Correctly check for C++17 and higher when declaring timespec_get()
Summary:
In rS338751, the check to declare `timespec_get()` for C++17 and higher
was incorrectly done against a `cplusplus` define, while it should have
been `__cplusplus`.
Fix this by using `__cplusplus`, and also bump `__FreeBSD_version` so it
becomes possible to correctly check for `timespec_get()` in upstream
libc++ headers.