2 .\" Copyright (c) 2012, Martin Matuska <mm@FreeBSD.org>.
3 .\" Copyright (c) 2013-2014, Xin Li <delphij@FreeBSD.org>.
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34 .Nd configures ZFS storage pools
45 .Ar pool device new_device
54 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
56 .Op Fl O Ar file-system-property Ns = Ns Ar value
58 .Op Fl m Ar mountpoint
75 .Op Fl o Ar field Ns Op , Ns Ar ...
76 .Ar all | property Ns Op , Ns Ar ...
85 .Op Fl d Ar dir | Fl c Ar cachefile
90 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
92 .Op Fl d Ar dir | Fl c Ar cachefile
103 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
105 .Op Fl d Ar dir | Fl c Ar cachefile
116 .Op Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
127 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns Op , Ns Ar ...
128 .Op Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
131 .Op Ar inverval Op Ar count
160 .Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value pool
166 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
172 .Op Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
175 .Op Ar interval Op Ar count
188 storage pools. A storage pool is a collection of devices that provides physical
189 storage and data replication for
193 All datasets within a storage pool share the same space. See
195 for information on managing datasets.
196 .Ss Virtual Devices (vdevs)
200 describes a single device or a collection of devices organized according to
201 certain performance and fault characteristics. The following virtual devices
203 .Bl -tag -width "XXXXXX"
205 A block device, typically located under
208 can use individual slices or partitions, though the recommended mode of
209 operation is to use whole disks. A disk can be specified by a full path to the
212 provider name. When given a whole disk,
214 automatically labels the disk, if necessary.
216 A regular file. The use of files as a backing store is strongly discouraged. It
217 is designed primarily for experimental purposes, as the fault tolerance of a
218 file is only as good the file system of which it is a part. A file must be
219 specified by a full path.
221 A mirror of two or more devices. Data is replicated in an identical fashion
222 across all components of a mirror. A mirror with
228 bytes and can withstand
230 devices failing before data integrity is compromised.
233 .Sy raidz1 raidz2 raidz3 ) .
236 that allows for better distribution of parity and eliminates the
238 write hole (in which data and parity become inconsistent after a power loss).
239 Data and parity is striped across all disks within a
245 group can have single-, double- , or triple parity, meaning that the
247 group can sustain one, two, or three failures, respectively, without
250 type specifies a single-parity
254 type specifies a double-parity
258 type specifies a triple-parity
273 parity disks can hold approximately
278 bytes and can withstand
280 device(s) failing before data integrity is compromised. The minimum number of
283 group is one more than the number of parity disks. The
284 recommended number is between 3 and 9 to help increase performance.
287 .No pseudo- Ns No vdev
288 which keeps track of available hot spares for a pool.
289 For more information, see the
293 A separate-intent log device. If more than one log device is specified, then
294 writes are load-balanced between devices. Log devices can be mirrored. However,
297 types are not supported for the intent log. For more information,
302 A device used to cache storage pool data. A cache device cannot be configured
305 group. For more information, see the
310 Virtual devices cannot be nested, so a mirror or
312 virtual device can only
313 contain files or disks. Mirrors of mirrors (or other combinations) are not
316 A pool can have any number of virtual devices at the top of the configuration
320 Data is dynamically distributed across all top-level devices to balance data
321 among devices. As new virtual devices are added,
323 automatically places data on the newly available devices.
325 Virtual devices are specified one at a time on the command line, separated by
326 whitespace. The keywords
330 are used to distinguish where a group ends and another begins. For example, the
331 following creates two root
333 each a mirror of two disks:
334 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
335 .Li # Ic zpool create mypool mirror da0 da1 mirror da2 da3
337 .Ss Device Failure and Recovery
339 supports a rich set of mechanisms for handling device failure and data
340 corruption. All metadata and data is checksummed, and
342 automatically repairs bad data from a good copy when corruption is detected.
344 In order to take advantage of these features, a pool must make use of some form
345 of redundancy, using either mirrored or
349 supports running in a non-redundant configuration, where each root
351 is simply a disk or file, this is strongly discouraged. A single case of bit
352 corruption can render some or all of your data unavailable.
354 A pool's health status is described by one of three states: online, degraded,
355 or faulted. An online pool has all devices operating normally. A degraded pool
356 is one in which one or more devices have failed, but the data is still
357 available due to a redundant configuration. A faulted pool has corrupted
358 metadata, or one or more faulted devices, and insufficient replicas to continue
361 The health of the top-level
366 potentially impacted by the state of its associated
368 or component devices. A top-level
370 or component device is in one of the following states:
371 .Bl -tag -width "DEGRADED"
373 One or more top-level
375 is in the degraded state because one or more
376 component devices are offline. Sufficient replicas exist to continue
379 One or more component devices is in the degraded or faulted state, but
380 sufficient replicas exist to continue functioning. The underlying conditions
382 .Bl -bullet -offset 2n
384 The number of checksum errors exceeds acceptable levels and the device is
385 degraded as an indication that something may be wrong.
