usr.sbin/makefs/ffs/mkfs.c

   1 /*      $NetBSD: mkfs.c,v 1.20 2004/06/24 22:30:13 lukem Exp $  */
   2
   3 /*
   4  * Copyright (c) 2002 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
   5  * All rights reserved.
   6  *
   7  * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Marshall
   8  * Kirk McKusick and Network Associates Laboratories, the Security
   9  * Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR
  10  * contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA CHATS
  11  * research program
  12  *
  13  * Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1993
  14  *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
  15  *
  16  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  17  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  18  * are met:
  19  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  20  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  21  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  22  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  23  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  24  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
  25  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
  26  *    without specific prior written permission.
  27  *
  28  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
  29  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  30  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
  31  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
  32  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
  33  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
  34  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
  35  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
  36  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
  37  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
  38  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  39  */
  40
  41 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
  42 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
  43
  44 #include <sys/param.h>
  45 #include <sys/time.h>
  46 #include <sys/resource.h>
  47
  48 #include <stdio.h>
  49 #include <stdlib.h>
  50 #include <string.h>
  51 #include <unistd.h>
  52 #include <errno.h>
  53
  54 #include "makefs.h"
  55
  56 #include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
  57 #include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
  58
  59 #include "ffs/ufs_bswap.h"
  60 #include "ffs/ufs_inode.h"
  61 #include "ffs/ffs_extern.h"
  62 #include "ffs/newfs_extern.h"
  63
  64 static void initcg(int, time_t, const fsinfo_t *);
  65 static int ilog2(int);
  66
  67 static int count_digits(int);
  68
  69 /*
  70  * make file system for cylinder-group style file systems
  71  */
  72 #define UMASK           0755
  73 #define POWEROF2(num)   (((num) & ((num) - 1)) == 0)
  74
  75 union {
  76         struct fs fs;
  77         char pad[SBLOCKSIZE];
  78 } fsun;
  79 #define sblock  fsun.fs
  80 struct  csum *fscs;
  81
  82 union {
  83         struct cg cg;
  84         char pad[FFS_MAXBSIZE];
  85 } cgun;
  86 #define acg     cgun.cg
  87
  88 char *iobuf;
  89 int iobufsize;
  90
  91 char writebuf[FFS_MAXBSIZE];
  92
  93 static int     Oflag;      /* format as an 4.3BSD file system */
  94 static int64_t fssize;     /* file system size */
  95 static int     sectorsize;         /* bytes/sector */
  96 static int     fsize;      /* fragment size */
  97 static int     bsize;      /* block size */
  98 static int     maxbsize;   /* maximum clustering */
  99 static int     maxblkspercg;
 100 static int     minfree;    /* free space threshold */
 101 static int     opt;                /* optimization preference (space or time) */
 102 static int     density;    /* number of bytes per inode */
 103 static int     maxcontig;          /* max contiguous blocks to allocate */
 104 static int     maxbpg;     /* maximum blocks per file in a cyl group */
 105 static int     sbsize;     /* superblock size */
 106 static int     avgfilesize;        /* expected average file size */
 107 static int     avgfpdir;           /* expected number of files per directory */
 108
 109 struct fs *
 110 ffs_mkfs(const char *fsys, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 111 {
 112         int fragsperinode, optimalfpg, origdensity, minfpg, lastminfpg;
 113         int32_t cylno, i, csfrags;
 114         long long sizepb;
 115         void *space;
 116         int size, blks;
 117         int nprintcols, printcolwidth;
 118
 119         Oflag =         fsopts->version;
 120         fssize =        fsopts->size / fsopts->sectorsize;
 121         sectorsize =    fsopts->sectorsize;
 122         fsize =         fsopts->fsize;
 123         bsize =         fsopts->bsize;
 124         maxbsize =      fsopts->maxbsize;
 125         maxblkspercg =  fsopts->maxblkspercg;
 126         minfree =       fsopts->minfree;
 127         opt =           fsopts->optimization;
 128         density =       fsopts->density;
 129         maxcontig =     fsopts->maxcontig;
 130         maxbpg =        fsopts->maxbpg;
 131         avgfilesize =   fsopts->avgfilesize;
 132         avgfpdir =      fsopts->avgfpdir;
 133         sbsize =        SBLOCKSIZE;
 134
 135         if (Oflag == 0) {
 136                 sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_42INODEFMT;
 137                 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = 0;
 138                 sblock.fs_old_flags = 0;
 139         } else {
 140                 sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_44INODEFMT;
 141                 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = (Oflag == 1 ? MAXSYMLINKLEN_UFS1 :
 142                     MAXSYMLINKLEN_UFS2);
 143                 sblock.fs_old_flags = FS_FLAGS_UPDATED;
 144                 sblock.fs_flags = 0;
 145         }
 146         /*
 147          * Validate the given file system size.
