STAILQ_FOREACH(ev, &args.pa_events, ev_next) {
260 assert(ev->ev_pmcid != PMC_ID_INVALID);
262 if (pmc_start(ev->ev_pmcid) < 0) {
263 warn("ERROR: Cannot start pmc 0x%x \"%s\"",
264 ev->ev_pmcid, ev->ev_name);
272 pmcstat_print_headers(void)
274 struct pmcstat_ev *ev;
277 (void) fprintf(args.pa_printfile, PRINT_HEADER_PREFIX);
279 STAILQ_FOREACH(ev, &args.pa_events, ev_next) {
280 if (PMC_IS_SAMPLING_MODE(ev->ev_mode))
283 c = PMC_IS_SYSTEM_MODE(ev->ev_mode) ? 's' : 'p';
285 if (ev->ev_fieldskip != 0)
286 (void) fprintf(args.pa_printfile, "%*s",
287 ev->ev_fieldskip, "");
288 w = ev->ev_fieldwidth - ev->ev_fieldskip - 2;
291 (void) fprintf(args.pa_printfile, "s/%02d/%-*s ",
292 ev->ev_cpu, w-3, ev->ev_name);
294 (void) fprintf(args.pa_printfile, "p/%*s ", w,
298 (void) fflush(args.pa_printfile);
302 pmcstat_print_counters(void)
305 struct pmcstat_ev *ev;
308 extra_width = sizeof(PRINT_HEADER_PREFIX) - 1;
310 STAILQ_FOREACH(ev, &args.pa_events, ev_next) {
312 /* skip sampling mode counters */
313 if (PMC_IS_SAMPLING_MODE(ev->ev_mode))
316 if (pmc_read(ev->ev_pmcid, &value) < 0)
317 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot read pmc \"%s\"",
320 (void) fprintf(args.pa_printfile, "%*ju ",
321 ev->ev_fieldwidth + extra_width,
322 (uintmax_t) ev->ev_cumulative ? value :
323 (value - ev->ev_saved));
325 if (ev->ev_cumulative == 0)
326 ev->ev_saved = value;
330 (void) fflush(args.pa_printfile);
338 pmcstat_print_pmcs(void)
340 static int linecount = 0;
342 /* check if we need to print a header line */
343 if (++linecount > pmcstat_displayheight) {
344 (void) fprintf(args.pa_printfile, "\n");
348 pmcstat_print_headers();
349 (void) fprintf(args.pa_printfile, "\n");
351 pmcstat_print_counters();
355 pmcstat_show_usage(void)
358 "[options] [commandline]\n"
359 "\t Measure process and/or system performance using hardware\n"
360 "\t performance monitoring counters.\n"
361 "\t Options include:\n"
362 "\t -C\t\t (toggle) show cumulative counts\n"
363 "\t -D path\t create profiles in directory \"path\"\n"
364 "\t -E\t\t (toggle) show counts at process exit\n"
365 "\t -F file\t write a system-wide callgraph (Kcachegrind format)"
367 "\t -G file\t write a system-wide callgraph to \"file\"\n"
368 "\t -I\t\t don't resolve leaf function name, show address instead\n"
369 "\t -L\t\t list all counters available on this host\n"
370 "\t -M file\t print executable/gmon file map to \"file\"\n"
371 "\t -N\t\t (toggle) capture callchains\n"
372 "\t -O file\t send log output to \"file\"\n"
373 "\t -P spec\t allocate a process-private sampling PMC\n"
374 "\t -R file\t read events from \"file\"\n"
375 "\t -S spec\t allocate a system-wide sampling PMC\n"
376 "\t -T\t\t start in top mode\n"
377 "\t -U \t\t merged user kernel stack capture\n"
378 "\t -W\t\t (toggle) show counts per context switch\n"
379 "\t -a file\t print sampled PCs and callgraph to \"file\"\n"
380 "\t -c cpu-list\t set cpus for subsequent system-wide PMCs\n"
381 "\t -d\t\t (toggle) track descendants\n"
382 "\t -e\t\t use wide history counter for gprof(1) output\n"
383 "\t -f spec\t pass \"spec\" to as plugin option\n"
384 "\t -g\t\t produce gprof(1) compatible profiles\n"
385 "\t -i lwp\t\t filter on thread id \"lwp\" in post-processing\n"
386 "\t -l secs\t set duration time\n"
387 "\t -m file\t print sampled PCs to \"file\"\n"
388 "\t -n rate\t set sampling rate\n"
389 "\t -o file\t send print output to \"file\"\n"
390 "\t -p spec\t allocate a process-private counting PMC\n"
391 "\t -q\t\t suppress verbosity\n"
392 "\t -r fsroot\t specify FS root directory\n"
393 "\t -s spec\t allocate a system-wide counting PMC\n"
394 "\t -t process-spec attach to running processes matching "
396 "\t -u spec \t provide short description of counters matching spec\n"
397 "\t -v\t\t increase verbosity\n"
398 "\t -w secs\t set printing time interval\n"
399 "\t -z depth\t limit callchain display depth"
404 * At exit handler for top mode
408 pmcstat_topexit(void)
422 libpmc_initialize(int *npmc)
425 if (libpmc_initialized)