387 continues to use the device as necessary.
391 errors exceeds acceptable levels. The device could not be
392 marked as faulted because there are insufficient replicas to continue
396 One or more top-level
398 is in the faulted state because one or more
399 component devices are offline. Insufficient replicas exist to continue
402 One or more component devices is in the faulted state, and insufficient
403 replicas exist to continue functioning. The underlying conditions are as
405 .Bl -bullet -offset 2n
407 The device could be opened, but the contents did not match expected values.
411 errors exceeds acceptable levels and the device is faulted to
412 prevent further use of the device.
415 The device was explicitly taken offline by the
419 The device is online and functioning.
421 The device was physically removed while the system was running. Device removal
422 detection is hardware-dependent and may not be supported on all platforms.
424 The device could not be opened. If a pool is imported when a device was
425 unavailable, then the device will be identified by a unique identifier instead
426 of its path since the path was never correct in the first place.
429 If a device is removed and later reattached to the system,
431 attempts to put the device online automatically. Device attach detection is
432 hardware-dependent and might not be supported on all platforms.
435 allows devices to be associated with pools as
437 These devices are not actively used in the pool, but when an active device
438 fails, it is automatically replaced by a hot spare. To create a pool with hot
442 with any number of devices. For example,
443 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
444 .Li # Ic zpool create pool mirror da0 da1 spare da2 da3
447 Spares can be shared across multiple pools, and can be added with the
449 command and removed with the
451 command. Once a spare replacement is initiated, a new "spare"
454 within the configuration that will remain there until the original device is
455 replaced. At this point, the hot spare becomes available again if another
458 If a pool has a shared spare that is currently being used, the pool can not be
459 exported since other pools may use this shared spare, which may lead to
460 potential data corruption.
462 An in-progress spare replacement can be cancelled by detaching the hot spare.
463 If the original faulted device is detached, then the hot spare assumes its
464 place in the configuration, and is removed from the spare list of all active
467 Spares cannot replace log devices.
475 requirements for synchronous transactions. For instance, databases often
476 require their transactions to be on stable storage devices when returning from
479 and other applications can also use
481 to ensure data stability. By default, the intent log is allocated from blocks
482 within the main pool. However, it might be possible to get better performance
483 using separate intent log devices such as
485 or a dedicated disk. For example:
486 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
487 .Li # Ic zpool create pool da0 da1 log da2
490 Multiple log devices can also be specified, and they can be mirrored. See the
492 section for an example of mirroring multiple log devices.
494 Log devices can be added, replaced, attached, detached, imported and exported
495 as part of the larger pool. Mirrored log devices can be removed by specifying
496 the top-level mirror for the log.
498 Devices can be added to a storage pool as "cache devices." These devices
499 provide an additional layer of caching between main memory and disk. For
500 read-heavy workloads, where the working set size is much larger than what can
501 be cached in main memory, using cache devices allow much more of this working
502 set to be served from low latency media. Using cache devices provides the
503 greatest performance improvement for random read-workloads of mostly static
506 To create a pool with cache devices, specify a "cache"
508 with any number of devices. For example:
509 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
510 .Li # Ic zpool create pool da0 da1 cache da2 da3
513 Cache devices cannot be mirrored or part of a
515 configuration. If a read
516 error is encountered on a cache device, that read
518 is reissued to the original storage pool device, which might be part of a
523 The content of the cache devices is considered volatile, as is the case with
526 Each pool has several properties associated with it. Some properties are
527 read-only statistics while others are configurable and change the behavior of
528 the pool. The following are read-only properties:
529 .Bl -tag -width "dedupratio"
531 Amount of storage space within the pool that has been physically allocated.
533 Percentage of pool space used. This property can also be referred to by its
534 shortened column name, "cap".
536 A text string consisting of printable ASCII characters that will be stored
537 such that it is available even if the pool becomes faulted. An administrator
538 can provide additional information about a pool using this property.
540 The deduplication ratio specified for a pool, expressed as a multiplier.
543 value of 1.76 indicates that 1.76 units of data were stored but only 1 unit of disk space was actually consumed. See
545 for a description of the deduplication feature.
547 Number of blocks within the pool that are not allocated.
549 After a file system or snapshot is destroyed, the space it was using is
550 returned to the pool asynchronously.
552 is the amount of space remaining to be reclaimed.
559 This property has currently no value on FreeBSD.
561 A unique identifier for the pool.
563 The current health of the pool. Health can be
572 Total size of the storage pool.
573 .It Sy unsupported@ Ns Ar feature_guid
574 Information about unsupported features that are enabled on the pool.
579 Amount of storage space used within the pool.
582 The space usage properties report actual physical space available to the
583 storage pool. The physical space can be different from the total amount of
584 space that any contained datasets can actually use. The amount of space used in
587 configuration depends on the characteristics of the data being written.