 148          * Verify that its last block can actually be accessed.
 149          * Convert to file system fragment sized units.
 150          */
 151         if (fssize <= 0) {
 152                 printf("preposterous size %lld\n", (long long)fssize);
 153                 exit(13);
 154         }
 155         ffs_wtfs(fssize - 1, sectorsize, (char *)&sblock, fsopts);
 156
 157         /*
 158          * collect and verify the filesystem density info
 159          */
 160         sblock.fs_avgfilesize = avgfilesize;
 161         sblock.fs_avgfpdir = avgfpdir;
 162         if (sblock.fs_avgfilesize <= 0)
 163                 printf("illegal expected average file size %d\n",
 164                     sblock.fs_avgfilesize), exit(14);
 165         if (sblock.fs_avgfpdir <= 0)
 166                 printf("illegal expected number of files per directory %d\n",
 167                     sblock.fs_avgfpdir), exit(15);
 168         /*
 169          * collect and verify the block and fragment sizes
 170          */
 171         sblock.fs_bsize = bsize;
 172         sblock.fs_fsize = fsize;
 173         if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_bsize)) {
 174                 printf("block size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
 175                     sblock.fs_bsize);
 176                 exit(16);
 177         }
 178         if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_fsize)) {
 179                 printf("fragment size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
 180                     sblock.fs_fsize);
 181                 exit(17);
 182         }
 183         if (sblock.fs_fsize < sectorsize) {
 184                 printf("fragment size %d is too small, minimum is %d\n",
 185                     sblock.fs_fsize, sectorsize);
 186                 exit(18);
 187         }
 188         if (sblock.fs_bsize < MINBSIZE) {
 189                 printf("block size %d is too small, minimum is %d\n",
 190                     sblock.fs_bsize, MINBSIZE);
 191                 exit(19);
 192         }
 193         if (sblock.fs_bsize > FFS_MAXBSIZE) {
 194                 printf("block size %d is too large, maximum is %d\n",
 195                     sblock.fs_bsize, FFS_MAXBSIZE);
 196                 exit(19);
 197         }
 198         if (sblock.fs_bsize < sblock.fs_fsize) {
 199                 printf("block size (%d) cannot be smaller than fragment size (%d)\n",
 200                     sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
 201                 exit(20);
 202         }
 203
 204         if (maxbsize < bsize || !POWEROF2(maxbsize)) {
 205                 sblock.fs_maxbsize = sblock.fs_bsize;
 206                 printf("Extent size set to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
 207         } else if (sblock.fs_maxbsize > FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize) {
 208                 sblock.fs_maxbsize = FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize;
 209                 printf("Extent size reduced to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
 210         } else {
 211                 sblock.fs_maxbsize = maxbsize;
 212         }
 213         sblock.fs_maxcontig = maxcontig;
 214         if (sblock.fs_maxcontig < sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize) {
 215                 sblock.fs_maxcontig = sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize;
 216                 printf("Maxcontig raised to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
 217         }
 218
 219         if (sblock.fs_maxcontig > 1)
 220                 sblock.fs_contigsumsize = MIN(sblock.fs_maxcontig,FS_MAXCONTIG);
 221
 222         sblock.fs_bmask = ~(sblock.fs_bsize - 1);
 223         sblock.fs_fmask = ~(sblock.fs_fsize - 1);
 224         sblock.fs_qbmask = ~sblock.fs_bmask;
 225         sblock.fs_qfmask = ~sblock.fs_fmask;
 226         for (sblock.fs_bshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_bsize; i > 1; i >>= 1)
 227                 sblock.fs_bshift++;
 228         for (sblock.fs_fshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_fsize; i > 1; i >>= 1)
