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42 <div class="refentry" lang="en">
43 <a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
44 <div class="refnamediv">
45 <h2>Name</h2>
46 <p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
47 </div>
48 <div class="refsynopsisdiv">
49 <h2>Synopsis</h2>
50 <div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code>  [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
51 </div>
52 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
53 <a name="id2610525"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
54 <p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
55       is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
56       part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC.  For more
57       information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
58     </p>
59 <p>
60       When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
61       will
62       read the default configuration file
63       <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
64       data, and listen for queries.
65     </p>
66 </div>
67 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
68 <a name="id2610556"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
69 <div class="variablelist"><dl>
70 <dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
71 <dd><p>
72             Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
73             <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
74             exclusive.
75           </p></dd>
76 <dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
77 <dd><p>
78             Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
79             <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
80             exclusive.
81           </p></dd>
82 <dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
83 <dd><p>
84             Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
85             configuration file instead of the default,
86             <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>.  To
87             ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
88             to work after the server has changed its working
89             directory due to to a possible
90             <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
91             file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
92             an absolute pathname.
93           </p></dd>
94 <dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
95 <dd><p>
96             Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
97             Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
98             more verbose as the debug level increases.
99           </p></dd>
100 <dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
101 <dd><p>
102             Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
103           </p></dd>
104 <dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
105 <dd><p>
106             Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
107             to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
108           </p></dd>
109 <dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
110 <dd><p>
111             Turn on memory usage debugging flags.  Possible flags are
112             <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
113             <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
114             <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
115             <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
116             <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
117             These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
118             <code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
119           </p></dd>
120 <dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
121 <dd><p>
122             Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
123             to take advantage of multiple CPUs.  If not specified,
124             <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
125             number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
126             If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
127             single worker thread will be created.
128           </p></dd>
129 <dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
130 <dd><p>
131             Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>.  If not
132             specified, the default is port 53.
133           </p></dd>
134 <dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
135 <dd>
136 <p>
137             Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
138           </p>
139 <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
140 <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
141 <p>
142               This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
143               and may be removed or changed in a future release.
144             </p>
145 </div>
146 </dd>
147 <dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
148 <dd>
149 <p>
150             Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
151             <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
152           </p>
153 <div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
154 <h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
155 <p>
156               This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
157               of users.
158               The use of this option could even be harmful because the
159               specified value may exceed the limitation of the
160               underlying system API.
161               It is therefore set only when the default configuration
162               causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
163               operational environment is known to support the
164               specified number of sockets.
165               Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
166               fewer than the specified value because
167               <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
168               for its internal use.
169             </p>
170 </div>
171 </dd>
172 <dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
173 <dd>
174 <p>Chroot
175             to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
176             processing the command line arguments, but before
177             reading the configuration file.
178           </p>
179 <div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
180 <h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
181 <p>
182               This option should be used in conjunction with the
183               <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
184               running as root doesn't enhance security on most
185               systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
186               defined allows a process with root privileges to
187               escape a chroot jail.
188             </p>
189 </div>
190 </dd>
191 <dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
192 <dd>
193 <p>Setuid
194             to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
195             privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
196             listen on privileged ports.
197           </p>
198 <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
199 <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
200 <p>
201               On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
202                         capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
203               except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
204               a
205               privileged port and set process resource limits.
206               Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
207               option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
208               run
209               on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
210               later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
211               to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
212             </p>
213 </div>
214 </dd>
215 <dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
216 <dd><p>
217             Report the version number and exit.
218           </p></dd>
219 <dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
220 <dd><p>
221             Report the version number and build options, and exit.
222           </p></dd>
223 <dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
224 <dd>
225 <p>
226             Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
227             cache of the default view.
228           </p>
229 <div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
230 <h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
231 <p>
232               This option must not be used.  It is only of interest
233               to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
234               future release.
235             </p>
236 </div>
237 </dd>
238 </dl></div>
239 </div>
240 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
241 <a name="id2652594"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
242 <p>
243       In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
244       the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
245       instead.
246     </p>
247 <div class="variablelist"><dl>
248 <dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
249 <dd><p>
250             Force a reload of the server.
251           </p></dd>
252 <dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
253 <dd><p>
254             Shut down the server.
255           </p></dd>
256 </dl></div>
257 <p>
258       The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
259     </p>
260 </div>
261 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
262 <a name="id2652644"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
263 <p>
264       The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
265       to describe in detail here.  A complete description is provided
266       in the
267       <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
268     </p>
269 <p>
270       <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
271       (file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
272       created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
273       need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
274       should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
275       <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
276     </p>
277 </div>
278 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
279 <a name="id2652693"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
280 <div class="variablelist"><dl>
281 <dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
282 <dd><p>
283             The default configuration file.
284           </p></dd>
285 <dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
286 <dd><p>
287             The default process-id file.
288           </p></dd>
289 </dl></div>
290 </div>
291 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
292 <a name="id2659836"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
293 <p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
294       <em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
295       <em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
296       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
297       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
298       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
299       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
300       <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
301       <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
302     </p>
303 </div>
304 <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
305 <a name="id2659907"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
306 <p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
307     </p>
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