590 reserves some space for internal accounting that the
592 command takes into account, but the
594 command does not. For non-full pools of a reasonable size, these effects should
595 be invisible. For small pools, or pools that are close to being completely
596 full, these discrepancies may become more noticeable.
598 The following property can be set at creation time and import time:
601 Alternate root directory. If set, this directory is prepended to any mount
602 points within the pool. This can be used when examining an unknown pool where
603 the mount points cannot be trusted, or in an alternate boot environment, where
604 the typical paths are not valid.
606 is not a persistent property. It is valid only while the system is up.
611 though this may be overridden using an explicit setting.
614 The following property can only be set at import time:
616 .It Sy readonly Ns = Ns Cm on No | Cm off
619 pool will be imported in read-only mode with the following restrictions:
620 .Bl -bullet -offset 2n
622 Synchronous data in the intent log will not be accessible
624 Properties of the pool can not be changed
626 Datasets of this pool can only be mounted read-only
628 To write to a read-only pool, a export and import of the pool is required.
631 This property can also be referred to by its shortened column name,
635 The following properties can be set at creation time and import time, and later
640 .It Sy autoexpand Ns = Ns Cm on No | Cm off
641 Controls automatic pool expansion when the underlying LUN is grown. If set to
643 the pool will be resized according to the size of the expanded
644 device. If the device is part of a mirror or
646 then all devices within that
647 .No mirror/ Ns No raidz
648 group must be expanded before the new space is made available to
649 the pool. The default behavior is
651 This property can also be referred to by its shortened column name,
653 .It Sy autoreplace Ns = Ns Cm on No | Cm off
654 Controls automatic device replacement. If set to
656 device replacement must be initiated by the administrator by using the
660 any new device, found in the same
661 physical location as a device that previously belonged to the pool, is
662 automatically formatted and replaced. The default behavior is
664 This property can also be referred to by its shortened column name, "replace".
665 .It Sy bootfs Ns = Ns Ar pool Ns / Ns Ar dataset
666 Identifies the default bootable dataset for the root pool. This property is
667 expected to be set mainly by the installation and upgrade programs.
668 .It Sy cachefile Ns = Ns Ar path No | Cm none
669 Controls the location of where the pool configuration is cached. Discovering
670 all pools on system startup requires a cached copy of the configuration data
671 that is stored on the root file system. All pools in this cache are
672 automatically imported when the system boots. Some environments, such as
673 install and clustering, need to cache this information in a different location
674 so that pools are not automatically imported. Setting this property caches the
675 pool configuration in a different location that can later be imported with
676 .Qq Nm Cm import Fl c .
677 Setting it to the special value
679 creates a temporary pool that is never cached, and the special value
681 (empty string) uses the default location.
682 .It Sy comment Ns = Ns Ar text
683 A text string consisting of printable ASCII characters that will be stored
684 such that it is available even if the pool becomes faulted.
685 An administrator can provide additional information about a pool using this
687 .It Sy dedupditto Ns = Ns Ar number
688 Threshold for the number of block ditto copies. If the reference count for a
689 deduplicated block increases above this number, a new ditto copy of this block
690 is automatically stored. Default setting is
692 which causes no ditto copies to be created for deduplicated blocks.
693 The miniumum legal nonzero setting is 100.
694 .It Sy delegation Ns = Ns Cm on No | Cm off
695 Controls whether a non-privileged user is granted access based on the dataset
696 permissions defined on the dataset. See
698 for more information on
700 delegated administration.
701 .It Sy failmode Ns = Ns Cm wait No | Cm continue No | Cm panic
702 Controls the system behavior in the event of catastrophic pool failure. This
703 condition is typically a result of a loss of connectivity to the underlying
704 storage device(s) or a failure of all devices within the pool. The behavior of
705 such an event is determined as follows:
706 .Bl -tag -width indent
710 access until the device connectivity is recovered and the errors are cleared.
711 This is the default behavior.
717 requests but allows reads to any of the remaining healthy devices. Any write
718 requests that have yet to be committed to disk would be blocked.
720 Prints out a message to the console and generates a system crash dump.
722 .It Sy feature@ Ns Ar feature_name Ns = Ns Sy enabled
723 The value of this property is the current state of
725 The only valid value when setting this property is
729 to the enabled state.
732 for details on feature states.
733 .It Sy listsnaps Ns = Ns Cm on No | Cm off
734 Controls whether information about snapshots associated with this pool is
739 option. The default value is
741 .It Sy version Ns = Ns Ar version
742 The current on-disk version of the pool. This can be increased, but never
743 decreased. The preferred method of updating pools is with the
745 command, though this property can be used when a specific version is needed
746 for backwards compatibility.
