1 # tzdb data for Asia and environs
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
9 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
11 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
13 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
14 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
15 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
16 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
18 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
19 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
20 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
21 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
22 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
23 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
25 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
27 # I found in the UCLA library.
29 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
30 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
31 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
33 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
34 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
35 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
37 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
38 # (corrections are welcome):
41 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
44 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
45 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
47 # 8:00 HKT HKST Hong Kong (HKWT* for Winter Time in late 1941)
48 # 8:00 PST PDT* Philippines
49 # 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
50 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
52 # 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
53 # *I invented the abbreviations HKWT and PDT; see below.
54 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
55 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets. Although earlier
56 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
57 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
59 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
62 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
63 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
64 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
67 ###############################################################################
69 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
70 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
71 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
72 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
73 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
74 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
75 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
76 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
77 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
78 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
79 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
80 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
81 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
84 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
85 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
90 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
91 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
92 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
93 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
94 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
95 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
96 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
97 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
98 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
100 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
101 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
102 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
104 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
105 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
106 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
108 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
109 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
110 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
113 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
114 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
115 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
116 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
117 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
118 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
120 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
121 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
123 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
128 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
129 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
130 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
131 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
133 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
134 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
135 # daylight saving time....
136 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
137 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
138 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
140 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
141 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 -
142 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
143 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
146 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
147 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
149 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
156 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
157 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
158 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
160 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
161 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
162 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
164 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
166 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
167 # crippling power crisis. "
169 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
170 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
172 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
173 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
174 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
177 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
178 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
181 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
183 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
184 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
185 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
186 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
188 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
190 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
191 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
192 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
194 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
195 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
196 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
197 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
199 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
200 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
201 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
202 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
203 # "continue for an indefinite period."
205 # One of many places where it is published:
206 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
208 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
209 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
210 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
212 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
213 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
214 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
216 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
217 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
218 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
219 # Minister's Office last night..."
221 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
222 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
223 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
224 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
225 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
227 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
228 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 -
229 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
231 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
232 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
233 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
234 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
235 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
236 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
241 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
242 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
243 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
246 # British Indian Ocean Territory
247 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
248 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
249 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
250 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
251 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
252 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
253 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
262 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
264 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
265 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
266 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
267 # of Greenwich." This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
268 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
270 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
271 Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:47 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
272 6:24:47 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon local time
273 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
274 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
276 Link Asia/Yangon Indian/Cocos
284 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
285 # According to this news report:
286 # http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml
287 # on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring
288 # forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did
289 # not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a
290 # similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to
291 # recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at
292 # Tianjin got terminated in 1920.
294 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
295 # The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was
296 # given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October
297 # the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time. Though the scheme was
298 # generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
301 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
302 Rule Shang 1919 only - Apr 12 24:00 1:00 D
303 Rule Shang 1919 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
305 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
306 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
307 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
308 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
309 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
310 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
311 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
312 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
314 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
316 # For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is
317 # actually slightly more complex than the table [below].... At the time,
318 # there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai
319 # International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with
320 # its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar
321 # to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the
322 # rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese
323 # force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime). It was
324 # additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s
325 # Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some
326 # departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time
327 # period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening
330 # For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority
331 # itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other
332 # public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
333 # spring forward the clock. On the other hand, the custom office refused to
334 # spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
335 # clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
336 # business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
337 # match rest of the city. So is travel agents, and also weather
338 # observatory. It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
339 # city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
340 # clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
341 # unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
342 # in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
343 # their clock to their preferred time.
345 # a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay [says] ... "Hong
346 # Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time on
347 # the same date as Shanghai".
349 # b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
350 # so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
351 # after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
352 # original schedule ten days earlier.
354 # c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
355 # "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
356 # cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
357 # City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
358 # the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
359 # regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
360 # to situation before that announcement)
362 # d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at
363 # the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on
364 # October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would
365 # rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due
366 # to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the
367 # French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on
370 # e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United
371 # States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the
372 # international settlement, taken over its control
374 # f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward
375 # started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal
376 # department will also change their clocks, unlike before.
