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<article>
<articleinfo>
  <title>&os; &release.current; Release Notes</title>

  <corpauthor>The &os; Project</corpauthor>

  <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>

  <copyright>
    <year>2000</year>
    <year>2001</year>
    <year>2002</year>
    <year>2003</year>
    <year>2004</year>
    <year>2005</year>
    <year>2006</year>
    <year>2007</year>
    <year>2008</year>
    <year>2009</year>
    <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The &os; Documentation Project</holder>
  </copyright>

  <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
    &tm-attrib.freebsd;
    &tm-attrib.ibm;
    &tm-attrib.ieee;
    &tm-attrib.intel;
    &tm-attrib.sparc;
    &tm-attrib.general;
  </legalnotice>

  <abstract>
    <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
      of the changes made to the &os; base system on the
      &release.branch; development line.
      This document lists applicable security advisories that were issued since
      the last release, as well as significant changes to the &os;
      kernel and userland.
      Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
  </abstract>
</articleinfo>

<sect1 id="intro">
  <title>Introduction</title>

  <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
    &release.current;.  It
    describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
    It also provides some notes on upgrading
    from previous versions of &os;.</para>

<![ %release.type.current [

  <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
    apply represents the latest point along the &release.branch; development
    branch since &release.branch; was created.  Information regarding pre-built, binary
    &release.type; distributions along this branch
    can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.snapshot [

  <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
    apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
    branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;.
    Information regarding
    pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
    can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.release [

  <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
    &release.type; distribution.  It can be found at <ulink
    url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors.  More
    information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
    distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
    url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
    &os;</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
    url="&url.books.handbook;/">&os;
    Handbook</ulink>.</para>

]]>

  <para>All users are encouraged to consult the release errata before
    installing &os;.  The errata document is updated with
    <quote>late-breaking</quote> information discovered late in the
    release cycle or after the release.  Typically, it contains
    information on known bugs, security advisories, and corrections to
    documentation.  An up-to-date copy of the errata for &os;
    &release.current; can be found on the &os; Web site.</para>

</sect1>

  <sect1 id="new">
    <title>What's New</title>

    <para>This section describes the most user-visible new or changed
      features in &os; since &release.prev;, and changes shown in
      Release Notes for the previous releases are marked as
      <literal>[7.1R]</literal> and <literal>[7.2R]</literal>.</para>

    <para>Typical release note items document recent security
      advisories issued after &release.prev;, new drivers or hardware
      support, new commands or options, major bug fixes, or
      contributed software upgrades.  They may also list changes to
      major ports/packages or release engineering practices.  Clearly
      the release notes cannot list every single change made to &os;
      between releases; this document focuses primarily on security
      advisories, user-visible changes, and major architectural
      improvements.</para>

    <sect2 id="security">
      <title>Security Advisories</title>

      <para>Problems described in the following security advisories have
        been fixed.  For more information, consult the individual
        advisories available from
        <ulink url="http://security.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>.</para>

      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colwidth="1*">
          <colspec colwidth="1*">
          <colspec colwidth="3*">
            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry>Advisory</entry>
                <entry>Date</entry>
                <entry>Topic</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>

            <tbody>
              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:05.openssh.asc"
                              >SA-08:05.openssh</ulink></entry>
                <entry>17&nbsp;April&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>OpenSSH X11-forwarding privilege escalation</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:06.bind.asc"
                              >SA-08:06.bind</ulink></entry>
                <entry>13&nbsp;July&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>DNS cache poisoning</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:07.amd64.asc"
                              >SA-08:07.amd64</ulink></entry>
                <entry>3&nbsp;September&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>amd64 swapgs local privilege escalation</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:08.nmount.asc"
                              >SA-08:08.nmount</ulink></entry>
                <entry>3&nbsp;September&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>&man.nmount.2; local arbitrary code execution</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:09.icmp6.asc"
                              >SA-08:09.icmp6</ulink></entry>
                <entry>3&nbsp;September&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>Remote kernel panics on IPv6 connections</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:10.nd6.asc"
                              >SA-08:10.nd6</ulink></entry>
                <entry>1&nbsp;October&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol routing vulnerability</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:11.arc4random.asc"
                              >SA-08:11.arc4random</ulink></entry>
                <entry>24&nbsp;November&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>&man.arc4random.9; predictable sequence vulnerability</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:12.ftpd.asc"
                              >SA-08:12.ftpd</ulink></entry>
                <entry>23&nbsp;December&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>Cross-site request forgery in &man.ftpd.8;</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.1">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-08:13.protosw.asc"
                              >SA-08:13.protosw</ulink></entry>
                <entry>23&nbsp;December&nbsp;2008</entry>
                <entry><para>netgraph / bluetooth privilege escalation</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.2">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:01.lukemftpd.asc"
                              >SA-09:01.lukemftpd</ulink></entry>
                <entry>07&nbsp;January&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>Cross-site request forgery in
                  &man.lukemftpd.8;</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.2">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:02.openssl.asc"
                              >SA-09:02.openssl</ulink></entry>
                <entry>07&nbsp;January&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>OpenSSL incorrectly checks for malformed
                  signatures</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.2">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:03.ntpd.asc"
                              >SA-09:03.ntpd</ulink></entry>
                <entry>13&nbsp;January&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>ntpd cryptographic signature
                  bypass</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.2">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:04.bind.asc"
                              >SA-09:04.bind</ulink></entry>
                <entry>13&nbsp;January&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>BIND DNSSEC incorrect checks for
                  malformed signatures</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.2">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:05.telnetd.asc"
                              >SA-09:05.telnetd</ulink></entry>
                <entry>16&nbsp;February&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>telnetd code execution
                  vulnerability</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.2">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:06.ktimer.asc"
                              >SA-09:06.ktimer</ulink></entry>
                <entry>23&nbsp;March&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>Local privilege escalation</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.2">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:07.libc.asc"
                              >SA-09:07.libc</ulink></entry>
                <entry>04&nbsp;April&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>Information leak in &man.db.3;</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="7.2">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:08.openssl.asc"
                              >SA-09:08.openssl</ulink></entry>
                <entry>22&nbsp;April&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>Remotely exploitable crash in
                  OpenSSL</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="8.0">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:09.pipe.asc"
                              >SA-09:09.pipe</ulink></entry>
                <entry>10&nbsp;June&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>Local information disclosure via direct pipe writes</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="8.0">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:10.ipv6.asc"
                              >SA-09:10.ipv6</ulink></entry>
                <entry>10&nbsp;June&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>Missing permission check on SIOCSIFINFO_IN6 ioctl</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="8.0">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:11.ntpd.asc"
                              >SA-09:11.ntpd</ulink></entry>
                <entry>10&nbsp;June&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>ntpd stack-based buffer-overflow vulnerability</para></entry>
              </row>

              <row role="8.0">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:12.bind.asc"
                              >SA-09:12.bind</ulink></entry>
                <entry>29&nbsp;July&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>BIND &man.named.8; dynamic update message remote DoS</para></entry>
              </row>
              <row role="8.0">
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-09:14.devfs.asc"
                              >SA-09:14.devfs</ulink></entry>
                <entry>2&nbsp;Oct&nbsp;2009</entry>
                <entry><para>Devfs / VFS NULL pointer race condition</para></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="kernel">
      <title>Kernel Changes</title>

      <para role="8.0">The &os; <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel now
        includes Trusted BSD MAC (Mandatory Access Control) support.
        No MAC policy module is loaded by default.</para>

      <para role="8.0" arch="i386">A loader
        tunable <varname>hw.clflush_disable</varname> has been added
        to avoid panic (trap 9)
        at <function>map_invalidate_cache_range()</function> even if
        Intel CPU is used.  This tunable can be set
        to <literal>-1</literal> (default), <literal>0</literal> and
        <literal>1</literal>.  The <literal>-1</literal> is same as
        the current behavior, which automatically
        disables <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> on Intel CPUs without
        <literal>CPUID_SS</literal> (this should occurr on Xen
        only).  You can specify <literal>1</literal> when this panic
        happens on non-Intel CPUs (such as AMD's).  Because disabling
        <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> can reduce performance, you can try
        with setting <literal>0</literal> on Intel CPUs
        without <literal>SS</literal> to
        use <literal>CLFLUSH</literal> feature.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.jail.8; subsystem has been updated.  Changes include:</para>

      <itemizedlist role="7.2">
        <listitem>
          <para role="8.0">A new virtualization container
            named <quote>vimage</quote> has been implemented.  This is
            not enabled by default.  To enable this, add the following
            kernel options to your kernel configuration file and
            rebuild the kernel:</para>

          <programlisting>options       VIMAGE</programlisting>

          <para>Note that <literal>options SCTP</literal> in the
            <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel is not compatible with
            <literal>options VIMAGE</literal>.  This limitation will
            be fixed in the next release.</para>

          <para>The vimage is a jail with a virtualized instance of
            the &os; network stack.  It can be created by using
            &man.jail.8; command like this:</para>

          <screen>&prompt.root; jail -c vnet name=<replaceable>vnet1</replaceable> host.hostname=<replaceable>vnet1.example.net</replaceable> path=/ persist</screen>

          <para>The vimage has own loopback interface and a separated
            network stack including the L3 routing tables.  Network
            interfaces on the system can be moved by using
            &man.ifconfig.8; <option>vnet</option> option between the
            different vimage jails and outside of them.</para>

          <para>Furthermore, the &man.epair.4; pseudo-interface driver
            has been added to help communication between vimage jails.
            It emulates a pair of back-to-back connected Ethernet
            interfaces.  For example, the following commands create an
            interface pair of &man.epair.4;:</para>

          <screen>&prompt.root; ifconfig epair0 create
epair0a
&prompt.root; ifconfig epair0a
epair0a: flags=8842&lt;BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; metric 0 mtu 1500
        ether 02:c0:64:00:07:0a
&prompt.root; ifconfig epair0b
epair0b: flags=8842&lt;BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; metric 0 mtu 1500
        ether 02:c0:64:00:08:0b</screen>

          <para>The &man.epair.4; pseudo-interfaces and any physical
            interfaces on the system can be moved between vimage jails
            by using &man.ifconfig.8; <option>vnet</option> option as
            described above.  Even after half of an &man.epair.4; pair
            is moved, the back-to-back connection still valid and can
            be used for inter-jail communication.</para>