747 Once feature flags is enabled on a pool this property will no longer have a
751 All subcommands that modify state are logged persistently to the pool in their
756 command provides subcommands to create and destroy storage pools, add capacity
757 to storage pools, and provide information about the storage pools. The following
758 subcommands are supported:
765 Displays a help message.
773 Adds the specified virtual devices to the given pool. The
775 specification is described in the
776 .Qq Sx Virtual Devices
777 section. The behavior of the
779 option, and the device checks performed are described in the
782 .Bl -tag -width indent
786 even if they appear in use or specify a conflicting replication level.
787 Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.
789 Displays the configuration that would be used without actually adding the
791 The actual pool creation can still fail due to insufficient privileges or device
794 Do not add a disk that is currently configured as a quorum device to a zpool.
795 After a disk is in the pool, that disk can then be configured as a quorum
802 .Ar pool device new_device
809 device. The existing device cannot be part of a
813 is not currently part of a mirrored configuration,
815 automatically transforms into a two-way mirror of
816 .Ar device No and Ar new_device .
819 is part of a two-way mirror, attaching
821 creates a three-way mirror, and so on. In either case,
823 begins to resilver immediately.
824 .Bl -tag -width indent
828 even if its appears to be in use. Not all devices can be overridden in this
839 Clears device errors in a pool. If no arguments are specified, all device
840 errors within the pool are cleared. If one or more devices is specified, only
841 those errors associated with the specified device or devices are cleared.
842 .Bl -tag -width indent
844 Initiates recovery mode for an unopenable pool. Attempts to discard the last
845 few transactions in the pool to return it to an openable state. Not all damaged
846 pools can be recovered by using this option. If successful, the data from the
847 discarded transactions is irretrievably lost.
849 Used in combination with the
851 flag. Check whether discarding transactions would make the pool openable, but
852 do not actually discard any transactions.
858 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
860 .Op Fl O Ar file-system-property Ns = Ns Ar value
862 .Op Fl m Ar mountpoint
867 Creates a new storage pool containing the virtual devices specified on the
868 command line. The pool name must begin with a letter, and can only contain
869 alphanumeric characters as well as underscore ("_"), dash ("-"), and period
870 ("."). The pool names "mirror", "raidz", "spare" and "log" are reserved, as are
871 names beginning with the pattern "c[0-9]". The
873 specification is described in the
874 .Qq Sx Virtual Devices
877 The command verifies that each device specified is accessible and not currently
878 in use by another subsystem. There are some uses, such as being currently
879 mounted, or specified as the dedicated dump device, that prevents a device from
882 Other uses, such as having a preexisting
884 file system, can be overridden with the
888 The command also checks that the replication strategy for the pool is
889 consistent. An attempt to combine redundant and non-redundant storage in a
890 single pool, or to mix disks and files, results in an error unless
892 is specified. The use of differently sized devices within a single
894 or mirror group is also flagged as an error unless
900 option is specified, the default mount point is
902 The mount point must not exist or must be empty, or else the
903 root dataset cannot be mounted. This can be overridden with the
907 By default all supported features are enabled on the new pool unless the
910 .Bl -tag -width indent
914 even if they appear in use or specify a conflicting replication level.
915 Not all devices can be overridden in this manner.
917 Displays the configuration that would be used without actually creating the
918 pool. The actual pool creation can still fail due to insufficient privileges or
921 Do not enable any features on the new pool.
922 Individual features can be enabled by setting their corresponding properties
930 for details about feature properties.
932 .Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
933 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
936 Sets the given pool properties. See the
938 section for a list of valid properties that can be set.
941 .Ar file-system-property Ns = Ns Ar value
942 .Op Fl O Ar file-system-property Ns = Ns Ar value
945 Sets the given file system properties in the root file system of the pool. See
947 for a list of valid properties that
951 .Qq Fl o Cm cachefile=none,altroot= Ns Pa root
952 .It Fl m Ar mountpoint
953 Sets the mount point for the root dataset. The default mount point is
956 .Qq Cm altroot Ns Pa /pool
959 is specified. The mount point must be an absolute path,
963 For more information on dataset mount points, see
973 Destroys the given pool, freeing up any devices for other use. This command
974 tries to unmount any active datasets before destroying the pool.
975 .Bl -tag -width indent
977 Forces any active datasets contained within the pool to be unmounted.
987 from a mirror. The operation is refused if there are no other valid replicas
996 Exports the given pools from the system. All devices are marked as exported,
997 but are still considered in use by other subsystems. The devices can be moved
998 between systems (even those of different endianness) and imported as long as a
999 sufficient number of devices are present.
1001 Before exporting the pool, all datasets within the pool are unmounted. A pool
1002 can not be exported if it has a shared spare that is currently being used.