428 err(EX_UNAVAILABLE, "ERROR: Initialization of the pmc(3)"
431 /* assume all CPUs are identical */
432 if ((*npmc = pmc_npmc(0)) < 0)
433 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot determine the number of PMCs on "
435 libpmc_initialized = true;
442 main(int argc, char **argv)
444 cpuset_t cpumask, dommask, rootmask;
448 int c, check_driver_stats;
449 int do_callchain, do_descendants, do_logproccsw, do_logprocexit;
450 int do_print, do_read, do_listcounters, do_descr, domains;
455 int use_cumulative_counts;
457 uint64_t current_sampling_count;
459 const char *errmsg, *graphfilename;
460 enum pmcstat_state runstate;
461 struct pmc_driverstats ds_start, ds_end;
462 struct pmcstat_ev *ev;
469 check_driver_stats = 0;
470 current_sampling_count = 0;
479 use_cumulative_counts = 0;
481 args.pa_required = 0;
483 args.pa_verbosity = 1;
486 args.pa_samplesdir = ".";
487 args.pa_printfile = stderr;
488 args.pa_graphdepth = DEFAULT_CALLGRAPH_DEPTH;
489 args.pa_graphfile = NULL;
490 args.pa_interval = DEFAULT_WAIT_INTERVAL;
491 args.pa_mapfilename = NULL;
492 args.pa_inputpath = NULL;
493 args.pa_outputpath = NULL;
494 args.pa_pplugin = PMCSTAT_PL_NONE;
495 args.pa_plugin = PMCSTAT_PL_NONE;
496 args.pa_ctdumpinstr = 1;
497 args.pa_topmode = PMCSTAT_TOP_DELTA;
499 args.pa_topcolor = 0;
500 args.pa_mergepmc = 0;
501 args.pa_duration = 0.0;
502 STAILQ_INIT(&args.pa_events);
503 SLIST_INIT(&args.pa_targets);
504 bzero(&ds_start, sizeof(ds_start));
505 bzero(&ds_end, sizeof(ds_end));
511 len = sizeof(domains);
512 if (sysctlbyname("vm.ndomains", &domains, &len, NULL, 0) == -1)
513 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot get number of domains");
516 * The initial CPU mask specifies the root mask of this process
517 * which is usually all CPUs in the system.
519 if (cpuset_getaffinity(CPU_LEVEL_ROOT, CPU_WHICH_PID, -1,
520 sizeof(rootmask), &rootmask) == -1)
521 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot determine the root set of CPUs");
522 CPU_COPY(&rootmask, &cpumask);
524 while ((option = getopt(argc, argv,
525 "ACD:EF:G:ILM:NO:P:R:S:TUWZa:c:def:gi:k:l:m:n:o:p:qr:s:t:u:vw:z:")) != -1)
528 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_SKIP_TOP_FN_RES;
531 case 'a': /* Annotate + callgraph */
532 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_ANNOTATE;
533 args.pa_plugin = PMCSTAT_PL_ANNOTATE_CG;
534 graphfilename = optarg;
537 case 'C': /* cumulative values */
538 use_cumulative_counts = !use_cumulative_counts;
539 args.pa_required |= FLAG_HAS_COUNTING_PMCS;
543 if (optarg[0] == '*' && optarg[1] == '\0')
544 CPU_COPY(&rootmask, &cpumask);
546 pmcstat_get_cpumask(optarg, &cpumask);
548 args.pa_flags |= FLAGS_HAS_CPUMASK;
549 args.pa_required |= FLAG_HAS_SYSTEM_PMCS;
553 if (stat(optarg, &sb) < 0)
554 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot stat \"%s\"",
556 if (!S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode))
558 "ERROR: \"%s\" is not a directory.",
560 args.pa_samplesdir = optarg;
561 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_SAMPLESDIR;
562 args.pa_required |= FLAG_DO_GPROF;
565 case 'd': /* toggle descendents */
566 do_descendants = !do_descendants;
567 args.pa_required |= FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS;
570 case 'E': /* log process exit */
571 do_logprocexit = !do_logprocexit;
572 args.pa_required |= (FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS |
573 FLAG_HAS_COUNTING_PMCS | FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE);
576 case 'e': /* wide gprof metrics */
577 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_WIDE_GPROF_HC;
580 case 'F': /* produce a system-wide calltree */
581 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_CALLGRAPHS;
582 args.pa_plugin = PMCSTAT_PL_CALLTREE;
583 graphfilename = optarg;
586 case 'f': /* plugins options */
587 if (args.pa_plugin == PMCSTAT_PL_NONE)
588 err(EX_USAGE, "ERROR: Need -g/-G/-m/-T.");
589 pmcstat_pluginconfigure_log(optarg);
592 case 'G': /* produce a system-wide callgraph */
593 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_CALLGRAPHS;