378 # g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the
379 # end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the
380 # Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during
381 # the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to
382 # September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such
383 # period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches
384 # might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time.
386 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
387 # According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be
388 # from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html ,
389 # the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time. Which indicate some
390 # use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in
391 # the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
392 # of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
394 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
395 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
396 Rule Shang 1940 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
397 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
398 Rule Shang 1941 only - Nov 1 24:00 0 S
399 Rule Shang 1942 only - Jan 31 0:00 1:00 D
400 Rule Shang 1945 only - Sep 1 24:00 0 S
401 Rule Shang 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
402 Rule Shang 1946 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
403 Rule Shang 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
404 Rule Shang 1947 only - Oct 31 24:00 0 S
405 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
406 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - Sep 30 24:00 0 S #plan
409 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
411 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
412 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
413 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
414 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
415 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
416 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
418 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
419 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
420 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
422 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
423 # 1987 mid-April - ??
425 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
426 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
427 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
429 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
430 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
431 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
432 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
434 # From P Chan (2018-05-07):
435 # The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
436 # (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
437 # Government notices about summer time:
439 # 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
440 # (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
441 # at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
443 # 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
444 # (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
446 # 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
447 # (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
448 # until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
450 # 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
451 # (To suspend summer time from 1992)
453 # The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
454 # to begin on 17 April.
455 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
457 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
458 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 2:00 1:00 D
459 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 2:00 0 S
460 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=11 2:00 1:00 D
462 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
463 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
464 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
465 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
467 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
468 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
469 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
470 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
471 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
472 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
473 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
474 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
475 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
476 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
478 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
479 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
482 # Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
483 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
484 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
485 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
486 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
487 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
488 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
489 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
490 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
491 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
492 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
493 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
494 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
497 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
498 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
499 # [undated and unknown publication location]
500 # It says several things:
501 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
502 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
503 # the official calendar book of 1914.
504 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
505 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
506 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
507 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
508 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
509 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
510 # became used by railways as well.
511 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
512 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
513 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
514 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
515 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
516 # Japanese-occupied territory.
517 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
518 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
519 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
520 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
521 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
523 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
524 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
525 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
526 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
527 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
529 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
530 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
531 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
532 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
533 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
534 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
536 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
537 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
538 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
540 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
541 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
543 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time....
544 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
546 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
547 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
548 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
549 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
550 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
551 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
553 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
554 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
555 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
556 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
557 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
558 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
559 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
560 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
561 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
562 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
563 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
564 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
566 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
567 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
568 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
569 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
570 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
573 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
574 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
575 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
576 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
577 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
578 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
580 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
581 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
582 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
583 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
584 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
585 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
586 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
587 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
589 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
590 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
591 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
593 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
594 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
595 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
596 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
597 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
599 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
600 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
601 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
608 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
609 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
610 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
612 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
613 # start date for Xinjiang time.
615 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
616 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
617 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
618 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
620 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
621 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
622 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
624 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
625 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
626 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
627 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
628 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
629 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
630 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
631 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
632 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
633 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
634 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
635 # having the same time as Beijing.
637 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
638 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
639 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
640 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
641 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
642 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
644 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
645 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
646 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
647 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
648 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
649 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
650 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
651 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
652 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
653 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
654 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
655 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
656 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
657 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
658 # +08 mandate back then.
660 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
661 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
663 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
664 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949 May 28
666 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
667 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
668 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
670 Link Asia/Urumqi Antarctica/Vostok
675 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7.
677 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
678 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
679 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
680 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
681 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
682 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
683 # think 3:30 is correct.
685 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
686 # According to Singaporean newspaper
687 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
688 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
690 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
691 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
692 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
693 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
694 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
695 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
696 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
697 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
698 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
699 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
700 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
702 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
703 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
704 # astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
706 # From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
707 # Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
708 # page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
709 # ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
710 # ball was dropped. So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
711 # of broadcasting the new local time.