          <para>Note that vimage is still considered as an
            experimental feature.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A jail can now have arbitrary named parameters similar
            to environmental variables and the fixed jail parameters
            in the previous releases have been replaced with them.
            The jail name can now be used for identifying the jail in
            &man.jexec.8; and &man.killall.1;.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Multiple IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses per jail are now
            supported.  It is even possible to have jails without
            an IP address at all, which basically gives one a chrooted
            environment with restricted process view and no
            networking.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>SCTP (&man.sctp.4;) with IPv6 in jails has been
            implemented.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Specific CPU binding by using &man.cpuset.1; has been
            implemented.  Note that the current implementation allows
            the superuser inside of the jail to change the CPU
            bindings specified.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A &man.jail.8; can start with a specific route
            FIB now.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The &man.ddb.8; kernel debugger now supports a
            <literal>show jails</literal> subcommand.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Compatibility support which permits 32-bit jail
            binaries to be used on 64-bit systems to manage jails has
            been added.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Note that both version numbers of
            <literal>jail</literal> and <literal>prison</literal> in
            the &man.jail.8; have been updated for the new
            features.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.ksyms.4;, kernel symbol table
        interface driver has been added.  It creates a character
        device <filename>/dev/ksyms</filename> and provides
        read-only access to a snapshot of the kernel symbol
        table.</para>

      <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &os; Linux emulation
        layer has been updated to version 2.6.16 and the default Linux
        infrastructure port is
        <filename>emulators/linux_base-f10</filename> (Fedora
        10).</para>

      <para role="8.0" arch="arm">The &os;/&arch.arm; now
        supports mini dump.</para>

      <para role="8.0" arch="powerpc">The &os;/&arch.powerpc; now
        supports kernel core dump.</para>

      <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &os; virtual memory
        subsystem now supports fully transparent use of
        <application>superpages</application> for application memory;
        application memory pages are dynamically promoted to or
        demoted from superpages without any modification to
        application code.  This change offers the benefit of large
        page sizes such as improved virtual memory efficiency and
        reduced TLB (translation lookaside buffer) misses without
        downsides like application changes and virtual memory
        inflexibility. This can be enabled by setting a loader tunable
        <varname>vm.pmap.pg_ps_enabled</varname> to
        <literal>1</literal> and is enabled by default on
        &arch.amd64;.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.ddb.8; kernel debugger now supports a
        <command>show mount</command> subcommand.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &os; DTrace subsystem now supports a probe for
        process execution.</para>

      <para role="7.2" arch="amd64">The &os; kernel virtual address
        space has been increased to 6GB. This allows subsystems to use
        larger virtual memory space than before.  For example, the
        &man.zfs.8; adaptive replacement cache (ARC) requires large
        kernel memory space to cache file system data, so it benefits
        from the increased address space.  Note that the ceiling on
        the kernel map size is now 60% of the size of physical memory
        rather than an absolute quantity.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.kld.4; now supports installing 32-bit
        system calls to the &os; syscall translation layer from kernel
        modules.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.ktr.4; now supports a new KTR tracepoint in the
        <literal>KTR_CALLOUT</literal> class to note when a callout
        routine finishes executing.</para>

      <para role="7.2">Types of variables used to track the amount of allocated
        System V shared memory have been changed from
        <literal>int</literal> to <literal>size_t</literal>.  This
        makes it possible to use more than 2 GB of memory for shared
        memory segments on 64-bit architectures.  Please note the new
        BUGS section in &man.shmctl.2; and
        <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> for limitations of this
        temporary solution.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.sysctl.3; leaf nodes have a flag to tag
        themselves as MPSAFE now.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &os; 32-bit system call translation layer now
        supports installing 32-bit system calls for
        <literal>VFS_AIO</literal>.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.clock.gettime.2; and the related system calls now
        support a clock ID <literal>CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID</literal>,
        as defined in POSIX.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.cpuset.2; system call has been added.  This is an
        API for thread to CPU binding and CPU resource grouping and
        assignment.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The DTrace, a comprehensive dynamic tracing framework and
        &man.dtrace.1; userland utility have been imported from
        OpenSolaris.  DTrace provides a powerful infrastructure to
        permit administrators, developers, and service personnel to
        concisely answer arbitrary questions about the behavior of the
        operating system and user programs.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; kernel debugger now has an output capture
        facility.  Input and output from &man.ddb.4; can now be captured
        to a memory buffer for later inspection using &man.sysctl.8; or
        a textdump.  The new <command>capture</command> command controls
        this feature.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; debugger now supports a simple scripting
        facility, which supports a set of named scripts consisting of a
        set of &man.ddb.4; commands.  These commands can be managed from
        within &man.ddb.4; or with the use of the new &man.ddb.8;
        utility.  More details can be found in the &man.ddb.4; manual
        page.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; <command>ex</command> command now supports
        an <option>/S</option> mode which interprets and prints the
        value at the requested address as a symbol.  For example,
        <userinput>ex /S <replaceable>aio_swake</replaceable></userinput>
        prints the name of the function currently registered in
        via <replaceable>aio_swake</replaceable> hook.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ddb.4; <command>show conifhk</command> command has
        been added.  This lists hooks currently waiting for completion
        in <function>run_interrupt_driven_config_hooks()</function>.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.fcntl.2; system call now supports
        <literal>F_DUP2FD</literal> command.  This is equivalent to
        &man.dup.2;, and compatible with the Sun Solaris and the IBM
        AIX.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &os;'s &man.linux.4; ABI support now implements
        <function>sched_setaffinity()</function> and
        <function>sched_getaffinity()</function> using real CPU affinity
        setting primitives.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.procstat.1; utility has been added. This is a
        process inspection utility which provides some of the missing
        functionality from &man.procfs.5; and new functionality for monitoring
        and debugging specific processes.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The client side functionality of &man.rpc.lockd.8; has been
        implemented in the &os; kernel.  This implementation provides the
        correct semantics for &man.flock.2; style locks which are used
        by the &man.lockf.1; command line tool and the &man.pidfile.3;
        library.  It also implements recovery from server restarts and
        ensures that dirty cache blocks are written to the server before
        obtaining locks (allowing multiple clients to use file locking
        to safely share data).  Also, a new kernel option
        <literal>options NFSLOCKD</literal> has been added and enabled
        by default.  If the kernel support is enabled, &man.rpc.lockd.8;
        automatically detects and uses the functionality.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &os; kernel now supports a new textdump format of kernel
        dumps.  A textdump provides higher-level information via
        mechanically generated/extracted debugging output, rather than a
        simple memory dump. This facility can be used to generate brief
        kernel bug reports that are rich in debugging information, but
        are not dependent on kernel symbol tables or precisely
        synchronized source code.  More information can be found in the
        &man.textdump.4; manual page.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.wait4.2; system call now supports
        <option>WNOWAIT</option> flag to keep the process whose status
        is returned in a waitable state and <option>WSTOPPED</option>
        which is equivalent to <option>WUNTRACED</option>.</para>

      <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386,sparc64">The &os; kernel now has
        initial support of binding interrupts to CPUs.</para>

      <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386"> The &man.sched.ule.4; scheduler is now the default
        process scheduler in <filename>GENERIC</filename>
        kernels.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The sysctl
        variables <varname>kern.features.compat_freebsd[456]</varname>
        have been added.  These are corresponding to the kernel options
        <literal>COMPAT_FREEBSD[456]</literal>.</para>

      <sect3 id="boot">
        <title>Boot Loader Changes</title>

        <para role="8.0">The <application>boot0</application> boot
          loader now preserves volume ID at offset
          0x1b8 used in other operating systems </para>

        <para role="8.0">The &man.boot0cfg.8; utility now supports a
          new <option>-i</option> option to set the volume ID.</para>

        <para role="8.0" arch="arm,powerpc">The &man.loader.8; now
          supports U-Boot support library.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.boot.8; now supports 4-byte volume ID that
          certain versions of &windows; put into the MBR and invoking
          PXE by pressing the F6 key on some supported BIOSes.</para>

        <para role="7.2" arch="i386">The &man.boot.8; BTX loader has been
          improved.  This fixes several boot issues on recent machines
          reported for 7.1-RELEASE and before.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.loader.8; is now able to obtain DHCP options
          from network boot via &man.kenv.2; variables.</para>

        <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.loader.8; has been fixed.  Now the
          following line works as expected:</para>

        <programlisting>loader_conf_files="<replaceable>foo</replaceable> <replaceable>bar</replaceable> ${<replaceable>variable</replaceable>}"</programlisting>

        <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386">The BTX kernel used by the boot
          loader has been changed to invoke BIOS routines from real
          mode.  This change makes it possible to boot &os; from USB
          devices.</para>

        <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386">A new gptboot boot loader has
          been added to support booting from a GPT labeled disk.  A
          new <command>boot</command> command has been added to
          &man.gpt.8;, which makes a GPT disk bootable by writing the
          required bits of the boot loader, creating a new boot
          partition if required.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="proc">
        <title>Hardware Support</title>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; now includes experimental support
          for &arch.mips; platform.</para>

        <para role="8.0">Support for RTC on Dallas Semiconductor chips
          has been improved.  The DS133x and DS1553 are now
          supported.</para>

        <para role="8.0" arch="arm">The &os;/&arch.arm; now supports
          Feroceon and Sheeva embedded CPU, Marvell Orion (88F5281),
          Kirkwood (88F6281), Discovery Innovation (MV-78100)
          systems-on-chip CPU.</para>

        <para role="8.0" arch="powerpc">The &os;/&arch.powerpc; now
          supports SMP machines</para>

        <para role="8.0" arch="powerpc">The &os;/&arch.powerpc; now
          supports E500 (Book-E) embedded CPU and Freescale
          PowerQUICCIII MPC85xx system-on-chip (including single and
          dual-core).</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &man.acpi.4; subsystem now supports the System
          Resource Affinity Table (SRAT) used to describe affinity
          relationships between CPUs and memory, ACPI 3.0 fields in
          the MADT including X2APIC entries and UIDs for local SAPICs, and
          ACPI 3.0 flags in the FADT.</para>

        <para role="8.0" arch="powerpc">The &man.cpufreq.4; framework now
          supports PowerPC G5, along with a skeleton SMU driver in order to slew
          CPU voltage during frequency changes.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The sec(4) driver has been added to provide
          support for the integrated security engine found in
          Freescale system-on-chip devices.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; TTY layer has been replaced with a
          new one which has better support for SMP and robust resource
          handling.  A tty now has own mutex and it is expected to
          improve scalability when compared to the old implementation
          based on the Giant lock.</para>