594 args.pa_plugin = PMCSTAT_PL_CALLGRAPH;
595 graphfilename = optarg;
598 case 'g': /* produce gprof compatible profiles */
599 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_GPROF;
600 args.pa_pplugin = PMCSTAT_PL_CALLGRAPH;
601 args.pa_plugin = PMCSTAT_PL_GPROF;
605 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_FILTER_THREAD_ID;
606 args.pa_tid = strtol(optarg, &end, 0);
610 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_SHOW_OFFSET;
613 case 'k': /* pathname to the kernel */
614 warnx("WARNING: -k is obsolete, has no effect "
615 "and will be removed in FreeBSD 15.");
622 case 'l': /* time duration in seconds */
623 duration = strtod(optarg, &end);
624 if (*end != '\0' || duration <= 0)
625 errx(EX_USAGE, "ERROR: Illegal duration time "
626 "value \"%s\".", optarg);
627 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_DURATION;
628 args.pa_duration = duration;
632 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_ANNOTATE;
633 args.pa_plugin = PMCSTAT_PL_ANNOTATE;
634 graphfilename = optarg;
637 case 'M': /* mapfile */
638 args.pa_mapfilename = optarg;
642 do_callchain = !do_callchain;
643 args.pa_required |= FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS;
646 case 'p': /* process virtual counting PMC */
647 case 's': /* system-wide counting PMC */
648 case 'P': /* process virtual sampling PMC */
649 case 'S': /* system-wide sampling PMC */
651 if ((ev = malloc(sizeof(*ev))) == NULL)
652 errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "ERROR: Out of memory.");
655 case 'p': ev->ev_mode = PMC_MODE_TC; break;
656 case 's': ev->ev_mode = PMC_MODE_SC; break;
657 case 'P': ev->ev_mode = PMC_MODE_TS; break;
658 case 'S': ev->ev_mode = PMC_MODE_SS; break;
661 if (option == 'P' || option == 'p') {
662 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS;
663 args.pa_required |= (FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE |
667 if (option == 'P' || option == 'S') {
668 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS;
669 args.pa_required |= (FLAG_HAS_PIPE |
670 FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE);
673 if (option == 'p' || option == 's')
674 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_COUNTING_PMCS;
676 if (option == 's' || option == 'S')
677 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_SYSTEM_PMCS;
679 ev->ev_spec = strdup(optarg);
680 if (ev->ev_spec == NULL)
681 errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "ERROR: Out of memory.");
683 if (option == 'S' || option == 'P')
684 ev->ev_count = current_sampling_count ? current_sampling_count : pmc_pmu_sample_rate_get(ev->ev_spec);
688 if (option == 'S' || option == 's')
689 ev->ev_cpu = CPU_FFS(&cpumask) - 1;
691 ev->ev_cpu = PMC_CPU_ANY;
695 ev->ev_flags |= PMC_F_CALLCHAIN;
697 ev->ev_flags |= PMC_F_USERCALLCHAIN;
700 ev->ev_flags |= PMC_F_DESCENDANTS;
702 ev->ev_flags |= PMC_F_LOG_PROCEXIT;
704 ev->ev_flags |= PMC_F_LOG_PROCCSW;
706 ev->ev_cumulative = use_cumulative_counts;
709 ev->ev_pmcid = PMC_ID_INVALID;
711 /* extract event name */
712 c = strcspn(optarg, ", \t");
713 ev->ev_name = malloc(c + 1);
714 if (ev->ev_name == NULL)
715 errx(EX_SOFTWARE, "ERROR: Out of memory.");
716 (void) strncpy(ev->ev_name, optarg, c);
717 *(ev->ev_name + c) = '\0';
718 libpmc_initialize(&npmc);
719 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_SYSTEM_PMCS) {
720 if (pmc_allocate(ev->ev_spec, ev->ev_mode,
721 ev->ev_flags, ev->ev_cpu, &ev->ev_pmcid,
723 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot allocate "
724 "system-mode pmc with specification"
725 " \"%s\"", ev->ev_spec);
726 if (pmc_capabilities(ev->ev_pmcid, &caps)) {
727 pmc_release(ev->ev_pmcid);
728 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot get pmc "
734 STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&args.pa_events, ev, ev_next);
736 if ((caps & PMC_CAP_SYSWIDE) == PMC_CAP_SYSWIDE)
738 if ((caps & PMC_CAP_DOMWIDE) == PMC_CAP_DOMWIDE) {
741 * Get number of domains and allocate one
743 * First already allocated.