 229                 sblock.fs_fshift++;
 230         sblock.fs_frag = numfrags(&sblock, sblock.fs_bsize);
 231         for (sblock.fs_fragshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_frag; i > 1; i >>= 1)
 232                 sblock.fs_fragshift++;
 233         if (sblock.fs_frag > MAXFRAG) {
 234                 printf("fragment size %d is too small, "
 235                         "minimum with block size %d is %d\n",
 236                     sblock.fs_fsize, sblock.fs_bsize,
 237                     sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG);
 238                 exit(21);
 239         }
 240         sblock.fs_fsbtodb = ilog2(sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize);
 241         sblock.fs_size = fssize = dbtofsb(&sblock, fssize);
 242
 243         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 244                 sblock.fs_magic = FS_UFS1_MAGIC;
 245                 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS1;
 246                 sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(int32_t);
 247                 sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs1_dinode);
 248                 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = ((NDADDR + NIADDR) *
 249                     sizeof (int32_t));
 250                 sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_44INODEFMT;
 251                 sblock.fs_old_cgoffset = 0;
 252                 sblock.fs_old_cgmask = 0xffffffff;
 253                 sblock.fs_old_size = sblock.fs_size;
 254                 sblock.fs_old_rotdelay = 0;
 255                 sblock.fs_old_rps = 60;
 256                 sblock.fs_old_nspf = sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize;
 257                 sblock.fs_old_cpg = 1;
 258                 sblock.fs_old_interleave = 1;
 259                 sblock.fs_old_trackskew = 0;
 260                 sblock.fs_old_cpc = 0;
 261                 sblock.fs_old_postblformat = 1;
 262                 sblock.fs_old_nrpos = 1;
 263         } else {
 264                 sblock.fs_magic = FS_UFS2_MAGIC;
 265 #if 0 /* XXX makefs is used for small filesystems. */
 266                 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS2;
 267 #else
 268                 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS1;
 269 #endif
 270                 sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(int64_t);
 271                 sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs2_dinode);
 272                 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = ((NDADDR + NIADDR) *
 273                     sizeof (int64_t));
 274         }
 275
 276         sblock.fs_sblkno =
 277             roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_sblockloc + SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize),
 278                 sblock.fs_frag);
 279         sblock.fs_cblkno = (daddr_t)(sblock.fs_sblkno +
 280             roundup(howmany(SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize), sblock.fs_frag));
 281         sblock.fs_iblkno = sblock.fs_cblkno + sblock.fs_frag;
 282         sblock.fs_maxfilesize = sblock.fs_bsize * NDADDR - 1;
 283         for (sizepb = sblock.fs_bsize, i = 0; i < NIADDR; i++) {
 284                 sizepb *= NINDIR(&sblock);
 285                 sblock.fs_maxfilesize += sizepb;
 286         }
 287
 288         /*
 289          * Calculate the number of blocks to put into each cylinder group.
 290          *
 291          * This algorithm selects the number of blocks per cylinder
 292          * group. The first goal is to have at least enough data blocks
 293          * in each cylinder group to meet the density requirement. Once
 294          * this goal is achieved we try to expand to have at least
 295          * 1 cylinder group. Once this goal is achieved, we pack as
 296          * many blocks into each cylinder group map as will fit.
 297          *
 298          * We start by calculating the smallest number of blocks that we
 299          * can put into each cylinder group. If this is too big, we reduce
 300          * the density until it fits.