        <para role="8.0" arch="amd64,i386">The &man.uart.4; driver is now the
          default driver for serial port devices in favor of the
          &man.sio.4; driver.  Note that the device nodes have been
          renamed from
          <filename>/dev/cuad<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> and
          <filename>/dev/ttyd<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> to
          <filename>/dev/cuau<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename> and
          <filename>/dev/ttyu<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>.</para>

        <important>
          <para>Users who are upgrading will need to change their
            kernel configurations and possibly also
            <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> and
            <filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
        </important>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; USB subsystem has been reimplemented
          to support modern devices and better SMP scalability.  The
          new implementation includes Giant-lock-free device drivers,
          a Linux compatibility layer, &man.usbconfig.8; utility, full
          support for split transaction and isochronous transaction,
          and more.  Device node names for USB devices are now in a
          the form
          of <filename>/dev/usb/<replaceable>bus</replaceable>.<replaceable>dev</replaceable>.<replaceable>endpoint</replaceable></filename>,
          and <filename>/dev/usbctl</filename> is the master device
          node.  Note that the &man.ugen.4; driver has nodes for each device as <filename>/dev/ugen<replaceable>bus</replaceable>.<replaceable>dev</replaceable></filename> for backward compatibility.</para>

        <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">&os; now supports Ultra SPARC III
          (Cheetah) processor family.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.acpi.4; subsystem now supports a &man.sysctl.8;
          variable <varname>debug.batt.batt_sleep_ms</varname>.  On
          some laptops with smart batteries, enabling battery
          monitoring software causes keystrokes from &man.atkbd.4; to
          be lost.  This sysctl variable adds a delay in millisecond
          to the status checking code as a workaround.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.acpi.asus.4; driver now supports Asus A8Sr
          notebooks.</para>

        <para role="7.2" arch="powerpc">Support for the AltiVec, a floating point
          and integer SIMD instruction set has been added.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.cpuctl.4; driver, which provides a special
          device <filename>/dev/cpuctl</filename> as an interface to
          the system CPU has been added.  The &man.cpuctl.4;
          functionality includes the ability to retrieve CPUID
          information, read/write machine specific registers (MSR),
          and perform CPU firmware updates.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.cpufreq.4; driver now supports an
          <varname>hw.est.msr_info</varname> loader tunable.  When
          this is set to <literal>1</literal>, it attempts to build a
          simple list containing just the high and low frequencies if
          it cannot obtain a frequency list from either ACPI or the
          static tables.  This is disabled by default.</para>

        <para role="7.2" arch="amd64,i386">CPU frequency change notifiers are now
          disabled when the TSC is P-state invariant.  Also, a new
          loader tunable
          <varname>kern.timecounter.invariant_tsc</varname> has been
          added to force this behavior by setting it to
          non-zero.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.atkbd.4; driver now disables the interrupt
          handler which is called from the keyboard callback function
          when polled mode is enabled.  This fixes the problem of
          duplicated/missing characters at the mountroot prompt on
          multi CPU systems while &man.kbdmux.4; is enabled.</para>

        <para role="7.2">In the &man.pci.4; subsystem INTx is now disabled when
          MSI/MSIX is enabled.  This change fixes interrupt storm
          related issues.</para>

        <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">The schizo(4) driver for Schizo
          Fireplane/Safari to PCI 2.1 and Tomatillo JBus to PCI 2.2
          bridges has been added.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.u3g.4; driver for USB based 3G cards and
          dongles including Vodafone Mobile Connect Card 3G, Qualcomm
          CDMA MSM, Huawei E220, Novatel U740, Sierra MC875U, and more
          has been added.  This provides support for the multiple
          USB-to-serial interfaces exposed by many 3G USB/PC Card
          modems, and the device is accessed through the &man.ucom.4;
          driver which makes it behave like a &man.tty.4;.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.sched.ule.4; scheduler now supports
          the loader tunable
          <varname>machdep.hyperthreading_enabled</varname> just like
          &man.sched.4bsd.4;. Note that it cannot be modified at
          run-time.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.cmx.4; driver, a driver for Omnikey CardMan 4040
          PCMCIA smartcard readers, has been added.</para>

        <para role="7.1" arch="sparc64">The &man.kbdmux.4; driver now
          supports &arch.sparc64;.  The &man.sunkbd.4; driver now
          supports &man.atkbd.4; emulation like &man.ukbd.4;.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The <filename>nvram(4)</filename> driver is now
          MPSAFE.</para>

        <para role="7.1">An option of the &man.puc.4;
          driver, <literal>PUC_FASTINTR</literal>, is no longer
          supported.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.psm.4; driver now attempts detection of Synaptics
          touchpad before IntelliMouse.  Some touchpads will pretend to
          be IntelliMouse causing the IntelliMouse probe to work and the
          Synaptics detection never to be done.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.uslcom.4; driver, a driver for Silicon
          Laboratories CP2101/CP2102-based USB serial adapters, has been
          imported from OpenBSD.</para>

        <sect4 id="mm">
          <title>Multimedia Support</title>

          <para role="8.0">The &os; audio subsystem has been improved.
            The changes include volume per channel, high quality
            fixed-point band-limited SINC sampling rate converter,
            bit-perfect mode, transparent/adaptive virtual channel,
            and exclusive stream.  For more details, see the
            &man.snd.4; manual page.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.agp.4; driver now supports Intel G4X series
            graphics chipsets.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The Direct Rendering Manager
            (<application>DRM</application>), a kernel module that
            gives direct hardware access to DRI clients, has been
            updated.  Support for AMD/ATI r500, r600, r700, and IGP
            based chips, XGI V3XE/V5/V8, and Intel i915 chipsets has
            been improved.</para>

          <para role="7.2">A new loader tunable <varname>hw.drm.msi</varname> has
            been added to control if DRM uses MSI or not.  This is set
            to <literal>1</literal> (enabled) by default.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The snd_au88x0(4) driver for Aureal Vortex
            1/2/Advantage PCI has been removed because it has been
            broken for a long time.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.snd.hda.4; driver has been updated. These
            changes include support for multiple codecs per HDA bus,
            multiple functional groups per codec, multiple audio
            devices per functional group, digital (SPDIF/HDMI) audio
            input/output, suspend/resume, and part of multichannel
            audio.</para>

          <para role="7.2">Note that due to added HDMI audio and
            logical audio devices support, the updated driver often
            provides several PCM devices.  This means that in some
            cases the system default audio device no longer
            corresponds to the users's habitual audio connectors. In
            such cases the default device can be specified in audio
            applications' setup or defined globally via
            <varname>hw.snd.default_unit</varname> sysctl variable, as
            described in the &man.sound.4; manual page.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.agp.4; driver now supports the
            Intel G33 and G45.</para>

          <para role="7.1" arch="i386">The <filename>dpms(4)</filename> driver has
            been added to use the VESA BIOS for DPMS during suspend and
            resume.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The <application>DRM</application> kernel driver now
            supports i915 GME devices.</para>
        </sect4>

        <sect4 id="net-if">
          <title>Network Interface Support</title>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.bwi.4; driver has been added to
            provide support for Broadcom BCM43xx IEEE 802.11b/g wireless
            network interfaces.</para>

          <para role="8.0" arch="sparc64">The &man.cas.4; driver has
            been added to provide support for Sun Cassini/Cassini+ and
            National Semiconductor DP83065 Saturn Gigabit Ethernet
            devices.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.cxgbtool.8; now supports an
            interactive mode for scripting of repeatedly performed
            tasks.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.fxp.4; driver has been improved.  Changes include:</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para role="8.0">The multicast filter re-programming
                is now more robust.</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para role="7.2">The checksum offload feature can be controlled by
                &man.ifconfig.8; now.</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para role="7.2">Rx checksum offload support for 82559 or later
                controllers has been added.</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para role="7.2">TSO (TCP Segmentation Offload) support for 82550
                and 82551 controllers has been added.</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para role="7.2">WoL (Wake on LAN) support for 82550, 82551, 82558,
                and 82559-based controllers has been added.  Note that
                ICH based controllers are treated as 82559, and 82557,
                earlier revisions of 82558, and 82559ER have no WoL
                capability.</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para role="7.2">VLAN hardware tag insertion/stripping support and
                Tx/Rx checksum offload for VLAN frames support has
                been added.  Note that the VLAN hardware assistance is
                available only on 82550 or 82551-based
                controllers.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

          <para role="8.0" arch="arm,powerpc">The mge(4) driver has
            been added to provide support for Marvell Gigabit Ethernet
            controllers found on ARM-based SOCs (Orion, Kirkwood,
            Discovery), as well as on system controllers for PowerPC
            processors (MV64430, MV6446x).</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.miibus.4; driver now supports
            the Marvell 88E3016.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.msk.4; driver now supports Yukon
            FE+ A0 including 88E8040, 88E8040T, 88E8048 and
            88E8070.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.mwl.4; driver has been added to
            provide support for Marvell 88W8363 IEEE 802.11n wireless
            network devices.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.mxge.4; driver now supports some newer
            revisions and 10GBASE-LRM and 10GBASE-Twinax media
            types.  The firmware version has been updated to 1.4.43.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.nge.4; driver has been improved and
            now works on all platforms.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The tsec(4) driver has been added to
            provide support for Freescale integrated Three-Speed
            Ethernet Controller (TSEC).  This driver also works with
            the enhanced version of the controller (eTSEC).</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.uath.4; driver for USB wireless LAN
            adapter based on Atheros AR5005UG and AR5005UX chipsets
            has been added.  The &man.uathload.8; utility, a firmware
            loader for the Atheros USB wireless driver has also been
            added.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.urtw.4; driver has been added to
            provide support for Realtek RTL8187B/L USB IEEE 802.11b/g
            wireless network devices.</para>

          <para role="8.0">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports TX
            checksum offload.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.ae.4; driver now supports WoL
            (Wake on LAN).</para>

          <para role="7.2" arch="amd64,i386">The &man.ale.4; driver is now
            included in the <filename>GENERIC</filename>
            kernel.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.ath.hal.4;, Atheros Hardware Access Layer,
            has been updated to the open source version.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.axe.4; driver has been improved in
            performance by eliminating extra context switches and now
            supports the Apple USB Ethernet adapter.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.bce.4; driver's firmware has been updated to
            the latest version (4.6.X).</para>