745 for (i = 1; i < domains; i++) {
747 cpuset_getaffinity(CPU_LEVEL_WHICH,
748 CPU_WHICH_DOMAIN, i, sizeof(dommask),
750 CPU_SET(CPU_FFS(&dommask) - 1, &cpumask);
752 args.pa_flags |= FLAGS_HAS_CPUMASK;
754 if (option == 's' || option == 'S') {
755 CPU_CLR(ev->ev_cpu, &cpumask);
756 pmc_id_t saved_pmcid = ev->ev_pmcid;
757 ev->ev_pmcid = PMC_ID_INVALID;
758 pmcstat_clone_event_descriptor(ev, &cpumask, &args);
759 ev->ev_pmcid = saved_pmcid;
760 CPU_SET(ev->ev_cpu, &cpumask);
765 case 'n': /* sampling count */
766 current_sampling_count = strtol(optarg, &end, 0);
767 if (*end != '\0' || current_sampling_count <= 0)
769 "ERROR: Illegal count value \"%s\".",
771 args.pa_required |= FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS;
774 case 'o': /* outputfile */
775 if (args.pa_printfile != NULL &&
776 args.pa_printfile != stdout &&
777 args.pa_printfile != stderr)
778 (void) fclose(args.pa_printfile);
779 if ((args.pa_printfile = fopen(optarg, "w")) == NULL)
781 "ERROR: cannot open \"%s\" for writing.",
783 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_PRINT;
786 case 'O': /* sampling output */
787 if (args.pa_outputpath)
789 "ERROR: option -O may only be specified once.");
790 args.pa_outputpath = optarg;
791 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE;
794 case 'q': /* quiet mode */
795 args.pa_verbosity = 0;
798 case 'r': /* root FS path */
799 args.pa_fsroot = optarg;
802 case 'R': /* read an existing log file */
803 if (args.pa_inputpath != NULL)
805 "ERROR: option -R may only be specified once.");
806 args.pa_inputpath = optarg;
807 if (args.pa_printfile == stderr)
808 args.pa_printfile = stdout;
809 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_READ_LOGFILE;
812 case 't': /* target pid or process name */
813 pmcstat_find_targets(optarg);
815 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_TARGET;
816 args.pa_required |= FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS;
819 case 'T': /* top mode */
820 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_TOP;
821 args.pa_plugin = PMCSTAT_PL_CALLGRAPH;
822 args.pa_ctdumpinstr = 0;
823 args.pa_mergepmc = 1;
824 if (args.pa_printfile == stderr)
825 args.pa_printfile = stdout;
832 case 'U': /* toggle user-space callchain capture */
833 do_userspace = !do_userspace;
834 args.pa_required |= FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS;
836 case 'v': /* verbose */
840 case 'w': /* wait interval */
841 interval = strtod(optarg, &end);
842 if (*end != '\0' || interval <= 0)
844 "ERROR: Illegal wait interval value \"%s\".",
846 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_WAIT_INTERVAL;
847 args.pa_interval = interval;
850 case 'W': /* toggle LOG_CSW */
851 do_logproccsw = !do_logproccsw;
852 args.pa_required |= (FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS |
853 FLAG_HAS_COUNTING_PMCS | FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE);
857 graphdepth = strtod(optarg, &end);
858 if (*end != '\0' || graphdepth <= 0)
860 "ERROR: Illegal callchain depth \"%s\".",
862 args.pa_graphdepth = graphdepth;
863 args.pa_required |= FLAG_DO_CALLGRAPHS;
868 pmcstat_show_usage();
872 if ((do_listcounters | do_descr) &&
873 pmc_pmu_enabled() == 0)
874 errx(EX_USAGE, "pmu features not supported on host or hwpmc not loaded");
875 if (do_listcounters) {
876 pmc_pmu_print_counters(NULL);
877 } else if (do_descr) {
878 pmc_pmu_print_counter_desc(event);
880 if (do_listcounters | do_descr)
883 args.pa_argc = (argc -= optind);
884 args.pa_argv = (argv += optind);
886 /* If we read from logfile and no specified CPU mask use
887 * the maximum CPU count.