 301          */
 302         origdensity = density;
 303         for (;;) {
 304                 fragsperinode = MAX(numfrags(&sblock, density), 1);
 305                 minfpg = fragsperinode * INOPB(&sblock);
 306                 if (minfpg > sblock.fs_size)
 307                         minfpg = sblock.fs_size;
 308                 sblock.fs_ipg = INOPB(&sblock);
 309                 sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
 310                     sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
 311                 if (sblock.fs_fpg < minfpg)
 312                         sblock.fs_fpg = minfpg;
 313                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 314                     INOPB(&sblock));
 315                 sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
 316                     sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
 317                 if (sblock.fs_fpg < minfpg)
 318                         sblock.fs_fpg = minfpg;
 319                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 320                     INOPB(&sblock));
 321                 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) < (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
 322                         break;
 323                 density -= sblock.fs_fsize;
 324         }
 325         if (density != origdensity)
 326                 printf("density reduced from %d to %d\n", origdensity, density);
 327
 328         if (maxblkspercg <= 0 || maxblkspercg >= fssize)
 329                 maxblkspercg = fssize - 1;
 330         /*
 331          * Start packing more blocks into the cylinder group until
 332          * it cannot grow any larger, the number of cylinder groups
 333          * drops below 1, or we reach the size requested.
 334          */
 335         for ( ; sblock.fs_fpg < maxblkspercg; sblock.fs_fpg += sblock.fs_frag) {
 336                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 337                     INOPB(&sblock));
 338                 if (sblock.fs_size / sblock.fs_fpg < 1)
 339                         break;
 340                 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) < (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
 341                         continue;
 342                 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) == (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
 343                         break;
 344                 sblock.fs_fpg -= sblock.fs_frag;
 345                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 346                     INOPB(&sblock));
 347                 break;
 348         }
 349         /*
 350          * Check to be sure that the last cylinder group has enough blocks
 351          * to be viable. If it is too small, reduce the number of blocks
 352          * per cylinder group which will have the effect of moving more
 353          * blocks into the last cylinder group.
 354          */
 355         optimalfpg = sblock.fs_fpg;
 356         for (;;) {
 357                 sblock.fs_ncg = howmany(sblock.fs_size, sblock.fs_fpg);
 358                 lastminfpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
 359                     sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
 360                 if (sblock.fs_size < lastminfpg) {
 361                         printf("Filesystem size %lld < minimum size of %d\n",
 362                             (long long)sblock.fs_size, lastminfpg);
 363                         exit(28);
 364                 }
 365                 if (sblock.fs_size % sblock.fs_fpg >= lastminfpg ||
 366                     sblock.fs_size % sblock.fs_fpg == 0)
 367                         break;
 368                 sblock.fs_fpg -= sblock.fs_frag;
 369                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 370                     INOPB(&sblock));
 371         }
 372         if (optimalfpg != sblock.fs_fpg)
 373                 printf("Reduced frags per cylinder group from %d to %d %s\n",
 374                    optimalfpg, sblock.fs_fpg, "to enlarge last cyl group");
 375         sblock.fs_cgsize = fragroundup(&sblock, CGSIZE(&sblock));
 376         sblock.fs_dblkno = sblock.fs_iblkno + sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
 377         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 378                 sblock.fs_old_spc = sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_old_nspf;
 379                 sblock.fs_old_nsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
 380                 sblock.fs_old_npsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
 381                 sblock.fs_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_ncg;
 382         }
 383
 384         /*
 385          * fill in remaining fields of the super block
 386          */
 387         sblock.fs_csaddr = cgdmin(&sblock, 0);
 388         sblock.fs_cssize =
 389             fragroundup(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg * sizeof(struct csum));
 390
 391         /*
 392          * Setup memory for temporary in-core cylgroup summaries.
 393          * Cribbed from ffs_mountfs().
