1 <?php rcs_id('$Id: SemanticWeb.php,v 1.9 2007-06-09 20:02:55 rurban Exp $');
3 * What to do on ?format=rdf What to do on ?format=owl
5 * Map relations on a wikipage to a RDF ressource to build a "Semantic Web"
6 * - a web ontology frontend compatible to OWL (web ontology language).
7 * http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity
8 * Simple RDF ontologies contain facts and rules, expressed by RDF triples:
9 * Subject (page) -> Predicate (verb, relation) -> Object (links)
10 * OWL extents that to represent a typical OO framework.
14 * subClassOf, restrictedBy, onProperty, intersectionOf, allValuesFrom, ...
15 * someValuesFrom, unionOf, equivalentClass, disjointWith, ...
16 * plus the custom vocabulary (ontology): canRun, canBite, smellsGood, ...
17 * OWL Subjects: Class, Restriction, ...
18 * OWL Properties: type, label, comment, ...
19 * DAML should also be supported.
22 * - Another way to represent various KB models in various DL languages.
24 * - Frontend to various KB model reasoners and representations.
25 * - Generation/update of static wiki pages based on external OWL/DL/KB
26 * (=> ModelTest/Categories)
27 * KB Blackboard and Visualization.
28 * - OWL generation based on static wiki pages (ModelTest?format=owl)
30 * Facts: (may be represented by special links on a page)
31 * - Each page must be representable with an unique URL.
32 * - Each fact must be representable with an unique RDF triple.
33 * - A class is represented by a category page.
34 * - To represent more expressive description logic, "enriched"
35 * links will not be enough (? variable symbolic objects).
37 * Rules: (may be represented by special content on a page)
38 * - Syntax: reasoner backend specific, or common or ?
40 * RDF Triple: (representing facts)
41 * Subject (page) -> Predicate (verb, relation) -> Object (links)
44 * Special link qualifiers represent RDF triples, based on RDF standard notation.
45 * See RDF standard DTD's on daml.org and w3.org, plus your custom predicates.
47 * Example: page [Ape] isa:Animal, ...
48 * Object: special links on a page.
50 * Model: Basepage for a KB. (parametrizeable pages or copies of modified snapshots?)
52 * DL: Description Logic
56 * Of course *real* expert systems ("reasoners") will help/must be used in
57 * optimization and maintainance of the SemanticWeb KB (Knowledge
58 * Base). Hooks will be tested to KM (an interactive KB playground),
59 * LISA (standard unifier), FaCT, RACER, ...
61 * Maybe also ZEBU (parser generator) is needed to convert the wiki KB
62 * syntax to the KB reasoner backend (LISA, KM, CLIPS, JESS, FaCT,
65 * pOWL is a simple php backend with some very simple AI logic in PHP,
66 * though I strongly doubt the usefulness of reasoners not written in
69 * SEAL (omntoweb.org) is similar to that, just on top of the Zope CMF.
70 * FaCT uses e.g. this KB DTD:
71 <!ELEMENT KNOWLEDGEBASE (DEFCONCEPT|DEFROLE|IMPLIESC|EQUALC|IMPLIESR|EQUALR|TRANSITIVE|FUNCTIONAL)*>
72 <!ELEMENT CONCEPT (PRIMITIVE|TOP|BOTTOM|AND|OR|NOT|SOME|ALL|ATMOST|ATLEAST)>
73 <!ELEMENT ROLE (PRIMROLE|INVROLE)>
74 ... (facts and rules described in XML)
77 * http://phpwiki.org/SemanticWeb,
78 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation
79 * http://www.ontoweb.org/
80 * http://www.semwebcentral.org/ (OWL on top of GForge)
83 * Author: Reini Urban <rurban@x-ray.at>
85 /*============================================================================*/
87 Copyright 2004,2007 Reini Urban
89 This file is part of PhpWiki.
91 PhpWiki is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
92 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
93 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
94 (at your option) any later version.
96 PhpWiki is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
97 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
98 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
99 GNU General Public License for more details.
101 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
102 along with PhpWiki; if not, write to the Free Software
103 Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
106 require_once('lib/RssWriter.php');
107 require_once('lib/TextSearchQuery.php');
108 require_once('lib/Units.php');
112 * RdfWriter - A class to represent a single(?) wikipage as RDF. Supports ?format=rdf
116 * - RecentChanges (RecentChanges?format=rss)
117 * channel: ... item: ...