889 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_READ_LOGFILE) &&
890 (args.pa_flags & FLAGS_HAS_CPUMASK) == 0)
893 args.pa_cpumask = cpumask; /* For selecting CPUs using -R. */
895 if (argc) /* command line present */
896 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE;
898 if (args.pa_flags & (FLAG_DO_GPROF | FLAG_DO_CALLGRAPHS |
899 FLAG_DO_ANNOTATE | FLAG_DO_TOP))
900 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_ANALYSIS;
903 * Check invocation syntax.
906 /* disallow -O and -R together */
907 if (args.pa_outputpath && args.pa_inputpath)
909 "ERROR: options -O and -R are mutually exclusive.");
911 /* disallow -T and -l together */
912 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_DURATION) &&
913 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP))
914 errx(EX_USAGE, "ERROR: options -T and -l are mutually "
917 /* -a and -m require -R */
918 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_ANNOTATE && args.pa_inputpath == NULL)
919 errx(EX_USAGE, "ERROR: option %s requires an input file",
920 args.pa_plugin == PMCSTAT_PL_ANNOTATE ? "-m" : "-a");
922 /* -m option is not allowed combined with -g or -G. */
923 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_ANNOTATE &&
924 args.pa_flags & (FLAG_DO_GPROF | FLAG_DO_CALLGRAPHS))
926 "ERROR: option -m and -g | -G are mutually exclusive");
928 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_READ_LOGFILE) {
930 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE)
931 errmsg = "a command line specification";
932 else if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_TARGET)
933 errmsg = "option -t";
934 else if (!STAILQ_EMPTY(&args.pa_events))
935 errmsg = "a PMC event specification";
938 "ERROR: option -R may not be used with %s.",
940 } else if (STAILQ_EMPTY(&args.pa_events))
941 /* All other uses require a PMC spec. */
942 pmcstat_show_usage();
944 /* check for -t pid without a process PMC spec */
945 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_TARGET) &&
946 (args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS) &&
947 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS) == 0)
949 "ERROR: option -t requires a process mode PMC to be specified."
952 /* check for process-mode options without a command or -t pid */
953 if ((args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS) &&
954 (args.pa_flags & (FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE | FLAG_HAS_TARGET)) == 0)
956 "ERROR: options -d, -E, -p, -P, and -W require a command line or target process."
959 /* check for -p | -P without a target process of some sort */
960 if ((args.pa_required & (FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE | FLAG_HAS_TARGET)) &&
961 (args.pa_flags & (FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE | FLAG_HAS_TARGET)) == 0)
963 "ERROR: options -P and -p require a target process or a command line."
966 /* check for process-mode options without a process-mode PMC */
967 if ((args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS) &&
968 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS) == 0)
970 "ERROR: options -d, -E, -t, and -W require a process mode PMC to be specified."
973 /* check for -c cpu with no system mode PMCs or logfile. */
974 if ((args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_SYSTEM_PMCS) &&
975 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_SYSTEM_PMCS) == 0 &&
976 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_READ_LOGFILE) == 0)
978 "ERROR: option -c requires at least one system mode PMC to be specified."
981 /* check for counting mode options without a counting PMC */
982 if ((args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_COUNTING_PMCS) &&
983 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_COUNTING_PMCS) == 0)
985 "ERROR: options -C, -W and -o require at least one counting mode PMC to be specified."
988 /* check for sampling mode options without a sampling PMC spec */
989 if ((args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS) &&
990 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS) == 0)
992 "ERROR: options -N, -n and -O require at least one sampling mode PMC to be specified."
995 /* check if -g/-G/-m/-T are being used correctly */
996 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_ANALYSIS) &&
997 !(args.pa_flags & (FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS|FLAG_READ_LOGFILE)))
999 "ERROR: options -g/-G/-m/-T require sampling PMCs or -R to be specified."
1002 /* check if -e was specified without -g */
1003 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_WIDE_GPROF_HC) &&
1004 !(args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_GPROF))
1006 "ERROR: option -e requires gprof mode to be specified."
1009 /* check if -O was spuriously specified */
1010 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE) &&
1011 (args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE) == 0)
1013 "ERROR: option -O is used only with options -E, -P, -S and -W."