1004 For pools to be portable, you must give the
1006 command whole disks, not just slices, so that
1008 can label the disks with portable
1010 labels. Otherwise, disk drivers on platforms of different endianness will not
1011 recognize the disks.
1012 .Bl -tag -width indent
1014 Forcefully unmount all datasets, using the
1018 This command will forcefully export the pool even if it has a shared spare that
1019 is currently being used. This may lead to potential data corruption.
1025 .Op Fl o Ar field Ns Op , Ns Ar ...
1026 .Ar all | property Ns Op , Ns Ar ...
1030 Retrieves the given list of properties (or all properties if
1032 is used) for the specified storage pool(s). These properties are displayed with
1033 the following fields:
1034 .Bl -column -offset indent "property"
1035 .It name Ta Name of storage pool
1036 .It property Ta Property name
1037 .It value Ta Property value
1038 .It source Ta Property source, either 'default' or 'local'.
1043 section for more information on the available pool properties.
1046 Scripted mode. Do not display headers, and separate fields by a single tab
1047 instead of arbitrary space.
1049 Display numbers in parsable (exact) values.
1051 A comma-separated list of columns to display.
1053 .Sy property Ns , Ns
1056 is the default value.
1065 Displays the command history of the specified pools or all pools if no pool is
1067 .Bl -tag -width indent
1069 Displays internally logged
1071 events in addition to user initiated events.
1073 Displays log records in long format, which in addition to standard format
1074 includes, the user name, the hostname, and the zone in which the operation was
1080 .Op Fl d Ar dir | Fl c Ar cachefile
1084 Lists pools available to import. If the
1086 option is not specified, this command searches for devices in
1090 option can be specified multiple times, and all directories are searched. If
1091 the device appears to be part of an exported pool, this command displays a
1092 summary of the pool with the name of the pool, a numeric identifier, as well as
1095 layout and current health of the device for each device or file.
1096 Destroyed pools, pools that were previously destroyed with the
1098 command, are not listed unless the
1100 option is specified.
1102 The numeric identifier is unique, and can be used instead of the pool name when
1103 multiple exported pools of the same name are available.
1104 .Bl -tag -width indent
1105 .It Fl c Ar cachefile
1106 Reads configuration from the given
1108 that was created with the
1112 is used instead of searching for devices.
1114 Searches for devices or files in
1118 option can be specified multiple times.
1120 Lists destroyed pools only.
1126 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
1128 .Op Fl d Ar dir | Fl c Ar cachefile
1138 Imports all pools found in the search directories. Identical to the previous
1139 command, except that all pools with a sufficient number of devices available
1140 are imported. Destroyed pools, pools that were previously destroyed with the
1142 command, will not be imported unless the
1144 option is specified.
1145 .Bl -tag -width indent
1147 Comma-separated list of mount options to use when mounting datasets within the
1150 for a description of dataset properties and mount options.
1151 .It Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
1152 Sets the specified property on the imported pool. See the
1154 section for more information on the available pool properties.
1155 .It Fl c Ar cachefile
1156 Reads configuration from the given
1158 that was created with the
1162 is used instead of searching for devices.
1164 Searches for devices or files in
1168 option can be specified multiple times. This option is incompatible with the
1172 Imports destroyed pools only. The
1174 option is also required.
1176 Forces import, even if the pool appears to be potentially active.
1178 Allows a pool to import when there is a missing log device. Recent transactions
1179 can be lost because the log device will be discarded.
1181 Import the pool without mounting any file systems.
1192 Recovery mode for a non-importable pool. Attempt to return the pool to an
1193 importable state by discarding the last few transactions. Not all damaged pools
1194 can be recovered by using this option. If successful, the data from the
1195 discarded transactions is irretrievably lost. This option is ignored if the
1196 pool is importable or already imported.
1200 recovery option. Determines whether a non-importable pool can be made
1201 importable again, but does not actually perform the pool recovery. For more
1202 details about pool recovery mode, see the
1206 Searches for and imports all pools found.
1212 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
1214 .Op Fl d Ar dir | Fl c Ar cachefile
1225 Imports a specific pool. A pool can be identified by its name or the numeric
1228 is specified, the pool is imported using the name
1230 Otherwise, it is imported with the same name as its exported name.
1232 If a device is removed from a system without running
1234 first, the device appears as potentially active. It cannot be determined if
1235 this was a failed export, or whether the device is really in use from another
1236 host. To import a pool in this state, the
1239 .Bl -tag -width indent
1241 Comma-separated list of mount options to use when mounting datasets within the
1244 for a description of dataset properties and mount options.
1245 .It Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
1246 Sets the specified property on the imported pool. See the
1248 section for more information on the available pool properties.
1249 .It Fl c Ar cachefile
1250 Reads configuration from the given
1252 that was created with the
1256 is used instead of searching for devices.