 394          */
 395         size = sblock.fs_cssize;
 396         blks = howmany(size, sblock.fs_fsize);
 397         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
 398                 size += sblock.fs_ncg * sizeof(int32_t);
 399         if ((space = (char *)calloc(1, size)) == NULL)
 400                 err(1, "memory allocation error for cg summaries");
 401         sblock.fs_csp = space;
 402         space = (char *)space + sblock.fs_cssize;
 403         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
 404                 int32_t *lp;
 405
 406                 sblock.fs_maxcluster = lp = space;
 407                 for (i = 0; i < sblock.fs_ncg; i++)
 408                 *lp++ = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
 409         }
 410
 411         sblock.fs_sbsize = fragroundup(&sblock, sizeof(struct fs));
 412         if (sblock.fs_sbsize > SBLOCKSIZE)
 413                 sblock.fs_sbsize = SBLOCKSIZE;
 414         sblock.fs_minfree = minfree;
 415         sblock.fs_maxcontig = maxcontig;
 416         sblock.fs_maxbpg = maxbpg;
 417         sblock.fs_optim = opt;
 418         sblock.fs_cgrotor = 0;
 419         sblock.fs_pendingblocks = 0;
 420         sblock.fs_pendinginodes = 0;
 421         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
 422         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree = 0;
 423         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree = 0;
 424         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree = 0;
 425         sblock.fs_fmod = 0;
 426         sblock.fs_ronly = 0;
 427         sblock.fs_state = 0;
 428         sblock.fs_clean = FS_ISCLEAN;
 429         sblock.fs_ronly = 0;
 430         sblock.fs_id[0] = start_time.tv_sec;
 431         sblock.fs_id[1] = random();
 432         sblock.fs_fsmnt[0] = '\0';
 433         csfrags = howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
 434         sblock.fs_dsize = sblock.fs_size - sblock.fs_sblkno -
 435             sblock.fs_ncg * (sblock.fs_dblkno - sblock.fs_sblkno);
 436         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree =
 437             fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_dsize) -
 438             howmany(csfrags, sblock.fs_frag);
 439         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree =
 440             fragnum(&sblock, sblock.fs_size) +
 441             (fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) > 0 ?
 442             sblock.fs_frag - fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) : 0);
 443         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_ncg * sblock.fs_ipg - ROOTINO;
 444         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
 445         sblock.fs_dsize -= csfrags;
 446         sblock.fs_time = start_time.tv_sec;
 447         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 448                 sblock.fs_old_time = start_time.tv_sec;
 449                 sblock.fs_old_dsize = sblock.fs_dsize;
 450                 sblock.fs_old_csaddr = sblock.fs_csaddr;
 451                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
 452                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
 453                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
 454                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
 455         }
 456         /*
 457          * Dump out summary information about file system.
 458          */
 459 #define B2MBFACTOR (1 / (1024.0 * 1024.0))
 460         printf("%s: %.1fMB (%lld sectors) block size %d, "
 461                "fragment size %d\n",
 462             fsys, (float)sblock.fs_size * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
 463             (long long)fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_size),
 464             sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
 465         printf("\tusing %d cylinder groups of %.2fMB, %d blks, "
 466                "%d inodes.\n",
 467             sblock.fs_ncg,
 468             (float)sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
 469             sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_frag, sblock.fs_ipg);
 470 #undef B2MBFACTOR
 471         /*
 472          * Now determine how wide each column will be, and calculate how
 473          * many columns will fit in a 76 char line. 76 is the width of the
 474          * subwindows in sysinst.
 475          */
 476         printcolwidth = count_digits(
 477                         fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg -1)));
 478         nprintcols = 76 / (printcolwidth + 2);
 479
 480         /*
 481          * allocate space for superblock, cylinder group map, and
 482          * two sets of inode blocks.
 483          */
 484         if (sblock.fs_bsize < SBLOCKSIZE)
 485                 iobufsize = SBLOCKSIZE + 3 * sblock.fs_bsize;
 486         else
 487                 iobufsize = 4 * sblock.fs_bsize;
 488         if ((iobuf = malloc(iobufsize)) == 0) {
 489                 printf("Cannot allocate I/O buffer\n");
 490                 exit(38);
 491         }
 492         memset(iobuf, 0, iobufsize);
 493         /*
 494          * Make a copy of the superblock into the buffer that we will be
 495          * writing out in each cylinder group.
 496          */
 497         memcpy(writebuf, &sblock, sbsize);
 498         if (fsopts->needswap)
 499                 ffs_sb_swap(&sblock, (struct fs*)writebuf);
 500         memcpy(iobuf, writebuf, SBLOCKSIZE);
 501
 502         printf("super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:");
 503         for (cylno = 0; cylno < sblock.fs_ncg; cylno++) {
 504                 initcg(cylno, start_time.tv_sec, fsopts);
 505                 if (cylno % nprintcols == 0)
 506                         printf("\n");
 507                 printf(" %*lld,", printcolwidth,
 508                         (long long)fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)));
 509                 fflush(stdout);
 510         }
 511         printf("\n");
 512
 513         /*
 514          * Now construct the initial file system,
 515          * then write out the super-block.