1016 /* -D only applies to gprof output mode (-g) */
1017 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_SAMPLESDIR) &&
1018 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_GPROF) == 0)
1019 errx(EX_USAGE, "ERROR: option -D is only used with -g.");
1021 /* -M mapfile requires -g or -R */
1022 if (args.pa_mapfilename != NULL &&
1023 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_GPROF) == 0 &&
1024 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_READ_LOGFILE) == 0)
1025 errx(EX_USAGE, "ERROR: option -M is only used with -g/-R.");
1028 * Disallow textual output of sampling PMCs if counting PMCs
1029 * have also been asked for, mostly because the combined output
1030 * is difficult to make sense of.
1032 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_COUNTING_PMCS) &&
1033 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS) &&
1034 ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE) == 0))
1036 "ERROR: option -O is required if counting and sampling PMCs are specified together."
1040 * If we have a callgraph be created, select the outputfile.
1042 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_CALLGRAPHS) {
1043 if (strcmp(graphfilename, "-") == 0)
1044 args.pa_graphfile = args.pa_printfile;
1046 args.pa_graphfile = fopen(graphfilename, "w");
1047 if (args.pa_graphfile == NULL)
1049 "ERROR: cannot open \"%s\" for writing",
1053 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_ANNOTATE) {
1054 args.pa_graphfile = fopen(graphfilename, "w");
1055 if (args.pa_graphfile == NULL)
1056 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: cannot open \"%s\" for writing",
1060 /* if we've been asked to process a log file, skip init */
1061 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_READ_LOGFILE) == 0)
1062 libpmc_initialize(&npmc);
1064 /* Allocate a kqueue */
1065 if ((pmcstat_kq = kqueue()) < 0)
1066 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot allocate kqueue");
1068 /* Setup the logfile as the source. */
1069 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_READ_LOGFILE) {
1071 * Print the log in textual form if we haven't been
1072 * asked to generate profiling information.
1074 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_ANALYSIS) == 0)
1075 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_PRINT;
1077 pmcstat_log_initialize_logging();
1078 rfd = pmcstat_open_log(args.pa_inputpath,
1079 PMCSTAT_OPEN_FOR_READ);
1080 if ((args.pa_logparser = pmclog_open(rfd)) == NULL)
1081 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot create parser");
1082 if (fcntl(rfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK) < 0)
1083 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: fcntl(2) failed");
1084 EV_SET(&kev, rfd, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD,
1086 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1087 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot register kevent");
1090 * Configure the specified log file or setup a default log
1091 * consumer via a pipe.
1093 if (args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE) {
1094 if (args.pa_outputpath)
1095 args.pa_logfd = pmcstat_open_log(args.pa_outputpath,
1096 PMCSTAT_OPEN_FOR_WRITE);
1099 * process the log on the fly by reading it in
1102 if (pipe(pipefd) < 0)
1103 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: pipe(2) failed");
1105 if (fcntl(pipefd[READPIPEFD], F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK) < 0)
1106 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: fcntl(2) failed");
1108 EV_SET(&kev, pipefd[READPIPEFD], EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD,
1111 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1112 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot register kevent");
1114 args.pa_logfd = pipefd[WRITEPIPEFD];
1116 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_HAS_PIPE;
1117 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP) == 0)
1118 args.pa_flags |= FLAG_DO_PRINT;
1119 args.pa_logparser = pmclog_open(pipefd[READPIPEFD]);
1122 if (pmc_configure_logfile(args.pa_logfd) < 0)
1123 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot configure log file");
1126 /* remember to check for driver errors if we are sampling or logging */
1127 check_driver_stats = (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS) ||
1128 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE);
1131 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_READ_LOGFILE) {
1135 STAILQ_FOREACH(ev, &args.pa_events, ev_next) {
1136 if (pmc_allocate(ev->ev_spec, ev->ev_mode,
1137 ev->ev_flags, ev->ev_cpu, &ev->ev_pmcid,
1140 "ERROR: Cannot allocate %s-mode pmc with specification \"%s\"",
1141 PMC_IS_SYSTEM_MODE(ev->ev_mode) ?
1142 "system" : "process", ev->ev_spec);
1144 if (PMC_IS_SAMPLING_MODE(ev->ev_mode) &&
1145 pmc_set(ev->ev_pmcid, ev->ev_count) < 0)
1147 "ERROR: Cannot set sampling count for PMC \"%s\"",
1151 /* compute printout widths */
1152 STAILQ_FOREACH(ev, &args.pa_events, ev_next) {
1157 (void) pmc_width(ev->ev_pmcid, &counter_width);
1158 header_width = strlen(ev->ev_name) + 2; /* prefix '%c/' */
1159 display_width = (int) floor(counter_width / 3.32193) + 1;
1161 if (PMC_IS_SYSTEM_MODE(ev->ev_mode))
1162 header_width += 3; /* 2 digit CPU number + '/' */
1164 if (header_width > display_width) {
1165 ev->ev_fieldskip = 0;
1166 ev->ev_fieldwidth = header_width;
1168 ev->ev_fieldskip = display_width -
1170 ev->ev_fieldwidth = display_width;
1175 * If our output is being set to a terminal, register a handler
1176 * for window size changes.