713 # From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
714 # According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
715 # governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
716 # make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
717 # dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
718 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
719 # See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
721 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
722 # I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
723 # on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
724 # stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
725 # Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
726 # probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
727 # the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
728 # Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
729 # before. After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
730 # the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
731 # period of time. Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
732 # same month, but there were not much information about time there. Later they
733 # started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
734 # explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
735 # saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
736 # also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
739 # Image of related sections on newspaper:
740 # * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
741 # https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
742 # * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
743 # time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
744 # https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
745 # * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
746 # https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
747 # * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
748 # https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
749 # * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
750 # https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
752 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
753 # "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving.
754 # "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure,
755 # clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be put back
756 # by just half an hour for 'Hong Kong Winter time', so that daylight saving
757 # operated year round." -- Low Z. The longest day: when wartime Hong Kong
758 # introduced daylight saving. South China Morning Post. 2019-06-28.
759 # https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3016281/longest-day-when-wartime-hong-kong-introduced
761 # From P Chan (2018-12-31):
762 # * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the
763 # 1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00.
764 # http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf
765 # http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/305516.pdf
766 # * According to some articles from South China Morning Post, +08 was
767 # resumed on 1945-11-18 at 02:00.
768 # https://i.imgur.com/M2IsZ3c.png
769 # https://i.imgur.com/iOPqrVo.png
770 # https://i.imgur.com/fffcGDs.png
771 # * Some newspapers ... said the 1946 spring-forward transition was on
772 # 04-21 at 00:00. The Kung Sheung Evening News 1946-04-20 (Chinese)
773 # https://i.imgur.com/ZSzent0.png
774 # https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
775 # The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
776 # https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
777 # https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
778 # * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
779 # transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
780 # http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
781 # * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
782 # Summer Time Ordinance 1953
783 # https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
784 # Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
785 # https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
786 # Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
787 # https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
788 # Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
789 # Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
790 # https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
791 # Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
792 # https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39
794 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
795 # Here are the dates given at
796 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm
799 # 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep
804 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
805 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Nov
806 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
807 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
808 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
809 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
810 # 1952 6 Apr to 2 Nov
811 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
812 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
813 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
814 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
815 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
816 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
817 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
818 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
819 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
820 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
821 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
822 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
823 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
824 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
825 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
826 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
827 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
828 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
829 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
830 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
831 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
832 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
833 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
834 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
837 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
839 # The page does not give times of day for transitions,
840 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
841 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
843 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
844 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 21 0:00 1:00 S
845 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30s 0 -
846 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30s 1:00 S
847 Rule HK 1947 only - Nov 30 3:30s 0 -
848 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30s 1:00 S
849 Rule HK 1948 1952 - Oct Sun>=28 3:30s 0 -
850 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
851 Rule HK 1953 1964 - Oct Sun>=31 3:30 0 -
852 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
853 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
854 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
855 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
856 Rule HK 1979 only - May 13 3:30 1:00 S
857 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct 21 3:30 0 -
858 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
860 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 29 17:00u
861 8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:00
862 8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00
863 8:00 0:30 HKWT 1941 Dec 25
864 9:00 - JST 1945 Nov 18 2:00
867 ###############################################################################
871 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
872 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
873 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
874 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
876 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
877 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
878 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
879 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
880 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
881 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
882 # found on Wikisource:
883 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
884 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
885 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
886 # declared officially.
888 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
889 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
890 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
891 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
892 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
893 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
894 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
895 # be found on Wikisource:
896 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
898 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
900 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
901 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
902 # back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
903 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
904 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21. And in another
905 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
906 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
907 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
908 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
909 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
912 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
913 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
915 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
916 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
917 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
918 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
920 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
921 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
924 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
925 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
926 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
927 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
928 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
929 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
931 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
932 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
933 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
934 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
935 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
936 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
937 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
938 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
939 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
940 # would be a good one.
941 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
942 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
944 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
945 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
946 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
949 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
950 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
952 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
953 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
955 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
957 # Here is a brief translation:
959 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
960 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
961 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
963 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
964 # be found from historical government announcement database.