 516          */
 517         sblock.fs_time = start_time.tv_sec;
 518         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 519                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
 520                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
 521                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
 522                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
 523         }
 524         if (fsopts->needswap)
 525                 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_SWAPPED;
 526         ffs_write_superblock(&sblock, fsopts);
 527         return (&sblock);
 528 }
 529
 530 /*
 531  * Write out the superblock and its duplicates,
 532  * and the cylinder group summaries
 533  */
 534 void
 535 ffs_write_superblock(struct fs *fs, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 536 {
 537         int cylno, size, blks, i, saveflag;
 538         void *space;
 539         char *wrbuf;
 540
 541         saveflag = fs->fs_flags & FS_INTERNAL;
 542         fs->fs_flags &= ~FS_INTERNAL;
 543
 544         memcpy(writebuf, &sblock, sbsize);
 545         if (fsopts->needswap)
 546                 ffs_sb_swap(fs, (struct fs*)writebuf);
 547         ffs_wtfs(fs->fs_sblockloc / sectorsize, sbsize, writebuf, fsopts);
 548
 549         /* Write out the duplicate super blocks */
 550         for (cylno = 0; cylno < fs->fs_ncg; cylno++)
 551                 ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(fs, cgsblock(fs, cylno)),
 552                     sbsize, writebuf, fsopts);
 553
 554         /* Write out the cylinder group summaries */
 555         size = fs->fs_cssize;
 556         blks = howmany(size, fs->fs_fsize);
 557         space = (void *)fs->fs_csp;
 558         if ((wrbuf = malloc(size)) == NULL)
 559                 err(1, "ffs_write_superblock: malloc %d", size);
 560         for (i = 0; i < blks; i+= fs->fs_frag) {
 561                 size = fs->fs_bsize;
 562                 if (i + fs->fs_frag > blks)
 563                         size = (blks - i) * fs->fs_fsize;
 564                 if (fsopts->needswap)
 565                         ffs_csum_swap((struct csum *)space,
 566                             (struct csum *)wrbuf, size);
 567                 else
 568                         memcpy(wrbuf, space, (u_int)size);
 569                 ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(fs, fs->fs_csaddr + i), size, wrbuf, fsopts);
 570                 space = (char *)space + size;
 571         }
 572         free(wrbuf);
 573         fs->fs_flags |= saveflag;
 574 }
 575
 576 /*
 577  * Initialize a cylinder group.
 578  */
 579 static void
 580 initcg(int cylno, time_t utime, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 581 {
 582         daddr_t cbase, dmax;
 583         int32_t i, j, d, dlower, dupper, blkno;
 584         struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
 585         struct ufs2_dinode *dp2;
 586         int start;
 587
 588         /*
 589          * Determine block bounds for cylinder group.
 590          * Allow space for super block summary information in first
 591          * cylinder group.
 592          */
 593         cbase = cgbase(&sblock, cylno);
 594         dmax = cbase + sblock.fs_fpg;
 595         if (dmax > sblock.fs_size)
 596                 dmax = sblock.fs_size;
 597         dlower = cgsblock(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
 598         dupper = cgdmin(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
 599         if (cylno == 0)
 600                 dupper += howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
 601         memset(&acg, 0, sblock.fs_cgsize);
 602         acg.cg_time = utime;
 603         acg.cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
 604         acg.cg_cgx = cylno;
 605         acg.cg_niblk = sblock.fs_ipg;
 606         acg.cg_initediblk = sblock.fs_ipg < 2 * INOPB(&sblock) ?