119 class RdfWriter extends RssWriter // in fact it should be rewritten to be other way round.
121 function RdfWriter () {
122 $this->XmlElement('rdf:RDF',
123 array('xmlns' => "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/",
124 'xmlns:rdf' => 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#'));
126 $this->_modules = array(
128 'content' => "http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/",
129 'dc' => "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/",
132 $this->_uris_seen = array();
133 $this->_items = array();
135 $this->wiki_xmlns_xml = WikiURL(_("URIResolver")."/",false,true);
136 $this->wiki_xmlns_url = PHPWIKI_BASE_URL;
138 $this->pre_ns_buffer =
139 "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n" .
140 "<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF[\n" .
141 "\t"."<!ENTITY rdf 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#'>\n" .
142 "\t"."<!ENTITY rdfs 'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#'>\n" .
143 "\t"."<!ENTITY owl 'http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#'>\n" .
144 "\t"."<!ENTITY smw 'http://smw.ontoware.org/2005/smw#'>\n" .
145 "\t"."<!ENTITY smwdt 'http://smw.ontoware.org/2005/smw-datatype#'>\n" .
146 // A note on "wiki": this namespace is crucial as a fallback when it would be illegal to start e.g. with a number. In this case, one can always use wiki:... followed by "_" and possibly some namespace, since _ is legal as a first character.
147 "\t"."<!ENTITY wiki '" . $this->wiki_xmlns_xml . "'>\n" .
148 "\t"."<!ENTITY relation '" . $this->wiki_xmlns_xml .
149 $this->makeXMLExportId(urlencode(str_replace(' ', '_', _("Relation") . ':'))) . "'>\n" .
150 "\t"."<!ENTITY attribute '" . $this->wiki_xmlns_xml .
151 $this->makeXMLExportId(urlencode(str_replace(' ', '_', _("Attribute") . ':'))) . "'>\n" .
152 "\t"."<!ENTITY wikiurl '" . $this->wiki_xmlns_url . "'>\n" .
155 "\t"."xmlns:rdf=\"&rdf;\"\n" .
156 "\t"."xmlns:rdfs=\"&rdfs;\"\n" .
157 "\t"."xmlns:owl =\"&owl;\"\n" .
158 "\t"."xmlns:smw=\"&smw;\"\n" .
159 "\t"."xmlns:wiki=\"&wiki;\"\n" .
160 "\t"."xmlns:relation=\"&relation;\"\n" .
161 "\t"."xmlns:attribute=\"&attribute;\"";
162 $this->post_ns_buffer =
163 "\n\t<!-- reference to the Semantic MediaWiki schema -->\n" .
164 "\t"."<owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about=\"&smw;hasArticle\">\n" .
165 "\t\t"."<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource=\"http://smw.ontoware.org/2005/smw\"/>\n" .
166 "\t"."</owl:AnnotationProperty>\n" .
167 "\t"."<owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about=\"&smw;hasType\">\n" .
168 "\t\t"."<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource=\"http://smw.ontoware.org/2005/smw\"/>\n" .
169 "\t"."</owl:AnnotationProperty>\n" .
170 "\t"."<owl:Class rdf:about=\"&smw;Thing\">\n" .
171 "\t\t"."<rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource=\"http://smw.ontoware.org/2005/smw\"/>\n" .
172 "\t"."</owl:Class>\n" .
173 "\t<!-- exported page data -->\n";
177 header( "Content-type: application/rdf+xml; charset=UTF-8" );
178 echo $this->pre_ns_buffer;
180 echo $this->post_ns_buffer;
184 /** This function transforms a valid url-encoded URI into a string
185 * that can be used as an XML-ID. The mapping should be injective.
187 function makeXMLExportId($uri) {
188 $uri = str_replace( '-', '-2D', $uri);
189 //$uri = str_replace( ':', '-3A', $uri); //already done by PHP
190 //$uri = str_replace( '_', '-5F', $uri); //not necessary
191 $uri = str_replace( array('"','#','&',"'",'+','%'),
192 array('-22','-23','-26','-27','-2B','-'),
197 /** This function transforms an XML-ID string into a valid
198 * url-encoded URI. This is the inverse to makeXMLExportID.