1258 Searches for devices or files in
1262 option can be specified multiple times. This option is incompatible with the
1266 Imports destroyed pools only. The
1268 option is also required.
1270 Forces import, even if the pool appears to be potentially active.
1272 Allows a pool to import when there is a missing log device. Recent transactions
1273 can be lost because the log device will be discarded.
1275 Import the pool without mounting any file systems.
1278 .Qq Fl o Cm cachefile=none,altroot= Ns Pa root
1280 Recovery mode for a non-importable pool. Attempt to return the pool to an
1281 importable state by discarding the last few transactions. Not all damaged pools
1282 can be recovered by using this option. If successful, the data from the
1283 discarded transactions is irretrievably lost. This option is ignored if the
1284 pool is importable or already imported.
1288 recovery option. Determines whether a non-importable pool can be made
1289 importable again, but does not actually perform the pool recovery. For more
1290 details about pool recovery mode, see the
1297 .Op Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
1301 .Op Ar interval Op Ar count
1306 statistics for the given pools. When given an interval, the statistics are
1313 are specified, statistics for every pool in the system is shown. If
1315 is specified, the command exits after
1317 reports are printed.
1318 .Bl -tag -width indent
1319 .It Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
1324 for standard date format. See
1329 .Pq equals Qq Ic date +%s .
1331 Verbose statistics. Reports usage statistics for individual
1333 within the pool, in addition to the pool-wide statistics.
1344 label information from the specified
1348 must not be part of an active pool configuration.
1349 .Bl -tag -width indent
1351 Treat exported or foreign devices as inactive.
1357 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns Op , Ns Ar ...
1358 .Op Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
1361 .Op Ar inverval Op Ar count
1364 Lists the given pools along with a health status and space usage. If no
1366 are specified, all pools in the system are listed.
1368 When given an interval, the output is printed every
1374 is specified, the command exits after
1376 reports are printed.
1377 .Bl -tag -width indent
1378 .It Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
1383 for standard date format. See
1388 .Pq equals Qq Ic date +%s .
1390 Scripted mode. Do not display headers, and separate fields by a single tab
1391 instead of arbitrary space.
1393 Display numbers in parsable (exact) values.
1395 Show more detailed information.
1396 .It Fl o Ar property Ns Op , Ns Ar ...
1397 Comma-separated list of properties to display. See the
1399 section for a list of valid properties. The default list is
1407 .It Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
1412 for standard date format. See
1417 .Pq equals Qq Ic date +%s .
1426 Takes the specified physical device offline. While the
1428 is offline, no attempt is made to read or write to the device.
1429 .Bl -tag -width indent
1431 Temporary. Upon reboot, the specified physical device reverts to its previous
1441 Brings the specified physical device online.
1443 This command is not applicable to spares or cache devices.
1444 .Bl -tag -width indent
1446 Expand the device to use all available space. If the device is part of a mirror
1449 then all devices must be expanded before the new space will become
1450 available to the pool.
1458 Generates a new unique identifier for the pool. You must ensure that all
1459 devices in this pool are online and healthy before performing this action.
1466 Removes the specified device from the pool. This command currently only
1467 supports removing hot spares, cache, and log devices. A mirrored log device can
1468 be removed by specifying the top-level mirror for the log. Non-log devices that
1469 are part of a mirrored configuration can be removed using the
1471 command. Non-redundant and
1473 devices cannot be removed from a pool.
1480 Reopen all the vdevs associated with the pool.
1493 This is equivalent to attaching
1495 waiting for it to resilver, and then detaching
1500 must be greater than or equal to the minimum size
1501 of all the devices in a mirror or
1506 is required if the pool is not redundant. If
1508 is not specified, it defaults to
1510 This form of replacement is useful after an existing disk has failed and has
1511 been physically replaced. In this case, the new disk may have the same
1513 path as the old device, even though it is actually a different disk.
1516 .Bl -tag -width indent
1520 even if its appears to be in use. Not all devices can be overridden in this
1530 Begins a scrub. The scrub examines all data in the specified pools to verify
1531 that it checksums correctly. For replicated (mirror or
1535 automatically repairs any damage discovered during the scrub. The
1537 command reports the progress of the scrub and summarizes the results of the
1538 scrub upon completion.
1540 Scrubbing and resilvering are very similar operations. The difference is that
1541 resilvering only examines data that
1543 knows to be out of date (for example, when attaching a new device to a mirror
1544 or replacing an existing device), whereas scrubbing examines all data to
1545 discover silent errors due to hardware faults or disk failure.
1547 Because scrubbing and resilvering are
1548 .Tn I/O Ns -intensive
1551 only allows one at a time. If a scrub is already in progress, the
1553 command returns an error. To start a new scrub, you have to stop the old scrub
1555 .Qq Nm Cm scrub Fl s
1556 command first. If a resilver is in progress,
1558 does not allow a scrub to be started until the resilver completes.