966 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
967 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
968 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
969 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
971 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
972 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
973 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
974 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
975 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
976 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
977 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
978 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
979 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
980 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
981 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
982 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
983 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
984 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
985 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
986 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
988 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
989 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
990 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
991 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
992 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
995 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
997 # From P Chan (2018-05-10):
999 # http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
1000 # A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
1001 # Chinese and Portuguese. The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
1002 # searching decrees about summer time.
1003 # * Archives of Macao
1004 # http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
1005 # It contains images of old official gazettes.
1006 # * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
1007 # summer time history. But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
1008 # http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
1009 # Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong. Clocks were
1010 # advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds. Which means the LMT used was
1011 # +7:34:10. As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
1012 # and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
1013 # http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
1015 # Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
1017 # From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
1018 # [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
1019 # DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
1020 # DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
1021 # DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
1022 # PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
1023 # PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
1024 # PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
1025 # PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
1026 # PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
1027 # PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
1028 # PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
1029 # PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
1030 # PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
1031 # PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
1032 # PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
1033 # PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
1034 # PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
1035 # PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
1036 # PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
1037 # PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
1038 # PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
1039 # PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
1040 # PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
1041 # PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
1042 # PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
1043 # PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
1044 # PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
1045 # PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
1046 # PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
1047 # PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
1048 # PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
1049 # PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
1050 # PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
1051 # PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
1052 # PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
1053 # PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
1054 # PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
1055 # PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
1056 # PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
1057 # PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
1058 # PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
1059 # PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
1060 # PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
1061 # PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
1062 # PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
1063 # PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
1064 # PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
1065 # PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
1066 # PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
1067 # PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
1068 # PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
1069 # PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
1070 # PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
1071 # PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
1072 # PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
1073 # PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
1074 # PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
1075 # PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
1076 # PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
1077 # PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
1078 # PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
1079 # PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
1080 # PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
1081 # PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
1082 # PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
1083 # PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
1084 # PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
1085 # PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
1086 # PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
1087 # PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
1088 # PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
1089 # Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
1090 # LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
1091 # between GMT+9 and GMT+10. Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
1093 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
1094 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
1095 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
1097 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1098 Rule Macau 1942 1943 - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 -
1099 Rule Macau 1942 only - Nov 17 23:00 0 -
1100 Rule Macau 1943 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 S
1101 Rule Macau 1946 only - Apr 30 23:00s 1:00 D
1102 Rule Macau 1946 only - Sep 30 23:00s 0 S
1103 Rule Macau 1947 only - Apr 19 23:00s 1:00 D
1104 Rule Macau 1947 only - Nov 30 23:00s 0 S
1105 Rule Macau 1948 only - May 2 23:00s 1:00 D
1106 Rule Macau 1948 only - Oct 31 23:00s 0 S
1107 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
1108 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
1109 Rule Macau 1951 only - Mar 31 23:00s 1:00 D
1110 Rule Macau 1951 only - Oct 28 23:00s 0 S
1111 Rule Macau 1952 1953 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
1112 Rule Macau 1952 only - Nov 1 23:00s 0 S
1113 Rule Macau 1953 1954 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
1114 Rule Macau 1954 1956 - Mar Sat>=17 23:00s 1:00 D
1115 Rule Macau 1955 only - Nov 5 23:00s 0 S
1116 Rule Macau 1956 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 03:30 0 S
1117 Rule Macau 1957 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 03:30 1:00 D
1118 Rule Macau 1965 1973 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
1119 Rule Macau 1965 1966 - Oct Sun>=16 02:30 0 S
1120 Rule Macau 1967 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
1121 Rule Macau 1973 only - Dec 30 03:30 1:00 D
1122 Rule Macau 1975 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
1123 Rule Macau 1979 only - May 13 03:30 1:00 D
1124 Rule Macau 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
1126 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1127 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:10 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
1128 8:00 - CST 1941 Dec 21 23:00
1129 9:00 Macau +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00
1133 ###############################################################################
1137 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
1138 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
1140 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
1141 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
1142 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
1143 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
1145 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
1146 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
1147 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
1149 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1150 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
1151 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus. See: Anastasiou A.