          <para role="7.2">The ciphy(4) driver now supports Vitesse VSC8211
            PHY.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.cxgb.4; driver has been updated to firmware
            revision 4.7 and now supports hardware MAC
            statistics.</para>

          <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.igb.4; driver, which prevented the
            loader tunable <varname>hw.igb.ave_latency</varname> from
            working, has been fixed.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.ixgbe.4; driver has been updated to
            version 1.7.4.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.jme.4; driver now supports newer JMicron
            JMC250/JMC260 revisions.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.msk.4; driver has been improved.  An issue
            which made it hang up in a certain condition has been
            fixed.  Hardware MAC statistics support has been added
            and users can get the information via sysctl variables
            named
            <varname>dev.msk.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.stats</varname>.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.nfe.4; driver now supports hardware MAC
            statistics.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.re.4; driver has been improved.  It now
            detects the link status.  A new loader tunable
            <varname>hw.re.prefer_iomap</varname> has been added, to
            disable memory register mapping.  This tunable is
            <literal>0</literal> for all controllers except RTL8169SC
            family.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.rl.4; driver has been improved.  It now
            detects the link status and a bug which prevented it from
            working on systems with more than 4GB memory has been
            fixed.</para>

          <para role="7.2">A bug in &man.sis.4; on VLAN tagged frame handling has
            been fixed.</para>

          <para role="7.2">The &man.txp.4; driver now works on all supported
            architectures.  Support has been added for &man.altq.4;,
            WoL, checksum offload when VLAN enabled, and link state
            change handling has been improved, and new sysctl
            variables
            <varname>dev.txp.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.stats</varname>
            for MAC statistics have been added.  New sysctl variables
            <varname>dev.txp.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.process_limit</varname>
            has been added, to control how many received frames should
            be served in Rx handler (set to 64 by default and valid
            ranges are 16 to 128 in unit of frames).  The firmware has
            been updated to the latest version.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.ae.4; driver has been added to provide
            support for the Attansic/Atheros L2 FastEthernet
            controllers.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.jme.4; driver has been added to
            provide support for PCIe adapters based on JMicron JMC250
            gigabit Ethernet and JMC260 fast Ethernet controllers.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.age.4; driver has been added to
            provide support for Attansic/Atheros L1 gigabit Ethernet
            controller.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.malo.4; driver has been added to
            provide support for Marvell Libertas 88W8335 based PCI network
            adapters.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The bm(4) driver has been added to
            provide support for Apple Big Mac (BMAC) Ethernet controller,
            found on various Apple G3 models.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The et(4) driver has been added to
            provide support for Agere ET1310 10/100/Gigabit Ethernet
            controller.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.glxsb.4; driver has been added
            to provide support for the Security Block in AMD Geode LX
            processors.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.ale.4; driver has been added to provide support
            for Atheros AR8121/AR8113/AR8114 Gigabit/Fast Ethernet controllers.
            This driver is not enabled in <filename>GENERIC</filename>
            kernels for this release.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.em.4; driver has been split into two drivers
            with some common parts.  The &man.em.4; driver will continue
            to support adapters up to the 82575, as well as new
            client/desktop adapters.  A new &man.igb.4; driver
            will support new server adapters.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.hme.4; driver has been improved.</para>

          <para role="7.1">A bug in some of the &man.miibus.4; supported drivers that
            IEEE 802.3 auto-negotiation was performed in a wrong order,
            has been fixed.  Now it chooses the correct technologies
            supported by IEEE 802.3 in the order described in Annex
            28B.3.</para>

          <para role="7.1">A workaround has been added for a bug in TCP/UDP
            hardware checksum offload of the &man.msk.4; driver for
            short frames.  Note that for frames that requires hardware
            VLAN tag insertion, the checksum offload workaround does not
            work due to changes of checksum offset in mbuf after the
            VLAN tag.  So disabling hardware checksum offload for the
            VLAN interface is needed in such cases.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.ndis.4; NDIS miniport driver wrapper has been
            improved.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.sf.4; driver has been improved and now supports
            checksum offloading.</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.stge.4; driver now supports WOL (Wake on
            LAN).</para>

          <para role="7.1">The &man.vr.4; driver has been improved.</para>

          <para role="7.1" arch="amd64,i386"> The &man.wpi.4; driver has
            been updated to include a number of stability fixes.</para>
        </sect4>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="net-proto">
        <title>Network Protocols</title>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; netisr framework has been
          reimplemented for parallel threading support.  This is a
          kernel network dispatch interface which allows device
          drivers (and other packet sources) to direct packets to
          protocols for directly dispatched or deferred processing.
          The new implementation supports up to one netisr thread per
          CPU, and several benchmarks on SMP machines show substantial
          performance improvement over the previous version.</para>

        <para role="8.0">A bug in the &man.gif.4; that EtherIP packets
          sent by combination of &man.if.bridge.4; and &man.gif.4;
          have a reversed version field has been fixed.  If you need
          to communicate with older &os; releases via EtherIP, use new
          flags <literal>accept_rev_ethip_ver</literal>
          and <literal>send_rev_ethip_ver</literal> to control
          handling the reversed version field.  These can be set by
          &man.ifconfig.8 utility to &man.gif.4; interfaces.  The
          EtherIP implementation found on &os; 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0,
          7.1, and 7.2 had an interoperability issue because it sent
          the incorrect EtherIP packets and discarded the correct
          ones.  For more details, see &man.gif.4; manual page.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The IGMPv3 and SSM (Source-Specific Multicast)
          including IPv6 SSM and MLDv2 have been added.  Although the
          old KAME MLDv2 hooks have been replaced with the new
          implementation, the related kernel programming interfaces have been
          preserved.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The multicast routing code has been improved
          and the IPv4 and IPv6 support has been split.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; now supports the upcoming Wireless
          Mesh standard, IEEE 802.11s.  The current implementation is
          based on the March 2009 D3.0 draft version.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The wireless network support layer (net80211)
          now uses pseudo-interfaces named as
          <literal>wlan<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal> instead
          of a device driver name like <literal>em0</literal>
          directly.  The
          <literal>wlan<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal>
          interface is created by &man.ifconfig.8; as an instance of
          the parent interface and used for actual communication
          similar to &man.vlan.4, IEEE 802.1Q VLAN network interface.
          Note that multiple instances (to realize multiple BSSes with
          a single AP device, for example) can be created if the
          parent interface supports it.  For more details, see
          &man.ifconfig.8; manual page.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The net80211 layer now supports TDMA for long
          distance point-to-point links using &man.ath.4;
          devices.</para>

        <para role="8.0">An infrastructure for caching flows as a means
          of accelerating L2 and L3 lookups has been added.  This is
          called <quote>flow table</quote> and enabled by default on
          &arch.amd64 and &arch.i386; platforms.  This also provides
          stateful load balancing when used
          with <literal>RADIX_MPATH</literal>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; L2 address translation table has been
          reimplemented to reduce lock contention on parallel
          processing and simplify the routing logic.  The new
          implementation has L2 address translation tables for both
          ARP (for IPv4) and NDP (for IPv6) which are separated from
          the L3 routing tables, and supports flow table caches for both
          the routing table and the L2 information.  One of the
          user-visible changes is that a concept of cloned route (a
          route generated by an entry
          with <literal>RTF_CLONING</literal> flag) is deprecated.
          This means routing flags <literal>RTF_CLONING</literal>,
          <literal>RTF_WASCLONE</literal>,
          and <literal>RTF_LLINFO</literal> are obsolete.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &man.ipsec.4; subsystem now supports
          NAT-Traversal (RFC 3948).  This is disabled by default.  To
          enable this add the following kernel option and rebuild the
          kernel:</para>

        <programlisting>device  crypto
options IPSEC
options IPSEC_NAT_T</programlisting>

        <para role="7.2">IPv4 source address selection for unbound sockets has
          been implemented as follows:</para>

        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>If we found a route, use the address corresponding
              to the outgoing interface.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para role="7.2">Otherwise we assume the foreign address is reachable
              on a directly connected network and try to find a
              corresponding interface to take the source address
              from.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para role="7.2">As a last resort use the default jail address.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>

        <para role="7.2">This also changes the semantics of selecting the IP for
          processes within a &man.jail.8; as it now uses the same
          logic as outside the &man.jail.8;.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The TCP MD5 Signature Option (RFC 2385) for IPv6 has
          been implemented in the same way it has been implemented for
          IPv4.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.ng.netflow.4; Netgraph node now includes
         support for generating egress netflow instead or in addition
         to ingress.  An <literal>NGM_NETFLOW_SETCONFIG</literal>
         control message has been added to control the new
         functionality.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.tap.4; Ethernet tunnel software network
          interface now supports a new <literal>TAPGIFNAME</literal>
          character device ioctl.  This is a convenient shortcut to
          obtain the network interface name using a file descriptor to
          a character device.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.tap.4; now supports
          <literal>SIOCSIFMTU</literal> ioctl to set a higher MTU than
          1500 (ETHERMTU).  This allows &man.tap.4; devices to be
          added to the same bridge (which requires all interface
          members to have the same MTU) with an interface configured
          for jumbo frames.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The domains list for handling the list of supported
          domains in the &man.unix.4; (UNIX domain protocol family)
          subsystem is now MPSAFE.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.arp.8; utility now
          supports <literal>reject</literal>
          and <literal>blackhole</literal> keywords.  In the entry
          marked as <literal>reject</literal>, traffic to the host will
          be discarded and the sender will be notified the host is
          unreachable.  In the entry marked as <literal>blackhole</literal>,
          traffic is discarded but the sender is not notified.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.bpf.4; now supports an
          ioctl <literal>BIOCSETFNR</literal>.  This is just like
          <literal>BIOCSETF</literal>, but it does not drop all the
          packets buffered on the descriptor and reset the
          statistics.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.if.bridge.4; interface can limit the
          number of source MACs that can be behind a bridge interface
          via <literal>ifmaxaddr</literal> parameter of
          &man.ifconfig.8;.</para>