1559 .Bl -tag -width indent
1566 .Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value pool
1569 Sets the given property on the specified pool. See the
1571 section for more information on what properties can be set and acceptable
1579 .Op Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
1584 Splits off one disk from each mirrored top-level
1586 in a pool and creates a new pool from the split-off disks. The original pool
1587 must be made up of one or more mirrors and must not be in the process of
1590 subcommand chooses the last device in each mirror
1592 unless overridden by a device specification on the command line.
1598 includes the specified device(s) in a new pool and, should any devices remain
1599 unspecified, assigns the last device in each mirror
1601 to that pool, as it does normally. If you are uncertain about the outcome of a
1605 ("dry-run") option to ensure your command will have the effect you intend.
1606 .Bl -tag -width indent
1608 Automatically import the newly created pool after splitting, using the
1611 parameter for the new pool's alternate root. See the
1617 Displays the configuration that would be created without actually splitting the
1618 pool. The actual pool split could still fail due to insufficient privileges or
1621 Comma-separated list of mount options to use when mounting datasets within the
1624 for a description of dataset properties and mount options. Valid only in
1625 conjunction with the
1628 .It Fl o Ar property Ns = Ns Ar value
1629 Sets the specified property on the new pool. See the
1631 section, above, for more information on the available pool properties.
1637 .Op Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
1640 .Op Ar interval Op Ar count
1643 Displays the detailed health status for the given pools. If no
1645 is specified, then the status of each pool in the system is displayed. For more
1646 information on pool and device health, see the
1647 .Qq Sx Device Failure and Recovery
1650 When given an interval, the output is printed every
1656 is specified, the command exits after
1658 reports are printed.
1660 If a scrub or resilver is in progress, this command reports the percentage
1661 done and the estimated time to completion. Both of these are only approximate,
1662 because the amount of data in the pool and the other workloads on the system
1664 .Bl -tag -width indent
1666 Only display status for pools that are exhibiting errors or are otherwise
1668 Warnings about pools not using the latest on-disk format will not be included.
1670 Displays verbose data error information, printing out a complete list of all
1671 data errors since the last complete pool scrub.
1672 .It Fl T Cm d Ns | Ns Cm u
1677 for standard date format. See
1682 .Pq equals Qq Ic date +%s .
1690 Displays pools which do not have all supported features enabled and pools
1691 formatted using a legacy
1694 These pools can continue to be used, but some features may not be available.
1697 to enable all features on all pools.
1698 .Bl -tag -width indent
1702 versions supported by the current software.
1704 .Xr zpool-features 7
1705 for a description of feature flags features supported by the current software.
1714 Enables all supported features on the given pool.
1715 Once this is done, the pool will no longer be accessible on systems that do
1716 not support feature flags.
1718 .Xr zpool-features 7
1719 for details on compatibility with systems that support feature flags, but do
1720 not support all features enabled on the pool.
1721 .Bl -tag -width indent
1723 Enables all supported features on all pools.
1725 Upgrade to the specified legacy version. If the
1727 flag is specified, no features will be enabled on the pool.
1728 This option can only be used to increase version number up to the last
1729 supported legacy version number.
1733 The following exit values are returned:
1734 .Bl -tag -offset 2n -width 2n
1736 Successful completion.
1740 Invalid command line options were specified.
1744 .It Sy Example 1 No Creating a RAID-Z Storage Pool
1746 The following command creates a pool with a single
1750 that consists of six disks.
1751 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1752 .Li # Ic zpool create tank raidz da0 da1 da2 da3 da4 da5
1754 .It Sy Example 2 No Creating a Mirrored Storage Pool
1756 The following command creates a pool with two mirrors, where each mirror
1758 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1759 .Li # Ic zpool create tank mirror da0 da1 mirror da2 da3
1761 .It Sy Example 3 No Creating a Tn ZFS No Storage Pool by Using Partitions
1763 The following command creates an unmirrored pool using two GPT partitions.
1764 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1765 .Li # Ic zpool create tank da0p3 da1p3
1767 .It Sy Example 4 No Creating a Tn ZFS No Storage Pool by Using Files
1769 The following command creates an unmirrored pool using files. While not
1770 recommended, a pool based on files can be useful for experimental purposes.
1771 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1772 .Li # Ic zpool create tank /path/to/file/a /path/to/file/b
1774 .It Sy Example 5 No Adding a Mirror to a Tn ZFS No Storage Pool
1776 The following command adds two mirrored disks to the pool
1778 assuming the pool is already made up of two-way mirrors. The additional space
1779 is immediately available to any datasets within the pool.