200 function makeURIfromXMLExportId($id) {
201 $id = str_replace( array('-22','-23','-26','-27','-2B','-'),
202 array('"','#','&',"'",'+','%'),
204 $id = str_replace( '-2D', '-', $id);
210 * OwlWriter - A class to represent a set of wiki pages (a DL model) as OWL.
211 * Requires an actionpage returning a pagelist.
212 * Supports ?format=owl
218 class OwlWriter extends RdfWriter {
222 * ModelWriter - Export a KB as set of wiki pages.
223 * Requires an actionpage returning a pagelist.
224 * Probably based on some convenient DL expression syntax. (deffact, defrule, ...)
230 class ModelWriter extends OwlWriter {
234 * NumericSearchQuery can do:
235 * ("population < 20000 and area > 1000000", array("population", "area"))
236 * ->match(array('population' => 100000, 'area' => 10000000))
237 * @see NumericSearchQuery
239 * SemanticAttributeSearchQuery can detect and unify units in numbers.
240 * ("population < 2million and area > 100km2", array("population", "area"))
241 * ->match(array('population' => 100000, 'area' => 10000000))
243 * Do we need a real parser or can we just regexp over some allowed unit
244 * suffixes to detect the numbers?
245 * See man units(1) and /usr/share/units.dat
246 * base units: $ units "1 million miles"
247 * Definition: 1.609344e+09 m
249 class SemanticAttributeSearchQuery
250 extends NumericSearchQuery
253 var $base_units = array('m' => explode(',','km,miles,cm,dm,mm,ft,inch,inches,meter'),
254 'm^2' => explode(',','km^2,ha,cm^2,mi^2'),
255 'm^3' => explode(',','km^3,lit,cm^3,dm^3,gallons'),
260 * We need to detect units from the freetext query:
261 * population > 1 million
263 function SemanticAttributeSearchQuery($search_query, $placeholders, $unit = '') {
264 $this->NumericSearchQuery($search_query, $placeholders);
265 $this->_units = new Units();
270 * Strip non-numeric chars from the variable (as the groupseperator) and replace
271 * it in the symbolic query for evaluation.
272 * This version unifies the attribute values from the database to a
273 * numeric basevalue before comparison. (area:=963.6km^2 => 9.366e+08 m^2)
276 * @param $value number A numerical value: integer, float or string.
277 * @param $x string The variable name to be replaced in the query.
280 function _bind($value, $x) {
282 $value = preg_replace("/,/", "", $value);
283 $this->_bound[] = array('linkname' => $x,
284 'linkvalue' => $value);
285 // We must ensure that the same baseunits are matched against.
286 // We cannot compare m^2 to m or ''
287 $val_base = $this->_units->basevalue($value);
288 if (!DISABLE_UNITS and $this->_units->baseunit($value) != $this->unit) {
289 // Poor user has selected an attribute, but no unit. assume he means the baseunit
290 if (count($this->getVars() == 1) and $this->unit == '') {
293 // non-matching units are silently ignored
294 $this->_workquery = '';
299 if (!is_numeric($value)) {
300 $this->_workquery = ''; //must return false
301 trigger_error("Cannot match against non-numeric attribute value $x := $ori_value",
306 $this->_workquery = preg_replace("/\b".preg_quote($x,"/")."\b/", $value, $this->_workquery);
307 return $this->_workquery;
313 * SemanticSearchQuery can do:
314 * (is_a::city and population < 20000) and (*::city and area > 1000000)
315 * ->match(array('is_a' => 'city', 'linkfrom' => array(),
316 * population' => 100000, 'area' => 10000000))
317 * @return array A list of found and bound matches
319 class SemanticSearchQuery
320 extends SemanticAttributeSearchQuery
322 function hasAttributes() { // TODO
324 function hasRelations() { // TODO
326 function getLinkNames() { // TODO
331 * ReasonerBackend - hooks to reasoner backends.
332 * via http as with DIG,
335 class ReasonerBackend {
336 function ReasonerBackend () {
340 * transform to reasoner syntax
342 function transformTo () {
346 * transform from reasoner syntax
348 function transformFrom () {
359 class ReasonerBackend_LISA extends ReasonerBackend {
362 class ReasonerBackend_Racer extends ReasonerBackend {
365 class ReasonerBackend_KM extends ReasonerBackend {
369 // (c-file-style: "gnu")
374 // c-hanging-comment-ender-p: nil
375 // indent-tabs-mode: nil