        <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.carp.4; interface configuration which
          leads to a system panic has been fixed.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.dummynet.4; subsystem now supports
          <literal>fast</literal> mode operation which allows certain
          packets to bypass the dummynet scheduler.  This can achieve
          lower latency and lower overhead when the packet flow is under
          the pipe bandwidth, and eliminate recursion in the subsystem.
          The new sysctl variable
          <varname>net.inet.ip.dummynet.io_fast</varname> has been
          added to enable this feature.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.enc.4; interface now supports sysctl
          variables to control whether the firewalls or &man.bpf.4;
          will see inner and outer headers or just inner or outer
          headers for incoming and outgoing IPsec packets.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.gre.4; now supports
          ioctls <literal>GRESKEY</literal>
          and <literal>GREGKEY</literal> which allows set or get GRE
          key used for outgoing packets.</para>

        <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.ipsec.4; subsystem that PMTU was broken
          in those cases when there was a route with a lower MTU than
          the MTU of the outgoing interface, has been fixed.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The netatm subsystem has been removed due to
          lacking multiprocessor support.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.ng.nat.4; now supports redirect functionality
          in <filename>libalias</filename>.  For more details, see the
          manual page.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.ng.pptpgre.4; now supports multiple hooks like
          &man.ng.l2tp.4;, to use one pair of pptpgre and ksocket nodes for all
          calls between two peers.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.resolver.3; now allows underscore in domain
          names.  Although this is a violation of RFC 1034 [STD 13], it is
          accepted by certain name servers as well as other popular operating
          systems' resolver library.</para>

        <para role="7.1">A socket option <literal>TCP_CONGESTION</literal> for TCP
          sockets has been added.  This is for setting and retrieving the
          congestion control algorithm.  The name used is to allow
          compatibility with Linux.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.rwlock.9; has been used throughout
          the <varname>inpcbinfo</varname> and <varname>inpcb</varname>
          infrastructure, and protocols that depend on that
          infrastructure, including UDP, TCP, and IP raw sockets to
          reduce the lock contentions.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &os; now supports multiple routing tables. To
          enable this, the following steps are needed:</para>

        <itemizedlist role="7.1">
          <listitem>
            <para>Add the following kernel configuration option and
              rebuild the kernel.  The <literal>2</literal> is the number
              of FIB (Forward Information Base, synonym for a routing
              table here).  The maximum value is 16.</para>

            <programlisting>options     ROUTETABLES=2</programlisting>

            <para>The procedure for rebuilding the &os; kernel is
              described in the <ulink
                                  url="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html#AEN30408">&os;
                Handbook</ulink>.</para>

            <para>This number can be modified on boot time.  To do so, add
              the following to <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename> and
              reboot the system:</para>

            <programlisting>net.fibs=6</programlisting>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Set a loader tunable <varname>net.my_fibnum</varname> if
              needed.  This means the default number of routing tables.
              If not specified, <literal>0</literal> will be used.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Set a loader tunable
              <varname>net.add_addr_allfibs</varname> if needed.  This
              enables to add routes to all FIBs for new interfaces by
              default.  When this is set to <literal>0</literal>, it will
              only allocate routes on interface changes for the FIB of the
              caller when adding a new set of addresses to an interface.
              Note that this tunable is set to <literal>1</literal> by
              default.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para>To select one of the FIBs, the new &man.setfib.1; utility
          can be used.  This set an associated FIB with the process.  For
          example:</para>

        <screen>&prompt.root; setfib -3 ping target.example.com</screen>

        <para>The FIB #3 will be used for the &man.ping.8; command.</para>

        <para>The FIB which the packet will be associated with will be
          determined in the following rules:</para>

        <itemizedlist role="7.1">
          <listitem>
            <para>All packets which have a FIB associated with them will
              use the FIB.  If not, FIB #0 will be used.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>A packet received on an interface for forwarding uses
              FIB #0.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>A TCP listen socket associated with an FIB will generate
              accept sockets which are associated with the same FIB.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>A packet generated in response to other packet uses the
              FIB associated with the packet being responded to.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>A packet generated on tunnel interfaces such as
              &man.gif.4; and &man.tun.4; will be encapsulated using the
              FIB of the process which set up the tunnel.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Routing messages will be associated with the process's
              FIB.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para>Also, the &man.ipfw.8; now supports an action rule
          <literal>setfib</literal>.  The following action:</para>

        <programlisting>setfib <replaceable>fibnum</replaceable></programlisting>

        <para>will make the matched packet use the FIB specified in
          <replaceable>fibnum</replaceable>.  The rule processing
          continues at the next rule.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="disks">
        <title>Disks and Storage</title>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; CAM SCSI subsystem (&man.cam.4;) now
          includes experimental support for ATA/SATA/AHCI-compliant
          devices.  This is disabled by default.  To enable this,
          adding the following kernel options to your kernel
          configuration file and rebuild the kernel:</para>

        <programlisting>device    ahci
device    siis</programlisting>

        <para role="8.0">The current implementation supports
          AHCI-compliant controllers and SiliconImage
          SiI3124/SiI3132/SiI3531 controllers. The device node of an
          ATA drive is <literal>ada</literal> and an ATAPI
          drive is <literal>cd</literal>.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; iSCSI initiator implementation has
          been improved and supports IPv6.</para>

        <para role="8.0">A userland utility &man.mfiutil.8; for the
          &man.mfi.4; devices has been added.  This includes basic
          features to monitor controller, array, and drive status,
          change basic attributes, create/delete arrays and spares,
          and flush the controller firmware.  Note that this is a
          small utility, not a replacement of MegaCLI in the Ports
          Collection which is supported officially and provides more
          functionality.</para>

        <para role="8.0">A userland utility &man.mptutil.8; for the
          &man.mpi.4; devices has been added.  This includes basic
          features to monitor controller, array, and drive status,
          change basic attributes, and create/delete arrays and
          spares.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &man.siis.4; driver has been added to
          provide support for SiliconImage SiI3124/3132/3531 SATA2
          controllers.  It supports Serial ATA and ATAPI devices, port
          multipliers (including FIS-based switching), hardware
          command queues (31 commands per port) and Native Command
          Queuing.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports Marvell PATA M88SX6121.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.ata.4; driver now recognizes nForce MCP67 and
          MCP73 SATA controllers as AHCI.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.ataraid.4; driver now includes preliminary support
          for DDF metadata found on Adaptec HostRAID controllers.
          Note that spares and rebuilds are not supported yet.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.cam.4; SCSI subsystem now supports a new sysctl
          variable <varname>kern.cam.cd.retry_count</varname>.  This
          controls the number of retries for the CD media.  When
          trying to read scratched or damaged CDs and DVDs, the
          default mechanism is sub-optimal, and programs like
          <application>ddrescue</application> do much better if you
          turn off the retries entirely since their algorithms do it
          by themselves.  This value is set to <literal>4</literal>
          (for a total of 5 attempts) by default.  Setting it to
          <literal>0</literal> turns off all retry attempts.</para>

        <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.ciss.4; driver which caused low
          <quote>max device openings</quote> count and led to poor
          performance has been fixed.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.glabel.8; GEOM class now supports a new
          UFS-based label called <literal>ufsid</literal> that can be
          used to reference UFS-carrying devices by the unique file
          system ID.  This file system ID is automatically generated
          and detected when the &man.glabel.8; GEOM class is enabled.  An
          example of this new label is:
          <filename>/dev/ufsid/48e69c8b5c8e1b43</filename>.  The
          benefit of using GEOM labels in general is to avoid problems
          of device renaming when shifting drives or
          controllers.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.gjournal.8; GEOM class now supports the root
          file system.  Previously, an unclean shutdown would make it
          impossible to mount the root file system at boot.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.gpart.8; utility has been updated.  The APM
          scheme now supports Tivo Series 1 partitions (read only), a
          new EBR scheme to support Extended Boot Records has been
          added, the BSD scheme now support bootcode, and bugs in the
          PC98 and VTOC8 schemes have been fixed.</para>

        <para role="7.2">An issue in &man.gvinum.8; with access permissions
          to underlying disks used by a gvinum plex has been fixed.
          If the plex is a raid5 plex and is being written to, parity data might
          have to be read from the underlying disks, requiring them to be opened for
          reading as well as writing.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.hptmv.4; driver has been updated to version
          1.16 from HighPoint.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.mmc.4; and &man.mmcsd.4; drivers now support MMC
          and SDHC cards, high speed timing, wide bus, and multiblock
          transfers.</para>

        <para role="7.2" arch="sparc64">The &man.mpt.4; driver is now in the
          <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.sdhci.4; driver has been added.  This supports
          PCI devices with class 8 and subclass 5 according to the SD
          Host Controller Specification.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.sdhci.4; driver now supports kernel dumping and
          a sysctl variable <varname>hw.sdhci.debug</varname> for debug
          level.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.twa.4; driver now supports 64-bit DMA.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &man.mmc.4; &man.mmcsd.4;, and &man.sdhci.4; driver
          are now included as kernel modules.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.aac.4; driver now supports 64-bit array support
          for RAIDs larger than 2TB and simultaneous opens of the device
          for issuing commands to the controller.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a loader variable
          <varname>hw.ata.ata_dma_check_80pin</varname>.  This can be
          used to disable the 80pin cable check on broken systems such
          as certain laptops and Soekris boards.  The default value is
          <literal>1</literal>.</para>

        <para role="7.1">A data corruption problem of the &man.ata.4; driver on
          ServerWorks HT1000 chipsets has been fixed.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.ciss.4; driver now supports a loader tunable
          <varname>hw.ciss.nop_message_heartbeat</varname> for
          NOP-message polling in <function>ciss_periodic()</function>.
          This can be used as a workaround for
          <literal>ADAPTER HEARTBEAT FAILED</literal> issue.
          The default value is <literal>0</literal> (disabled).</para>

        <para role="7.1">The <filename>geom_part</filename> GEOM class can be built
          as a kernel module.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The <filename>geom_linux_lvm</filename> GEOM class can be
          built as a kernel module.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.hptrr.4; driver has been updated to version 1.2
          from Highpoint.</para>

        <para role="7.1">A buffer overflow in the &man.iir.4; driver has been
          fixed.  This likely fixes a great number of weird problems
          that have been reported with this driver.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.mpt.4; driver now supports <literal>mpt_user</literal>
          personality.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.rr232x.4; driver has been superseded by
          &man.hptrr.4; driver.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.twa.4; driver has been improved with regard to
          stability on machines with a plenty of memory and high CPU
          load.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="fs">
        <title>File Systems</title>

