Create a new function ffs_getcg() to read in and verify a cylinder

Create a new function ffs_getcg() to read in and verify a cylinder
group. Change all code points that open-coded this functionality
to use the new function. This commit is a refactoring with no
change in functionality.

In the future this change allows more robust checking of cylinder
group reads along the lines discussed in the hardening UFS session
at BSDCan (retry I/O, add checksums, etc). For more detail see the
session notes at https://wiki.freebsd.org/DevSummit/201706/HardeningUFS

Reviewed by: kib