 607             sblock.fs_ipg : 2 * INOPB(&sblock);
 608         acg.cg_ndblk = dmax - cbase;
 609         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
 610                 acg.cg_nclusterblks = acg.cg_ndblk >> sblock.fs_fragshift;
 611         start = &acg.cg_space[0] - (u_char *)(&acg.cg_firstfield);
 612         if (Oflag == 2) {
 613                 acg.cg_iusedoff = start;
 614         } else {
 615                 if (cylno == sblock.fs_ncg - 1)
 616                         acg.cg_old_ncyl = howmany(acg.cg_ndblk,
 617                             sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_old_cpg);
 618                 else
 619                         acg.cg_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_old_cpg;
 620                 acg.cg_old_time = acg.cg_time;
 621                 acg.cg_time = 0;
 622                 acg.cg_old_niblk = acg.cg_niblk;
 623                 acg.cg_niblk = 0;
 624                 acg.cg_initediblk = 0;
 625                 acg.cg_old_btotoff = start;
 626                 acg.cg_old_boff = acg.cg_old_btotoff +
 627                     sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(int32_t);
 628                 acg.cg_iusedoff = acg.cg_old_boff +
 629                     sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(u_int16_t);
 630         }
 631         acg.cg_freeoff = acg.cg_iusedoff + howmany(sblock.fs_ipg, CHAR_BIT);
 632         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize <= 0) {
 633                 acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_freeoff +
 634                    howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, CHAR_BIT);
 635         } else {
 636                 acg.cg_clustersumoff = acg.cg_freeoff +
 637                     howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, CHAR_BIT) - sizeof(int32_t);
 638                 acg.cg_clustersumoff =
 639                     roundup(acg.cg_clustersumoff, sizeof(int32_t));
 640                 acg.cg_clusteroff = acg.cg_clustersumoff +
 641                     (sblock.fs_contigsumsize + 1) * sizeof(int32_t);
 642                 acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_clusteroff +
 643                     howmany(fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_fpg), CHAR_BIT);
 644         }
 645         if (acg.cg_nextfreeoff > sblock.fs_cgsize) {
 646                 printf("Panic: cylinder group too big\n");
 647                 exit(37);
 648         }
 649         acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree += sblock.fs_ipg;
 650         if (cylno == 0)
 651                 for (i = 0; i < ROOTINO; i++) {
 652                         setbit(cg_inosused_swap(&acg, 0), i);
 653                         acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
 654                 }
 655         if (cylno > 0) {
 656                 /*
 657                  * In cylno 0, beginning space is reserved
 658                  * for boot and super blocks.
 659                  */
 660                 for (d = 0, blkno = 0; d < dlower;) {
 661                         ffs_setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree_swap(&acg, 0), blkno);
 662                         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
 663                                 setbit(cg_clustersfree_swap(&acg, 0), blkno);
 664                         acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
 665                         d += sblock.fs_frag;
 666                         blkno++;
 667                 }
 668         }
 669         if ((i = (dupper & (sblock.fs_frag - 1))) != 0) {
 670                 acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - i]++;
 671                 for (d = dupper + sblock.fs_frag - i; dupper < d; dupper++) {
 672                         setbit(cg_blksfree_swap(&acg, 0), dupper);
 673                         acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
 674                 }
 675         }
 676         for (d = dupper, blkno = dupper >> sblock.fs_fragshift;
 677              d + sblock.fs_frag <= acg.cg_ndblk; ) {
 678                 ffs_setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree_swap(&acg, 0), blkno);
 679                 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
 680                         setbit(cg_clustersfree_swap(&acg, 0), blkno);
 681                 acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
 682                 d += sblock.fs_frag;
 683                 blkno++;
 684         }
 685         if (d < acg.cg_ndblk) {
 686                 acg.cg_frsum[acg.cg_ndblk - d]++;
 687                 for (; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d++) {
 688                         setbit(cg_blksfree_swap(&acg, 0), d);
 689                         acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
 690                 }
 691         }
 692         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
 693                 int32_t *sump = cg_clustersum_swap(&acg, 0);
 694                 u_char *mapp = cg_clustersfree_swap(&acg, 0);
 695                 int map = *mapp++;
 696                 int bit = 1;
 697                 int run = 0;
 698
 699                 for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_nclusterblks; i++) {
 700                         if ((map & bit) != 0) {
 701                                 run++;
 702                         } else if (run != 0) {
 703                                 if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
 704                                         run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
 705                                 sump[run]++;
 706                                 run = 0;
 707                         }
 708                         if ((i & (CHAR_BIT - 1)) != (CHAR_BIT - 1)) {
 709                                 bit <<= 1;
 710                         } else {
 711                                 map = *mapp++;
 712                                 bit = 1;
 713                         }
 714                 }
 715                 if (run != 0) {
 716                         if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
 717                                 run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
 718                         sump[run]++;
 719                 }
 720         }
 721         sblock.fs_cs(&sblock, cylno) = acg.cg_cs;
 722         /*
 723          * Write out the duplicate super block, the cylinder group map
 724          * and two blocks worth of inodes in a single write.