        <para role="8.0"><quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> mode for
          the UFS file system is no longer supported.</para>

        <important>
          <para>Such disks will need to be reformatted to work with
            this release.</para>
        </important>

        <para role="8.0">The &man.gvinum.8; now supports commands
          found in the old vinum implementation including
          <command>attach</command>, <command>detach</command>,
          <command>start</command>, <command>stop</command>,
          <command>concat</command>, <command>mirror</command>,
          <command>stripe</command>, and
          <command>raid5</command>.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &man.gvinum.8; now
          supports <literal>grow</literal> command to make it easier
          for users to extend plexes without having to understand all
          of the implementation internals.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now
          supports <literal>RPCSEC_GSS</literal> authentication on
          both the client and server. This replaces the RPC
          implementation of the NFS client and server with the newer
          RPC implementation originally developed to support the NFS
          Lock Manager.  It supports both the new RPC implementation
          and the older legacy implementation inherited from the
          original NFS codebase and the default is to use the new one.
          To use <literal>RPCSEC_GSS</literal> on either client or
          server, you must build a kernel which includes
          the <literal>KGSSAPI</literal> option and the &man.crypto.4;
          device.  For more details, see &man.gssd.8; manual
          page.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now includes a new,
          experimental implementation with support for NFSv2, NFSv3, and
          NFSv4.  This is not enabled by default.  To enable this, add
          the following kernel options to your kernel configuration
          file and rebuild the kernel:</para>

        <programlisting role="8.0">options      NFSCL   # for NFS client
options NFSD    # for NFS server</programlisting>

        <para role="8.0">The fstype for &man.mount.8; program is
          <literal>newnfs</literal>, and &man.mount.newnfs.8; program
          has also been added.  The old, unmaintained NFSv4 client
          based on an implementation from the University of Michigan was
          removed from the &os; source tree.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The &os; NFS subsystem now uses TCP as the
          default transport.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The shared vnode locking for pathname lookups
          in the &man.VFS.9; subsystem has been improved.  This is
          enabled by default.  Setting a sysctl variable
          <varname>vfs.lookup_shared</varname> to <literal>0</literal>
          disables it.  Note that the
          <literal>LOOKUP_SHARED</literal> kernel option equivalent to
          the sysctl variable has been removed.</para>

        <para role="8.0">The <application>ZFS</application> file system
          has been updated to version 13.  The changes include ZFS
          operations by a regular user, L2ARC, ZFS Intent Log on
          separated disks (slog), sparse volumes, and so on.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The semantics of &man.acl.3; extended access control
          lists has been changed as follows:</para>

        <itemizedlist role="7.2">
          <listitem>
            <para>The inode modification time (mtime) is not updated
              when extended attributes are added, modified, or removed.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>The inode access time (atime) is not updated
              when extended attributes are queried.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>

        <para role="7.2">The &os; NFS file system now supports a sysctl variable
          <varname>vfs.nfs.prime_access_cache</varname> to determine
          whether or not <function>nfs_getattr()</function> will use
          an ACCESS RPC to prime the access cache instead of a simple
          GETATTR RPC.  This is because on many NFS servers an ACCESS
          RPC is much more expensive to service than a GETATTR RPC for
          files in an NFSv3 mount.  The sysctl variable is enabled by
          default to maintain the previous behavior.</para>

        <para role="7.2">The &os; UDF file system now supports a fifo.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.fdescfs.5; is now MPSAFE.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.gpart.8; now supports BSD disklabels (option
          <literal>GEOM_PART_BSD</literal>) and
          VTOC8 disklabels (option
          <literal>GEOM_PART_VTOC8</literal>).</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.gvinum.8; now accepts <replaceable>volume</replaceable>
          parameter when creating a plex.</para>

        <para role="7.1">A pathname lookup bug of a UNIX domain socket in the
          <filename>unionfs(7)</filename> has been fixed.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="userland">
      <title>Userland Changes</title>

      <para role="8.0">The GCC stack protection (also known as
        ProPolice) has been enabled in the &os; base system.</para>

      <para role="8.0">A BSD-licensed &man.ar.1; utility has been added
        in favor of one in <application>GNU binutils</application> and
        it is now the default utility for building the &os; base
        system.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.awk.1; utility now supports 64 files.
        The upper limit was 20 in prior releases.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.bsnmpd.1; program now supports OIDs
        for ZFS.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.camcontrol.8; program now supports a
        new modularized ATA kernel module and various ATA
        commands.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.cat.1; and &man.cp.1; now use a larger
        buffer if the number of pages of the physical memory on the
        system is grater than 32k.  This reduces the number of context
        switches.</para>

      <para role="8.0">A new BSD-licensed &man.cpio.1; utility has been
        added in favor of <application>GNU cpio</application> and it
        is now the default utility in the &os; base system.</para>

      <para role="8.0">A script for the &man.crashinfo.8; utility for
        simple analysis of crash dump has been added.  It generates a
        text file containing the output of several commands run against
        the core dump such as &man.kgdb.1; (stack trace), &man.ps.1;,
        &man.netstat.1;,
        &man.vmstat.8;,
        &man.iostat.8;,
        &man.dmesg.8;,
        and
        &man.fstat.1;.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.df.1; utility's <option>-h</option>
        flag now supports displaying inode counts in a human-readable
        format when a flag <option>-i</option> is specified.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.df.1; utility now supports
        a <option>-T</option> flag to display file system type in each
        entry.</para>

      <para role="8.0">A bug in the &man.dhclient.8; that can create a
        malformed <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> has been
        fixed.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.dhclient.8; now uses an
        <option>-n</option> flag when invoking &man.route.8; command.
        This eliminates a long delay in the case that it gets a lease
        but DNS service is not working.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.dhclient.8; utility now
        uses <literal>68</literal> (bootpc) as the source port for
        unicast <literal>DHCPREQUEST</literal> packets instead of
        allowing the protocol stack to pick a random source port.
        This fixes the behavior where &man.dhclient.8; would never
        transition from <literal>RENEWING</literal>
        to <literal>BOUND</literal> without going
        through <literal>REBINDING</literal> in some networks which
        has a tight policy on DHCP spoofing.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.env.1; utility now supports a
        <option>-u <replaceable>name</replaceable></option> option
        that completely unsets the given name instead of setting it to
        a null value.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.find.1; utility now supports a number
        of primaries found in <application>GNU find</application>
        including <option>-ignore_readdir_race</option>,
        <option>-noignore_readdir_race</option>,
        <option>-noleaf</option>, <option>-gid</option>,
        <option>-uid</option>, <option>-wholename</option>,
        <option>-iwholename</option>, <option>-mount</option>,
        <option>-d</option>, <option>-lname</option>,
        <option>-ilname</option>, <option>-quit</option>,
        <option>-samefile</option>, and <option>-true</option>.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
        <option>-r</option> flag to free up excess unused inodes.
        Decreasing the number of preallocated inodes reduces the
        running time of future runs of fsck and frees up space that
        can allocated to files. This flag is ignored when running in
        preen mode.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.freebsd-update.8; now supports backing
        up the old kernel when installing a new kernel.  The backup
        kernel will be written
        to <filename>/boot/kernel.old</filename> if the directory does
        not exist or the directory was created by freebsd-update in a
        previous backup.  Otherwise the &man.freebsd-update.8; will
        generate a new directory name for use by the backup.  This is
        enabled by default.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.gdbserver.1; now supports &arch.arm;
        and &arch.powerpc; platforms.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.gpt.8; program has been removed in
        favor of &man.gpart.8;.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.gzip.1; utility now supports
        uncompressing files which are created
        by <application>pack</application> found in some commercial
        UNIX-like systems.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.i2c.8; utility for diagnostics of I2C has
        been added.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.ifconfig.8; now
        supports <option>vnet</option> and <option>-vnet</option>
        option to allow moving interfaces between jails with
        vimage.</para>

      <para role="8.0">A BSD-licensed <filename>libdwarf</filename>
        library has been added for DTrace clients.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <filename>libmsun</filename> library now supports
        <function>acosl()</function>,
        <function>asinl()</function>,
        <function>atanl()</function>,
        <function>atan2l()</function>,
        <function>cargl()</function>,
        <function>csqrtl()</function>,
        <function>fmodl()</function>,
        <function>hypotl()</function>,
        and
        <function>remquol()</function>
        functions.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <filename>libproc</filename>
        library has been added for DTrace clients.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.mtest.8; utility now supports IPv6.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.mount.8; program now supports
        an <option>-o
        mountprog=<replaceable>filename</replaceable></option> option
        to allow an alternative program to be used for mounting a file
        system.  This is useful for non-&man.nmount.2; based file
        systems such as FUSE.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.nfscbd.8;, &man.nfsuserd.8;,
        &man.nfsdumpstate.8;, and &man.nfsrevoke.8; utilities for the
        new NFSv4 subsystem has been added.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.pmcannotate.8; utility has been added.
        This prints out sources of a tool (in C or assembly) with
        inlined profiling informations retrieved by a prior
        &man.pmcstat.8; analysis.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.route.8; utility now
        supports <command>show</command>,
        <command>weights</command>, and <command>sticky</command>
        commands.  For more details, see the &man.route.8; manual
        page.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.rtld.1; now supports a new
        environment variable <varname>LD_ELF_HINTS_PATH</varname> for
        overriding the rtld hints file.  This environment variable
        would be ignored if the process uses setuid and/or setgid.
        This feature gives a convenient way to use a custom set of
        shared library that is not in the default location.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.rtld.1; now supports the dynamic
        string token substitution in the rpath and soneeded pathes. The
        <varname>$ORIGIN</varname>,
        <varname>$OSNAME</varname>,
        <varname>$OSREL</varname>
        and <varname>$PLATFORM</varname>
        tokens are supported.  Enabling
        the substitution requires <literal>DF_ORIGIN</literal>
        flag in <literal>DT_FLAGS</literal> or
        <literal>DF_1_ORIGIN</literal> if
        <literal>DF_FLAGS_1</literal>, that may be set
        with <option>-z</option> origin <application>GNU
        ld</application> flag.  This translation is unconditionally
        disabled for setuid/setgid processes.
        The <varname>$ORIGIN</varname> translation relies on
        the <literal>AT_EXECPATH</literal> auxinfo supplied by the
        &os; kernel.</para>

