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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
76 device special files managed by
79 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
81 file descriptor files;
91 system configuration files and scripts
93 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
95 default system configuration files;
99 bluetooth configuration files
101 gnats configuration files;
105 local timezone information;
109 Sendmail control files
111 mtree configuration files;
115 named configuration files;
119 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
122 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
127 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
131 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
135 ppp configuration files;
139 OpenSSH configuration files;
143 OpenSSL configuration files
146 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
151 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
153 class-specific libraries for the
158 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
163 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
164 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
167 empty directory commonly used by
168 system administrators as a temporary mount point
174 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
178 root's HOME directory
180 system programs and administration utilities
181 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
183 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
185 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
187 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
189 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
191 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
196 useful and semi-frivolous programs
198 standard C include files
200 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
202 C include files for alternate queueing
204 C include files for Internet service protocols
206 C include files for the SNMP daemon
210 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
211 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
213 The SCSI device on top of CAM
216 C include files for programming various
219 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
221 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
224 Open Firmware support
230 The parallel port bus;
236 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
245 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
247 per-process file descriptors file system
272 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
288 ISC utility library libisc include files
290 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
295 C include files for libmilter,
300 machine-specific C include files
302 miscellaneous network C include files
306 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
310 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
314 kernel key-management service;
318 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
323 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
325 include files for the signalling API
327 include files that describe signalling messages and
328 declare associated functions
330 include files for the signalling AAL layer
332 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
337 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
339 Objective C include files
341 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
345 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
347 get a line from a user, with editing;
351 remote procedure calls;
355 definition of RPC service structures; see
361 system C include files (kernel data structures)
366 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
373 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
374 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
390 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
392 a.out archive libraries
394 shared libraries for compatibility
395 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
397 a.out backward compatibility libraries
400 DTrace library scripts
402 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
406 miscellaneous utility data files
407 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
416 various prebuilt lint libraries;
422 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
423 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
425 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
427 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
429 utilities and filters for LP print system;
446 local executables, libraries, etc.
447 Also used as the default destination for the
450 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
454 Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
455 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
456 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
458 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
462 ports collection (optional).
464 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
466 architecture-independent files
468 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
470 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
478 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
481 terms, proper names, and jargon
485 words from Webster's 2nd International
493 miscellaneous documentation;
494 source for most of the printed
500 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
502 Frequently Asked Questions
504 implementation notes for IPv6
506 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
508 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
513 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
515 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
517 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
521 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
525 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
527 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
529 UNIX System Manager's Manual
534 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
536 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
540 various examples for users and programmers
542 ASCII text files used by various games
544 device description file for device name
546 GNU Info hypertext system
554 macros for use with the me macro package;
558 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
559 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
563 terminal characteristics database;
572 national language support files;
576 data files for security policies such as
584 (dot) files for new accounts
586 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
587 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
589 Tree definition files for use with
595 files used by syscons;
598 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
606 console keyboard maps;
615 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
620 text processing macros;
626 localization support and utilities for
629 timezone configuration information;
635 third-party, and/or local source files
637 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
639 source code for files in /bin
641 source code for contributed software
643 source code for contributed cryptography software
645 source code for files in /etc
647 source code for files in /usr/games
649 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
651 source code for files in /usr/include
653 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
655 source code for files in /usr/lib
657 source code for files in /usr/libexec
659 files required to produce a
663 source code for files in /sbin
665 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
667 source for files in /usr/share
671 tools used for maintenance and testing of
674 source code for files in /usr/bin
676 source code for files in /usr/sbin
680 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
682 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
684 system accounting files
686 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
688 execution accounting file;
694 timed command scheduling files;
697 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
699 directory containing job files
701 directory containing output spool files
705 miscellaneous backup files
707 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
715 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
723 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
725 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
728 for privilege separation.
730 miscellaneous game status and score files
732 kerberos server databases; see
735 miscellaneous system log files
737 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
747 system messages database;
751 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
756 file system quota information files
758 system information files describing various info about
759 system since it was booted
761 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
770 group for command connection sockets; see
773 database of current users;
786 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
788 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
790 undelivered submission mail queue;
794 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
796 undelivered mail queue;
800 line printer spooling directories
804 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
805 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
807 the directory where recovery files are stored
814 This manual page documents the default
816 file system layout, but
817 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
818 administrator's discretion.
819 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
836 manual page appeared in