1780 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1781 .Li # Ic zpool add tank mirror da2 da3
1783 .It Sy Example 6 No Listing Available Tn ZFS No Storage Pools
1785 The following command lists all available pools on the system.
1786 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1788 NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT
1789 pool 2.70T 473G 2.24T 17% 1.00x ONLINE -
1790 test 1.98G 89.5K 1.98G 0% 1.00x ONLINE -
1792 .It Sy Example 7 No Listing All Properties for a Pool
1794 The following command lists all the properties for a pool.
1795 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1796 .Li # Ic zpool get all pool
1799 pool altroot - default
1800 pool health ONLINE -
1801 pool guid 2501120270416322443 default
1802 pool version 28 default
1803 pool bootfs pool/root local
1804 pool delegation on default
1805 pool autoreplace off default
1806 pool cachefile - default
1807 pool failmode wait default
1808 pool listsnapshots off default
1809 pool autoexpand off default
1810 pool dedupditto 0 default
1811 pool dedupratio 1.00x -
1813 pool allocated 473G -
1816 .It Sy Example 8 No Destroying a Tn ZFS No Storage Pool
1818 The following command destroys the pool
1820 and any datasets contained within.
1821 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1822 .Li # Ic zpool destroy -f tank
1824 .It Sy Example 9 No Exporting a Tn ZFS No Storage Pool
1826 The following command exports the devices in pool
1828 so that they can be relocated or later imported.
1829 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1830 .Li # Ic zpool export tank
1832 .It Sy Example 10 No Importing a Tn ZFS No Storage Pool
1834 The following command displays available pools, and then imports the pool
1836 for use on the system.
1838 The results from this command are similar to the following:
1839 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1840 .Li # Ic zpool import
1843 id: 15451357997522795478
1845 action: The pool can be imported using its name or numeric identifier.
1857 Storage Pools to the Current Version
1860 The following command upgrades all
1862 Storage pools to the current version of
1864 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1865 .Li # Ic zpool upgrade -a
1866 This system is currently running ZFS pool version 28.
1868 .It Sy Example 12 No Managing Hot Spares
1870 The following command creates a new pool with an available hot spare:
1871 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1872 .Li # Ic zpool create tank mirror da0 da1 spare da2
1875 If one of the disks were to fail, the pool would be reduced to the degraded
1876 state. The failed device can be replaced using the following command:
1877 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1878 .Li # Ic zpool replace tank da0 da2
1881 Once the data has been resilvered, the spare is automatically removed and is
1882 made available should another device fails. The hot spare can be permanently
1883 removed from the pool using the following command:
1884 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1885 .Li # Ic zpool remove tank da2
1891 Pool with Mirrored Separate Intent Logs
1894 The following command creates a
1896 storage pool consisting of two, two-way
1897 mirrors and mirrored log devices:
1898 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1899 .Li # Ic zpool create pool mirror da0 da1 mirror da2 da3 log mirror da4 da5
1901 .It Sy Example 14 No Adding Cache Devices to a Tn ZFS No Pool
1903 The following command adds two disks for use as cache devices to a
1906 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1907 .Li # Ic zpool add pool cache da2 da3
1910 Once added, the cache devices gradually fill with content from main memory.
1911 Depending on the size of your cache devices, it could take over an hour for
1912 them to fill. Capacity and reads can be monitored using the
1914 subcommand as follows:
1915 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1916 .Li # Ic zpool iostat -v pool 5
1918 .It Sy Example 15 No Removing a Mirrored Log Device
1920 The following command removes the mirrored log device
1923 Given this configuration:
1924 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1927 scrub: none requested
1930 NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM
1932 mirror-0 ONLINE 0 0 0
1935 mirror-1 ONLINE 0 0 0
1939 mirror-2 ONLINE 0 0 0
1944 The command to remove the mirrored log
1947 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1948 .Li # Ic zpool remove tank mirror-2
1950 .It Sy Example 16 No Recovering a Faulted Tn ZFS No Pool
1952 If a pool is faulted but recoverable, a message indicating this state is
1955 if the pool was cached (see the
1957 argument above), or as part of the error output from a failed
1961 Recover a cached pool with the
1964 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1965 .Li # Ic zpool clear -F data
1966 Pool data returned to its state as of Tue Sep 08 13:23:35 2009.
1967 Discarded approximately 29 seconds of transactions.
1970 If the pool configuration was not cached, use
1972 with the recovery mode flag:
1973 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1974 .Li # Ic zpool import -F data
1975 Pool data returned to its state as of Tue Sep 08 13:23:35 2009.
1976 Discarded approximately 29 seconds of transactions.
1980 .Xr zpool-features 7 ,
1983 This manual page is a
1985 reimplementation of the
1989 modified and customized for
1991 and licensed under the Common Development and Distribution License
1996 implementation of this manual page was initially written by
1997 .An Martin Matuska Aq mm@FreeBSD.org .
2001 feature requires a utility to detect zpool degradation and initiate
2002 disk replacement within the zpool. FreeBSD does not provide such a
2003 utility at this time.
projects / FreeBSD / stable / 9.git / blob