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@c $Id: hx509.texi 22071 2007-11-14 20:04:50Z lha $
@setfilename hx509.info
@settitle HX509
@iftex
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@set UPDATED $Date: 2007-11-14 12:04:50 -0800 (Ons, 14 Nov 2007) $
@set VERSION 1.0
@set EDITION 1.0

@ifinfo
@dircategory Security
@direntry
* hx509: (hx509).           The X.509 distribution from KTH
@end direntry
@end ifinfo

@c title page
@titlepage
@title HX509
@subtitle X.509 distribution from KTH
@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for version @value{VERSION}
@subtitle 2007
@author Love Hörnquist Åstrand
@author last updated @value{UPDATED}

@def@copynext{@vskip 20pt plus 1fil@penalty-1000}
@def@copyrightstart{}
@def@copyrightend{}
@page
@copyrightstart
Copyright (c) 1994-2007 Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan
(Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden).
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

3. Neither the name of the Institute nor the names of its contributors
   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
   without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE INSTITUTE AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE INSTITUTE OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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@copynext

Copyright (C) 1990 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Export of this software from the United States of America may
require a specific license from the United States Government.
It is the responsibility of any person or organization contemplating
export to obtain such a license before exporting.

WITHIN THAT CONSTRAINT, permission to use, copy, modify, and
distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and
without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright
notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and
this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that
the name of M.I.T. not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining
to distribution of the software without specific, written prior
permission.  M.I.T. makes no representations about the suitability of
this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express
or implied warranty.

@copynext

Copyright (c) 1988, 1990, 1993
     The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
   without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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@copynext

Copyright 1992 Simmule Turner and Rich Salz.  All rights reserved.

This software is not subject to any license of the American Telephone
and Telegraph Company or of the Regents of the University of California.

Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose on
any computer system, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject
to the following restrictions:

1. The authors are not responsible for the consequences of use of this
   software, no matter how awful, even if they arise from flaws in it.

2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either by
   explicit claim or by omission.  Since few users ever read sources,
   credits must appear in the documentation.

3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
   misrepresented as being the original software.  Since few users
   ever read sources, credits must appear in the documentation.

4. This notice may not be removed or altered.

@copynext

IMath is Copyright 2002-2005 Michael J. Fromberger
You may use it subject to the following Licensing Terms:

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
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The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
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@copyrightend
@end titlepage

@macro manpage{man, section}
@cite{\man\(\section\)}
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@c Less filling! Tastes great!
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@ifnottex
@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
@top Heimdal
@end ifnottex

This manual is last updated @value{UPDATED} for version
@value{VERSION} of hx509.

@menu
* Introduction::
* What is X.509 ?::
* Setting up a CA::
* CMS signing and encryption::

@detailmenu
 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Setting up a CA

@c * Issuing certificates::
* Creating a CA certificate::
* Issuing certificates::
* Issuing CRLs::
@c * Issuing a proxy certificate::
@c * Creating a user certificate::
@c * Validating a certificate::
@c * Validating a certificate path::
* Application requirements::

CMS signing and encryption

* CMS background::

@end detailmenu
@end menu

@node Introduction, What is X.509 ?, Top, Top
@chapter Introduction

hx509 is a somewhat complete X.509 stack that can handle CMS messages
(crypto system used in S/MIME and Kerberos PK-INIT) and basic
certificate processing tasks, path construction, path validation, OCSP
and CRL validation, PKCS10 message construction, CMS Encrypted (shared
secret encrypted), CMS SignedData (certificate signed), and CMS
EnvelopedData (certificate encrypted).

hx509 can use PKCS11 tokens, PKCS12 files, PEM files, DER encoded files.

@node What is X.509 ?, Setting up a CA, Introduction, Top
@chapter What is X.509, PKIX, PKCS7 and CMS ? 

X.509 is from the beginning created by CCITT (later ITU) for the X.500
directory service. But today when people are talking about X.509 they
are commonly referring to IETF's PKIX Certificate and CRL Profile of the
X.509 v3 certificate standard, as specified in RFC 3280.

ITU continues to develop the X.509 standard together in a complicated
dance with IETF.

X.509 is public key based security system that have associated data
stored within a so called certificate. From the beginning X.509 was a
strict hierarchical system with one root. This didn't not work so over
time X.509 got support for multiple policy roots, bridges, and mesh
solutions. You can even use it as a peer to peer system, but this is not
very common.

@section Type of certificates

There are several flavors of certificate in X.509.

@itemize @bullet

@item Trust anchors

Trust anchors are strictly not certificate, but commonly stored in
certificate since they are easier to handle then. Trust anchor are the
keys that you trust to validate other certificate. This is done by
building a path from the certificate you wan to validate to to any of
the trust anchors you have.

@item End Entity (EE) certificates

End entity certificates is the most common type of certificate. End
entity certificates can't issue certificate them-self and is used to
authenticate and authorize user and services.