1179 if (isatty(fileno(args.pa_printfile))) {
1181 if (ioctl(fileno(args.pa_printfile), TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) < 0)
1182 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot determine window size");
1184 pmcstat_displayheight = ws.ws_row - 1;
1185 pmcstat_displaywidth = ws.ws_col - 1;
1187 EV_SET(&kev, SIGWINCH, EVFILT_SIGNAL, EV_ADD, 0, 0, NULL);
1189 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1191 "ERROR: Cannot register kevent for SIGWINCH");
1197 * Listen to key input in top mode.
1199 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP) {
1200 EV_SET(&kev, fileno(stdin), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, NULL);
1201 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1202 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot register kevent");
1205 EV_SET(&kev, SIGINT, EVFILT_SIGNAL, EV_ADD, 0, 0, NULL);
1206 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1207 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot register kevent for SIGINT");
1209 EV_SET(&kev, SIGIO, EVFILT_SIGNAL, EV_ADD, 0, 0, NULL);
1210 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1211 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot register kevent for SIGIO");
1214 * An exec() failure of a forked child is signalled by the
1215 * child sending the parent a SIGCHLD. We don't register an
1216 * actual signal handler for SIGCHLD, but instead use our
1217 * kqueue to pick up the signal.
1219 EV_SET(&kev, SIGCHLD, EVFILT_SIGNAL, EV_ADD, 0, 0, NULL);
1220 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1221 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot register kevent for SIGCHLD");
1224 * Setup a timer if we have counting mode PMCs needing to be printed or
1225 * top mode plugin is active.
1227 if (((args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_COUNTING_PMCS) &&
1228 (args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE) == 0) ||
1229 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP)) {
1230 EV_SET(&kev, 0, EVFILT_TIMER, EV_ADD, 0,
1231 args.pa_interval * 1000, NULL);
1233 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1235 "ERROR: Cannot register kevent for timer");
1239 * Setup a duration timer if we have sampling mode PMCs and
1240 * a duration time is set
1242 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_SAMPLING_PMCS) &&
1243 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_DURATION)) {
1244 EV_SET(&kev, 0, EVFILT_TIMER, EV_ADD, 0,
1245 args.pa_duration * 1000, NULL);
1247 if (kevent(pmcstat_kq, &kev, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) < 0)
1248 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot register kevent for "
1252 /* attach PMCs to the target process, starting it if specified */
1253 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE)
1254 pmcstat_create_process(pmcstat_sockpair, &args, pmcstat_kq);
1256 if (check_driver_stats && pmc_get_driver_stats(&ds_start) < 0)
1257 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot retrieve driver statistics");
1259 /* Attach process pmcs to the target process. */
1260 if (args.pa_flags & (FLAG_HAS_TARGET | FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE)) {
1261 if (SLIST_EMPTY(&args.pa_targets))
1263 "ERROR: No matching target processes.");
1264 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_PROCESS_PMCS)
1265 pmcstat_attach_pmcs(&args);
1268 kvm_close(pmcstat_kvm);
1273 /* start the pmcs */
1274 pmcstat_start_pmcs();
1276 /* start the (commandline) process if needed */
1277 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE)
1278 pmcstat_start_process(pmcstat_sockpair);
1280 /* initialize logging */
1281 pmcstat_log_initialize_logging();
1283 /* Handle SIGINT using the kqueue loop */
1284 sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
1286 (void) sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
1288 if (sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, NULL) < 0)
1289 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: Cannot install signal handler");
1292 * Setup the top mode display.
1294 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP) {
1295 args.pa_flags &= ~FLAG_DO_PRINT;
1297 if (args.pa_toptty) {
1302 if(has_colors() == TRUE) {
1303 args.pa_topcolor = 1;
1305 use_default_colors();
1306 pair_content(0, &cf, &cb);
1307 init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, cb);
1308 init_pair(2, COLOR_YELLOW, cb);
1309 init_pair(3, COLOR_GREEN, cb);
1315 intrflush(stdscr, FALSE);
1316 keypad(stdscr, TRUE);
1318 /* Get terminal width / height with ncurses. */
1320 pmcstat_displayheight, pmcstat_displaywidth);
1321 pmcstat_displayheight--; pmcstat_displaywidth--;
1322 atexit(pmcstat_topexit);
1327 * loop till either the target process (if any) exits, or we
1328 * are killed by a SIGINT or we reached the time duration.