      <para role="8.0">It is no longer possible to create UFS
        filesystems in <quote>dangerously dedicated</quote> mode using
        &man.sysinstall.8; since this mode is no longer supported.</para>

      <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; menus have been simplified
        to reduce confusion and duplication with other parts of the
        system.  The <application>Xorg</application> window system
        should be installed just like any other package.
        Configuration of <application>Linux</application> and
        <application>OSF/1</application> emulation should be done via
        kernel rebuilds.  Support for installation from tape media was
        removed as it was believed to be broken.  Obsolete code to
        support <literal>OLDCARD</literal> was also
        removed.</para>

      <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now understands how to use
        unsliced USB drives as installation source media via
        <filename>/dev/da<replaceable>X</replaceable><replaceable>a</replaceable></filename></para>

      <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now recognizes the new
        <filename>/dev/ada<replaceable>X</replaceable></filename> disk
        devices, if compiled into the kernel.</para>

      <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses the
        <filename>freebsd-doc-<replaceable>*</replaceable></filename>
        packages for localized documents.</para>

      <para role="8.0">&man.sysinstall.8; now ejects the CDROM after
        installation if it was used as source media.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.traceroute.8; and &man.traceroute6.8;
        now support an
        <option>-a</option> flag to display AS number corresponding to
        the lookup IP address on each hop.  It will query the number to
        WHOIS server specified in <option>-A</option> option.  If
        no <option>-A</option> is
        specified, <hostid>whois.radb.net</hostid> will be used as the
        default value.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.tzsetup.8; now supports
        an <option>-s</option> flag to skip the question about
        adjusting the clock to UTC.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.wake.8; utility, a tool to send Wake on
        LAN frames to hosts on a local Ethernet network has been
        added.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.ypserv.8; program now
        supports <filename>shadow.byname</filename>
        and <filename>shadow.byuid</filename> maps.</para>

      <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.atacontrol.8; utility, which prevents it
        from working when <filename>/usr</filename> is not mounted or
        invoked from <filename>/rescue</filename>, has been
        fixed.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.btpand.8; daemon from NetBSD has been added.
        This daemon provides support for Bluetooth Network Access
        Point (NAP), Group Ad-hoc Network (GN) and Personal Area
        Network User (PANU) profiles.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.cpucontrol.8; utility has been added to
        control &man.cpuctl.4; pseudo-device.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.ncal.1; utility now supports multibyte
        characters.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.newfs.8; utility now supports
        operations on a regular file.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.config.8; utility now supports
        multiple <varname>makeoption</varname> lines.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.csup.1; utility now supports CVSMode to fetch a
        complete CVS repository.  Note that the rsync transfer mode is
        currently disabled.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.dirname.1; utility now accepts multiple arguments
        in the same way that &man.basename.1; does.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports an <option>-l</option>
        flag.  When specified, the &man.du.1; utility counts a file
        with multiple hard links as multiple different files.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports an <option>-A</option> flag
        to display the apparent size instead of the disk usage.  This can be
        helpful when operating on compressed volumes or sparse files.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.du.1; utility now supports a <option>-B
        <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable></option> option to
        calculate block counts in blocks of
        <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable> bytes.  This is different
        from the <option>-k</option> or <option>-m</option> options or
        setting <varname>BLOCKSIZE</varname> and gives an estimate of
        how much space the examined file hierarchy would require on a
        file system with the given
        <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable>.  Unless in
        <option>-A</option> mode, <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable>
        is rounded up to the next multiple of 512.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.dumpfs.8; utility now supports an
        <option>-f</option> flag, which causes it to list all free
        fragments in the file system by fragment (block) number.  This
        new mode does the necessary arithmetic to generate absolute
        fragment numbers rather than the cg-relative numbers printed
        in the default mode.</para>

      <para role="7.2">If <option>-f</option> is passed once, contiguous fragment
        ranges are collapsed into an X-Y format as free block lists
        are currently printed in regular dumpfs output.  If specified
        twice, all block numbers are printed individually, allowing
        both compact and more script-friendly representation.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.fetch.1; utility now supports an
        <option>-i</option> flag which supports the If-Modified-Since
        HTTP 1.1 request.  If specified it will cause the file to be
        downloaded only if it is more recent than the mtime of the
        local file.  Also, <application>libfetch</application> now
        accepts the mtime in the url structure and a flag to indicate
        when this behavior is desired.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
        <option>-C</option> flag for <literal>check clean</literal>
        mode.  This checks if the file system was dismounted cleanly
        first and then skip file system checks if true.  Otherwise it
        does full checks.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.fsck.8; utility now supports a
        <option>-D</option> flag for damaged recovery mode, which will
        enable certain aggressive operations that can make
        &man.fsck.8; to survive with file systems that has very
        serious data damage.  This is a useful last resort when on
        disk data damage is very serious and causes &man.fsck.8; to
        crash.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.getaddrinfo.3; function now supports SCTP.</para>

      <para role="7.2">A bug was fixed in the &man.ipfw.8; utility which displays
        extra messages for a NAT rule even when a <option>-q</option>
        flag is specified.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.ln.1; utility now supports a <option>-w</option>
        flag to check if the source file actually exists.  When the
        flag is specified and the file does not exist, &man.ln.1; will
        issue a warning message.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.ln.1; utility now allows creating hard
        links to symbolic links because the POSIX.1-2008 requires this
        behavior for <option>-L</option> and <option>-P</option>
        flag.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.lpr.1; utility now support
        an <option>-m</option> flag to send an email after the job is
        completed and a <option>-t</option> option to set the job
        title.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports a
        <option>-p</option> flag to print the input graph only,
        without executing any commands.  The output is the same as
        <option>-d g1</option>.  When combined with <option>-f
        /dev/null</option>, only the built-in rules of make are
        displayed.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports a
        <option>-Q</option> flag to cause file banners not to be
        generated in addition to the same effect of a
        <option>-q</option> flag when a <option>-j</option> option is
        specified.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports the
        <varname>.MAKE.JOB.PREFIX</varname> variable.  If
        <option>-j</option> and <option>-v</option> are specified, its
        output for each target is prefixed with a token <literal>---
          <replaceable>target</replaceable> ---</literal> the first part
        of which can be controlled via the variable.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.make.1; utility now supports
        <varname>.MAKE.PID</varname> and <varname>.MAKE.PPID</varname>
        variable.  These are set to process ID of the &man.make.1;
        process and its parent process respectively.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.makefs.8; utility to create a file system image
        from a directory tree has been added.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.mergemaster.8; utility now supports an
        <option>-F</option> option to automatically install files that
        differ only in their version control ID strings.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.mount.8; utility now supports an <option>-o
        mountprog=<replaceable>/somewhere/mount_xxx</replaceable></option>
        option to force it to use the specified program to mount the
        file system instead of calling &man.nmount.2; directly.  This
        is useful when you want to use third party programs such as
        FUSE, for example.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.netstat.1; utility now reports &man.unix.4;
        sockets' listen queue statistics when an <option>-L</option>
        flag is specified.</para>

      <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.netstat.1; utility has been fixed.  It
        crashed with the following options in the previous
        versions:</para>

      <screen role="7.2">&prompt.user; netstat -m -N foo</screen>

      <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.netstat.1; utility has been fixed.  The
        <option>-ss</option> option now works in the icmp6 section as
        expected.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.pciconf.8; utility now supports a
        <option>-b</option> flag, which lists any base address
        registers (BAR) that are assigned resources for each
        device.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.powerd.8; program has been improved.  Changes
        include reasonable CPU load estimation on SMP systems and a
        new mode named as <literal>hiadaptive</literal> for AC-powered
        systems.  The <literal>hiadaptive</literal> mode raises the
        CPU frequency twice as fast as <literal>adaptive</literal>, it
        drops the CPU frequency 4 times slower, prefers twice lower
        CPU load and has an additional delay before leaving the
        highest frequency after the period of maximum load.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.revoke.1; utility has been added.  This
        is a wrapper of &man.revoke.2; syscall.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.stat.1; utility now displays an octal
        representation of suid, sgid and sticky bits when the
        <option>-x</option> flag is specified.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.strndup.3; function has been added.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The &man.tftpd.8; program now supports
        a <option>-W</option> option.  This is almost the same as
        a <option>-w</option> option but will generate unique named
        based on the submitted filename, a &man.strftime.3; format
        string, and a two digit sequence number.  The time format
        string can be set by an <option>-F</option> option.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &man.wc.1; utility now supports an <option>-L</option>
        flag to output the number of characters in the longest input
        line.</para>

      <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.rpc.yppasswdd.8; program, which causes
        it to leave a zombie process when a password or default shell
        is changed, has been fixed.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.adduser.8; utility now supports
        a <option>-M</option> option to set the mode of a new user's
        home directory.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.atacontrol.8; utility now supports
        a <command>spindown</command> command to set or report timeout
        after which the device will be spun down.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.chflags.1; now supports a <option>-v</option> flag for
        verbose output, a <option>-f</option> flag to ignore errors,
        and <option>-h</option> to allow setting flags on symbolic links
        with the same semantics as (for example) &man.chmod.1;.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.cp.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag, which is
        equivalent to <option>-RpP</option> flags.</para>

      <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.cp.1; utility which prevents POSIX.1e ACL (see
        also &man.acl.3;) from copying properly has been fixed.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.cron.8; utility now supports <option>-m</option> flag which
        overrides the default mail recipient for cron mails unless explicitly
        provided by <literal>MAILTO=</literal> line in <filename>crontab</filename>
        file.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.dhclient.8; now supports more options described in
        &man.dhcp-options.5;.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.dhclient.8; now
        supports <function>is_default_interface()</function> function
        which determines if this interface is one with the default
        route.</para>

      <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.dhclient.8; that prevents removal of the
        default route from working has been fixed.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.environ.7;, environment array of strings now
        supports unsetting a variable by setting the first character to
        NULL.  This is required by third-party software such as
        <application>Dovecot</application>
        and <application>Postfix</application>.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.fdisk.8; now supports a <option>-q</option> flag to
        not display any warnings.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.fetch.1; program and <filename>libfetch</filename>
        library now supports a <varname>NO_PROXY</varname> environment
        variable.  This specifies comma- or whitespace-separated list of
        host names for which proxies should not be used.  If a single
        asterisk is specified, the use of proxies is disabled.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ffsll.3; and &man.flsll.3; functions have been added.
        These functions are the same as &man.ffs.3; and &man.fls.3; except that
        they accept long long as the arguments.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.fortune.6; program now supports
        <varname>FORTUNE_PATH</varname> environment variable to specify
        search path of the fortune files.</para>