@item Certification Authority (CA) certificates

Certificate authority are certificates that have the right to issue
other certificate, they may be End entity certificates or Certificate
Authority certificates. There is no limit to how many certificates a CA
may issue, but there might other restrictions, like the maximum path
depth.

@item Proxy certificates

Remember that End Entity can't issue certificates by them own, it's not
really true. There there is an extension called proxy certificates,
defined in RFC3820, that allows certificates to be issued by end entity
certificates. The service that receives the proxy certificates must have
explicitly turned on support for proxy certificates, so their use is
somewhat limited.

Proxy certificates can be limited by policy stored in the certificate to
what they can be used for. This allows users to delegate the proxy
certificate to services (by sending over the certificate and private
key) so the service can access services on behalf of the user.

One example of this would be a print service. The user wants to print a
large job in the middle of the night when the printer isn't used that
much, so the user creates a proxy certificate with the policy that it
can only be used to access files related to this print job, creates the
print job description and send both the description and proxy
certificate with key over to print service. Later at night will the
print service, without the help of the user, access the files for the
the print job using the proxy certificate and print the job. Because of
the policy (limitation) in the proxy certificate, it can't be used for
any other purposes.

@end itemize

@section Building a path

Before validating a path the path must be constructed. Given a
certificate (EE, CA, Proxy, or any other type), the path construction
algorithm will try to find a path to one of the trust anchors.

It start with looking at whom issued the certificate, by name or Key
Identifier, and tries to find that certificate while at the same time
evaluates the policy.

@node Setting up a CA, Creating a CA certificate, What is X.509 ?, Top
@chapter Setting up a CA

Do not let this chapter scare you off, it's just to give you an idea how
to complicated setting up a CA can be. If you are just playing around,
skip all this and go to the next chapter, @pxref{Creating a CA
certificate}.

Creating a CA certificate should be more the just creating a
certificate, there is the policy of the CA. If it's just you and your
friend that is playing around then it probably doesn't matter what the
policy is. But then it comes to trust in an organisation, it will
probably matter more whom your users and sysadmins will find it
acceptable to trust.

At the same time, try to keep thing simple, it's not very hard to run a
Certificate authority and the process to get new certificates should
simple.

Fill all this in later.

How do you trust your CA.

What is the CA responsibility.

Review of CA activity.

How much process should it be to issue certificate.

Who is allowed to issue certificates.

Who is allowed to requests certificates.

How to handle certificate revocation, issuing CRLs and maintain OCSP
services.

@node Creating a CA certificate, Issuing certificates, Setting up a CA, Top
@section Creating a CA certificate

This section describes how to create a CA certificate and what to think
about.

@subsection Lifetime CA certificate

You probably want to create a CA certificate with a long lifetime, 10
years at the shortest. This because you don't want to push out the
certificate (as a trust anchor) to all you users once again when the old
one just expired. A trust anchor can't really expire, but not all
software works that way.

Keep in mind the security requirements might be different 10-20 years
into the future. For example, SHA1 is going to be withdrawn in 2010, so
make sure you have enough buffering in your choice of digest/hash
algorithms, signature algorithms and key lengths.

@subsection Create a CA certificate

This command below will create a CA certificate in the file ca.pem.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
    --self-signed \
    --issue-ca \
    --generate-key=rsa \
    --subject="CN=CertificateAuthority,DC=test,DC=h5l,DC=se" \
    --lifetime=10years \
    --certificate="FILE:ca.pem"
@end example

@subsection Extending lifetime of a CA certificate

You just realised that your CA certificate is going to expire soon and
that you need replace it with something else, the easiest way to do that
is to extend the lifetime of your CA certificate.

The example below will extend the CA certificate 10 years into the
future. You should compare this new certificate if it contains all the
special tweaks as the old certificate had.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
    --self-signed \
    --issue-ca \
    --lifetime="10years" \
    --template-certificate="FILE:ca.pem" \
    --template-fields="serialNumber,notBefore,subject,SPKI" \
    --ca-private-key=FILE:ca.pem \
    --certificate="FILE:new-ca.pem"
@end example

@subsection Subordinate CA

This example create a new subordinate certificate authority.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
    --ca-certificate=FILE:ca.pem \
    --issue-ca \
    --generate-key=rsa \
    --subject="CN=CertificateAuthority,DC=dev,DC=test,DC=h5l,DC=se" \
    --certificate="FILE:dev-ca.pem"
@end example


@node Issuing certificates, Issuing CRLs, Creating a CA certificate, Top
@section Issuing certificates

First you'll create a CA certificate, after that you have to deal with
your users and servers and issue certificate to them.

CA can generate the key for the user.

Can receive PKCS10 certificate requests from the users. PKCS10 is a
request for a certificate. The user can specified what DN the user wants
and what public key. To prove the user have the key, the whole request
is signed by the private key of the user.

@subsection Name space management

What people might want to see.

Re-issue certificates just because people moved within the organization.

Expose privacy information.

Using Sub-component name (+ notation).