1330 runstate = PMCSTAT_RUNNING;
1331 do_print = do_read = 0;
1333 if ((c = kevent(pmcstat_kq, NULL, 0, &kev, 1, NULL)) <= 0) {
1335 err(EX_OSERR, "ERROR: kevent failed");
1340 if (kev.flags & EV_ERROR)
1341 errc(EX_OSERR, kev.data, "ERROR: kevent failed");
1343 switch (kev.filter) {
1344 case EVFILT_PROC: /* target has exited */
1345 runstate = pmcstat_close_log(&args);
1349 case EVFILT_READ: /* log file data is present */
1350 if (kev.ident == (unsigned)fileno(stdin) &&
1351 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP)) {
1352 if (pmcstat_keypress_log())
1353 runstate = pmcstat_close_log(&args);
1356 runstate = pmcstat_process_log();
1361 if (kev.ident == SIGCHLD) {
1363 * The child process sends us a
1364 * SIGCHLD if its exec() failed. We
1365 * wait for it to exit and then exit
1369 runstate = PMCSTAT_FINISHED;
1370 } else if (kev.ident == SIGIO) {
1372 * We get a SIGIO if a PMC loses all
1373 * of its targets, or if logfile
1374 * writes encounter an error.
1376 runstate = pmcstat_close_log(&args);
1377 do_print = 1; /* print PMCs at exit */
1378 } else if (kev.ident == SIGINT) {
1379 /* Kill the child process if we started it */
1380 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_COMMANDLINE)
1381 pmcstat_kill_process();
1382 runstate = pmcstat_close_log(&args);
1383 } else if (kev.ident == SIGWINCH) {
1384 if (ioctl(fileno(args.pa_printfile),
1385 TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) < 0)
1387 "ERROR: Cannot determine window size");
1388 pmcstat_displayheight = ws.ws_row - 1;
1389 pmcstat_displaywidth = ws.ws_col - 1;
1396 /* time duration reached, exit */
1397 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_DURATION) {
1398 runstate = PMCSTAT_FINISHED;
1401 /* print out counting PMCs */
1402 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP) &&
1403 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_HAS_PIPE) &&
1404 pmc_flush_logfile() == 0)
1411 if (do_print && !do_read) {
1412 if ((args.pa_required & FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE) == 0) {
1413 pmcstat_print_pmcs();
1414 if (runstate == PMCSTAT_FINISHED &&
1416 (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_PRINT) == 0)
1417 (void) fprintf(args.pa_printfile, "\n");
1419 if (args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP)
1420 pmcstat_display_log();
1424 } while (runstate != PMCSTAT_FINISHED);
1426 if ((args.pa_flags & FLAG_DO_TOP) && args.pa_toptty) {
1431 /* flush any pending log entries */
1432 if (args.pa_flags & (FLAG_HAS_OUTPUT_LOGFILE | FLAG_HAS_PIPE))
1433 pmc_close_logfile();
1437 /* check if the driver lost any samples or events */
1438 if (check_driver_stats) {
1439 if (pmc_get_driver_stats(&ds_end) < 0)
1441 "ERROR: Cannot retrieve driver statistics");
1442 if (ds_start.pm_intr_bufferfull != ds_end.pm_intr_bufferfull &&
1443 args.pa_verbosity > 0)
1445 "WARNING: sampling was paused at least %u time%s.\n"
1446 "Please consider tuning the \"kern.hwpmc.nsamples\" tunable.",
1447 ds_end.pm_intr_bufferfull -
1448 ds_start.pm_intr_bufferfull,
1449 ((ds_end.pm_intr_bufferfull -
1450 ds_start.pm_intr_bufferfull) != 1) ? "s" : ""
1452 if (ds_start.pm_buffer_requests_failed !=
1453 ds_end.pm_buffer_requests_failed &&
1454 args.pa_verbosity > 0)
1456 "WARNING: at least %u event%s were discarded while running.\n"
1457 "Please consider tuning the \"kern.hwpmc.nbuffers_pcpu\" tunable.",
1458 ds_end.pm_buffer_requests_failed -
1459 ds_start.pm_buffer_requests_failed,
1460 ((ds_end.pm_buffer_requests_failed -
1461 ds_start.pm_buffer_requests_failed) != 1) ? "s" : ""