 725          */
 726         start = sblock.fs_bsize > SBLOCKSIZE ? sblock.fs_bsize : SBLOCKSIZE;
 727         memcpy(&iobuf[start], &acg, sblock.fs_cgsize);
 728         if (fsopts->needswap)
 729                 ffs_cg_swap(&acg, (struct cg*)&iobuf[start], &sblock);
 730         start += sblock.fs_bsize;
 731         dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
 732         dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
 733         for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_initediblk; i++) {
 734                 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
 735                         /* No need to swap, it'll stay random */
 736                         dp1->di_gen = random();
 737                         dp1++;
 738                 } else {
 739                         dp2->di_gen = random();
 740                         dp2++;
 741                 }
 742         }
 743         ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)), iobufsize, iobuf,
 744             fsopts);
 745         /*
 746          * For the old file system, we have to initialize all the inodes.
 747          */
 748         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 749                 for (i = 2 * sblock.fs_frag;
 750                      i < sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
 751                      i += sblock.fs_frag) {
 752                         dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
 753                         for (j = 0; j < INOPB(&sblock); j++) {
 754                                 dp1->di_gen = random();
 755                                 dp1++;
 756                         }
 757                         ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgimin(&sblock, cylno) + i),
 758                             sblock.fs_bsize, &iobuf[start], fsopts);
 759                 }
 760         }
 761 }
 762
 763 /*
 764  * read a block from the file system
 765  */
 766 void
 767 ffs_rdfs(daddr_t bno, int size, void *bf, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 768 {
 769         int n;
 770         off_t offset;
 771
 772         offset = bno;
 773         offset *= fsopts->sectorsize;
 774         if (lseek(fsopts->fd, offset, SEEK_SET) < 0)
 775                 err(1, "ffs_rdfs: seek error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 776                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 777         n = read(fsopts->fd, bf, size);
 778         if (n == -1) {
 779                 abort();
 780                 err(1, "ffs_rdfs: read error bno %lld size %d", (long long)bno,
 781                     size);
 782         }
 783         else if (n != size)
 784                 errx(1, "ffs_rdfs: read error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 785                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 786 }
 787
 788 /*
 789  * write a block to the file system
 790  */
 791 void
 792 ffs_wtfs(daddr_t bno, int size, void *bf, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 793 {
 794         int n;
 795         off_t offset;
 796
 797         offset = bno;
 798         offset *= fsopts->sectorsize;
 799         if (lseek(fsopts->fd, offset, SEEK_SET) < 0)
 800                 err(1, "wtfs: seek error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 801                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 802         n = write(fsopts->fd, bf, size);
 803         if (n == -1)
 804                 err(1, "wtfs: write error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 805                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 806         else if (n != size)
 807                 errx(1, "wtfs: write error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 808                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 809 }
 810
 811
 812 /* Determine how many digits are needed to print a given integer */
 813 static int
 814 count_digits(int num)
 815 {
 816         int ndig;
 817
 818         for(ndig = 1; num > 9; num /=10, ndig++);
 819
 820         return (ndig);
 821 }
 822
 823 static int
 824 ilog2(int val)
 825 {
 826         u_int n;
 827
 828         for (n = 0; n < sizeof(n) * CHAR_BIT; n++)
 829                 if (1 << n == val)
 830                         return (n);
 831         errx(1, "ilog2: %d is not a power of 2\n", val);
 832 }