@subsection Certificate Revocation, CRL and OCSP

Sonetimes people loose smartcard or computers and certificates have to
be make not valid any more, this is called revoking certificates. There
are two main protocols for doing this Certificate Revocations Lists
(CRL) and Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP).

If you know that the certificate is destroyed then there is no need to
revoke the certificate because it can not be used by someone else.

The main reason you as a CA administrator have to deal with CRLs however
will be that some software require there to be CRLs. Example of this is
Windows, so you have to deal with this somehow.

@node Issuing CRLs, Application requirements, Issuing certificates, Top
@section Issuing CRLs

Create an empty CRL with not certificates revoked. Default expiration
value is one year from now.

@example
hxtool crl-sign \
        --crl-file=crl.der \
        --signer=FILE:ca.pem
@end example

Create a CRL with all certificates in the directory
@file{/path/to/revoked/dir} included in the CRL as revoked.  Also make
it expire one month from now.

@example
hxtool crl-sign \
        --crl-file=crl.der \
        --signer=FILE:ca.pem \
        --lifetime='1 month' \
        DIR:/path/to/revoked/dir
@end example

@node Application requirements, CMS signing and encryption, Issuing CRLs, Top
@section Application requirements

Application have different requirements on certificates. This section
tries to expand what they are and how to use hxtool to generate
certificates for those services.

@subsection HTTPS - server

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
          --subject="CN=www.test.h5l.se,DC=test,DC=h5l,DC=se" \
          --type="https-server" \
          --hostname="www.test.h5l.se" \
          --hostname="www2.test.h5l.se" \
          ...
@end example

@subsection HTTPS - client

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
          --subject="UID=testus,DC=test,DC=h5l,DC=se" \
          --type="https-client" \
          ...
@end example

@subsection S/MIME - email

There are two things that should be set in S/MIME certificates, one or
more email addresses and an extended eku usage (EKU), emailProtection.

The email address format used in S/MIME certificates is defined in
RFC2822, section 3.4.1 and it should be an ``addr-spec''.

There are two ways to specifify email address in certificates. The old
ways is in the subject distinguished name, this should not be used. The
new way is using a Subject Alternative Name (SAN).

But even though email address is stored in certificates, they don't need
to, email reader programs are required to accept certificates that
doesn't have either of the two methods of storing email in certificates.
In that case, they try to protect the user by printing the name of the
certificate instead.

S/MIME certificate can be used in another special way. They can be
issued with a NULL subject distinguished name plus the email in SAN,
this is a valid certificate. This is used when you wont want to share
more information then you need to.

hx509 issue-certificate supports adding the email SAN to certificate by
using the --email option, --email also gives an implicit emailProtection
eku. If you want to create an certificate without an email address, the
option --type=email will add the emailProtection EKU.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
          --subject="UID=testus-email,DC=test,DC=h5l,DC=se" \
          --type=email \
          --email="testus@@test.h5l.se" \
          ...
@end example

An example of an certificate without and subject distinguished name with
an email address in a SAN.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
          --subject="" \
          --type=email \
          --email="testus@@test.h5l.se" \
          ...
@end example

@subsection PK-INIT

How to create a certificate for a KDC.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
    --type="pkinit-kdc" \
    --pk-init-principal="krbtgt/TEST.H5L.SE@@TEST.H5L.SE" \
    --hostname kerberos.test.h5l.se \
    --hostname pal.test.h5l.se \
    ...
@end example

How to create a certificate for a user.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
    --type="pkinit-client" \
    --pk-init-principal="user@@TEST.H5L.SE" \
    ...
@end example

@subsection XMPP/Jabber

The jabber server certificate should have a dNSname that is the same as
the user entered into the application, not the same as the host name of
the machine.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
          --subject="CN=xmpp1.test.h5l.se,DC=test,DC=h5l,DC=se" \
          --hostname="xmpp1.test.h5l.se" \
          --hostname="test.h5l.se" \
          ...
@end example

The certificate may also contain a jabber identifier (JID) that, if the
receiver allows it, authorises the server or client to use that JID.

When storing a JID inside the certificate, both for server and client,
it's stored inside a UTF8String within an otherName entity inside the
subjectAltName, using the OID id-on-xmppAddr (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.8.5).

To read more about the requirements, see RFC3920, Extensible Messaging
and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core.

hxtool issue-certificate have support to add jid to the certificate
using the option @kbd{--jid}.

@example
hxtool issue-certificate \
          --subject="CN=Love,DC=test,DC=h5l,DC=se" \
          --jid="lha@@test.h5l.se" \
          ...
@end example


@node CMS signing and encryption, CMS background, Application requirements, Top
@chapter CMS signing and encryption

CMS is the Cryptographic Message System that among other, is used by
S/MIME (secure email) and Kerberos PK-INIT. It's an extended version of
the RSA, Inc standard PKCS7.

@node CMS background, , CMS signing and encryption, Top
@section CMS background


@c @shortcontents
@contents

@bye