      <para role="7.1">A bug in the &man.fortune.6; program that prevents
        <option>-e</option> option with multiple files from working has
        been fixed.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.freebsd-update.conf.5; now supports
        <literal>IDSIgnorePaths</literal> statement.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.fwcontrol.8; utility now supports <option>-f
          <replaceable>node</replaceable></option> option which specifies
        <replaceable>node</replaceable> as the root node on the next bus
        reset.</para>

      <para role="7.1" arch="sparc64"> The &man.gcc.1; now
        accepts <option>-mcpu</option> option properly; it was hardcoded
        as <option>-mcpu=ultrasparc</option>.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ifconfig.8; command now supports
        display of WPS IE (Wireless Provisioning Services Information
        Element).</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; command now supports
        an <command>add-kld <replaceable>kld</replaceable></command>
        command to locate a &man.kld.4; and load its symbols.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; command now has a shared library backend for kernel
        files that treats &man.kld.4; as shared libraries and
        auto-loading symbols for &man.kld.4; on startup.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.kgdb.1; now supports a <command>tid</command> command
        and other kernel module related commands even for a remote
        target.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.kvm.getcptime.3; function to obtain the global CPU
        time statistics from the kernel has been added.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The <filename>libalias</filename> library now supports
        <literal>PORT</literal> and
        <literal>EPRT</literal>
        FTP commands in lowercase.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.man.1; now includes a limited support of
        &man.bzip2.1;-compressed manual pages.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.mdconfig.8; command now supports a
        <option>-v</option> (verbose) flag to <option>-l</option>
        command. It shows size and backing store of all &man.md.4;
        devices at one time.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.memrchr.3; function has been added.  This behaves
        like &man.memchr.3; except that it locates the last occurrence
        of the specified character in the string.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The incorrect output grammar of &man.morse.6; program has
        been fixed.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.mountd.8; utility now supports <option>-h
          <replaceable>bindip</replaceable></option> option which
        specifies IP addresses to bind to for TCP and UDP requests.
        This option may be specified multiple times.  If no
        <option>-h</option> option is specified,
        <literal>INADDR_ANY</literal> will be used.  Note that when
        specifying IP addresses with this option, it will
        automatically add <literal>127.0.0.1</literal> and if IPv6 is
        enabled, <literal>::1</literal> to the list.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.moused.8; utility now supports <option>-L</option>
        flag which changes the speed of scrolling and changes
        <option>-U</option> option behavior to only affect the scroll
        threshold.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.mv.1; command now support POSIX
        specification when moving a directory to an existing directory
        across devices.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.periodic.8; now supports
        <varname>daily_status_mail_rejects_shorten</varname>
        configuration variable in &man.periodic.conf.5;.  This allows
        the rejected mail reports to tally the rejects per blacklist
        without providing details about individual sender hosts.  The
        default configuration keeps the reports in their original
        form.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now uses exit status of
        <literal>0</literal> and <literal>2</literal> in the same manner
        as &man.ping.8;.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now supports an <option>-o</option> flag,
        which makes &man.ping6.8; exit successfully after receiving one
        reply packet.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ping6.8; now supports <option>-r</option>
        and <option>-R</option> flags, which are equivalent to
        &man.ping.8;'s <option>-a</option> and <option>-A</option>
        flags, respectively.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The minimum allowed interval of &man.ping6.8; has been
        decreased to 0.000001 from 0.01.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.realpath.1; utility now supports
        a <option>-q</option> flag to suppress warnings and
        accepts multiple paths on its command line.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.rfcomm.pppd.8; now supports a <option>-D</option>
        flag to register DUN (Dial-Up Networking) service in addition to
        the LAN (LAN Access Using PPP) service.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.sdpd.8; now supports a <literal>NAP</literal>,
        <literal>GN</literal>, and <literal>PANU</literal>
        profiles.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.setkey.8; utility now accepts
        <literal>esp</literal> as a protocol name
        for the <command>spdadd</command> command.</para>

      <para role="7.1">A bug in &man.telnetd.8; that caused it to
        attempt authentication even when <option>-a off</option>
        option is specified has been fixed.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.top.1; and &man.vmstat.8; commands now
        support <option>-P</option> flag which displays per-CPU
        statistics.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.uuid.enc.le.3;, &man.uuid.dec.le.3;,
        &man.uuid.enc.be.3;, and &man.uuid.dec.be.3; functions have been
        added.  These functions encode/decode a binary representation of
        a UUID.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.watch.8; utility now supports more than 10
        &man.snp.4; devices at a time.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.ypserv.8; daemon now supports a
        <option>-P</option> option to specify the port number on which
        it should listen.</para>

      <sect3 id="rc-scripts">
        <title><filename>/etc/rc.d</filename> Scripts</title>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.rc.conf.5; now supports
          <varname>dummynet_enable</varname> variable which allow
          &man.dummynet.4; kernel module to be loaded when
          <varname>firewall_enable</varname> is <literal>YES</literal>.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The <filename>ntpd</filename> &man.rc.8; script
          can work with no configuration file
          <filename>/etc/ntp.conf</filename> now.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The <filename>ppp</filename> &man.rc.8;
          script now supports multiple instances. For more details,
          see the description of <varname>ppp_profile</varname>
          variable in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The <filename>sysctl</filename> &man.rc.8; script now
          supports loading <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf.local</filename> in
          addition to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename>.</para>

        <para role="7.1">The &man.rc.conf.5; now supports configuration of
          interfaces and attached networks for firewall rule set by
          <filename>rc.firewall</filename> when
          <varname>firewall_type</varname> is <literal>simple</literal> or
          <literal>client</literal>.  See
          <varname>firewall_client_net</varname>,
          <varname>firewall_simple_iif</varname>,
          <varname>firewall_simple_inet</varname>,
          <varname>firewall_simple_oif</varname>, and
          <varname>firewall_simple_onet</varname>.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="contrib">
      <title>Contributed Software</title>

      <para role="8.0"><application>ISC BIND</application> has been updated to
        version 9.6.1rc1.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <application>ACPI-CA</application> has been
        updated to 20090521.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <application>ee</application> (easy editor) has
        been updated to 1.5.0.  This version is now licensed under a
        2-clause BSD license, instead of the Artistic license.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <application>hostapd</application> has been updated to
        version 0.6.8 + radius ACL support.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <application>less</application> has been updated to
        version v436.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <filename>libarchive</filename> library has
        been updated to version 2.7.0.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <filename>libexpat</filename> library has
        been updated from version 1.95.5 to version 2.0.1.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <filename>ncurses</filename> library has been updated
        to version 5.7-20081102.</para>

      <para role="8.0"><application>OpenBSM</application> 1.1 from
        Trusted BSD Project has been merged.</para>

      <para role="8.0"><application>TCPDUMP</application> has been
        updated to 4.0.0.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The timezone database has been updated
        to the <application>tzdata2009f</application> release.</para>

      <para role="8.0"><application>wpa_supplicant</application> has been updated to
        version 0.6.8</para>

      <para role="8.0">The <application>ZFS</application> file system
        has been updated from version 6 to version 13.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The <application>am-utils</application> has been updated from
        version 6.0.10p1 to version 6.1.5.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The <application>awk</application> has been updated from 1 May
        2007 release to the 23 October 2007 release.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The <application>bzip2</application> has been updated from
        version 1.0.4 to version 1.0.5.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The <application>CVS</application> has been updated to
        version 1.11.22.1.</para>

      <para role="7.1"><application>NTP</application> has been updated to version
        4.2.4p5.</para>

      <para role="7.1"><application>OpenPAM</application> has been updated from the
        Figwort release to the Hydrangea release.</para>

      <para role="7.1"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated from
        version 4.5p1 to version 5.1p1.</para>

      <para role="7.1">The &man.resolver.3; library has been updated to
        one of <application>ISC BIND</application> 9.4.3.</para>

      <para role="7.1"><application>sendmail</application> has been updated from
        version 8.14.2 to version 8.14.4.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="ports">
      <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>

      <para role="7.2">A bug in the &man.pkg.create.1; utility, which
        prevented the <option>-n</option> flag from working has been
        fixed.</para>

      <para role="7.2">The &os; Ports Collection now supports multiple
        &man.make.1; jobs in some supported ports.  This is
        automatically enabled when a port is marked as
        <varname>MAKE_JOBS_SAFE</varname> and improves CPU utilization
        at the build stage by passing an option
        <option>-j<replaceable>X</replaceable></option> to the top
        level <filename>Makefile</filename> from the vendor.  The
        number <replaceable>X</replaceable> is set to the number of
        CPUs by default, and can be set by users via a &man.make.1;
        variable <varname>MAKE_JOBS_NUMBER</varname>.  For more
        details, see <filename>ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk</filename>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="releng">
      <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>

      <para role="8.0">The supported version of
        the <application>GNOME</application> desktop environment
        (<filename role="package">x11/gnome2</filename>) has been
        updated to 2.26.3.</para>

      <para role="8.0">The supported version of
        the <application>KDE</application> desktop environment
        (<filename role="package">x11/kde4</filename>) has been
        updated to 4.3.1.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="upgrade">
    <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>

    <para arch="amd64,i386">Upgrades between RELEASE versions (and
      snapshots of the various security branches) are supported using
      the &man.freebsd-update.8; utility.  The binary upgrade
      procedure will update unmodified userland utilities, as well as
      unmodified GENERIC or SMP kernels distributed as a part of an
      official &os; release.  The &man.freebsd-update.8; utility
      requires that the host being upgraded has Internet
      connectivity.</para>

    <para>An older form of binary upgrade is supported through the
      <command>Upgrade</command> option from the main
      &man.sysinstall.8; menu on CDROM distribution media.  This type
      of binary upgrade may be useful on non-&arch.i386;,
      non-&arch.amd64; machines or on systems with no Internet
      connectivity.</para>

    <para>Source-based upgrades (those based on recompiling the &os;
      base system from source code) from previous versions are
      supported, according to the instructions in
      <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename>.</para>

    <important>
      <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
        backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration
        files.</para>
    </important>
  </sect1>
</article>