1152 # Cyprus to remain united in time. Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
1153 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
1155 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1156 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
1157 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
1158 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1159 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
1160 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1161 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
1162 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1163 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1164 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1165 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1166 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1167 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1169 Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1170 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1171 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
1172 3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u
1175 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
1176 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
1177 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
1180 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1181 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1182 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1183 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1184 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1186 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1187 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1188 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1189 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1191 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1193 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
1194 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
1195 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1196 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1197 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1198 # of integration into Europe.
1200 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1201 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1202 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1203 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1204 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1205 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1206 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1207 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1208 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1210 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1211 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1214 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1215 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
1216 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1218 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1219 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
1220 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
1221 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
1222 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
1223 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
1224 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
1229 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1231 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1232 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
1233 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1234 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1235 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1236 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1237 # conflicts with their way of life.
1239 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1240 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1241 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1243 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1244 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1246 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1247 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1248 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1249 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1251 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1252 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1253 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1254 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1255 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1260 # British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1261 # "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1262 # The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1263 # east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories. No reason is
1264 # given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1265 # chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1266 # that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1267 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1268 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1270 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1271 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1273 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1274 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1275 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1276 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1278 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1279 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1280 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1281 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1282 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1283 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1284 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1285 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1286 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1287 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1288 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1289 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1290 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1291 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1292 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1293 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1294 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1296 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1297 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1298 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1299 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1300 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1301 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1303 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1304 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1305 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1306 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530. Some
1307 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1308 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1309 # government offices. Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1310 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book). Railway time is more
1311 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1312 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1313 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata. So, use railway
1314 # time for 1870-1941. Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1317 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1318 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1319 5:53:20 - HMT 1870 # Howrah Mean Time?
1320 5:21:10 - MMT 1906 Jan 1 # Madras local time
1322 5:30 1:00 +0630 1942 May 15
1324 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
1326 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1328 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1333 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1334 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1335 # civil time was 7:07:12.5.
1337 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1338 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1339 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
1340 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1341 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1343 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1344 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1345 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1346 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1347 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1348 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1349 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1350 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1351 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1352 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1353 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1354 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1356 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1357 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1358 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1359 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
1360 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1361 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1362 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1363 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1365 # WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1366 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1367 # WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1369 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1372 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
1373 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1374 # but this must be a typo.
1375 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 16:40u # Batavia
1376 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
1377 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
1378 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1379 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1383 # west and central Borneo
1384 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
1385 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
1386 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
1387 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1388 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1391 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
1393 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1394 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
1395 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
1396 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
1397 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1399 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1400 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
1401 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
1407 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-30):
1408 # Here's an order from the Cabinet to the rest of the government to switch to
1409 # Tehran time, which is mentioned to be already at +03:30:
1410 # https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
1411 # Just in case that goes away, I also saved a copy at archive.org:
1412 # https://web.archive.org/web/20220530111940/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
1413 # Here's my translation:
1415 # "Circular on Matching the Hours of Governmental and Official Circles
1417 # Approved 1314/03/22 [=1935-06-13]
1418 # According to the ruling of the Honorable Cabinet, it is ordered that from
1419 # now on in all internal provinces of the country, governmental and official
1420 # circles set their time to match Tehran time (three hours and half before
1423 # I still haven't found out when Tehran itself switched to +03:30....
1425 # From Paul Eggert (2022-06-05):
1426 # Although the above says Tehran was at +03:30 before 1935-06-13, we don't
1427 # know when it switched to +03:30. For now, use 1935-06-13 as the switch date.
1428 # Although most likely wrong, we have no better info.
1430 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-06-01):
1431 # This is from Kayhan newspaper, one of the major Iranian newspapers, from
1432 # March 20, 1978, page 2:
1434 # "Pull the clocks 60 minutes forward
1435 # As we informed before, from the fourth day of the month Farvardin of the
1436 # new year [=1978-03-24], clocks will be pulled forward, and people's daily
1437 # work and life program will start one hour earlier than the current program.
1438 # On the 1st day of the month Farvardin of this year [=1977-03-21], they had
1439 # pulled the clocks forward by one hour, but in the month of Mehr
1440 # [=1977-09-23], the clocks were pulled back by 30 minutes.
1441 # In this way, from the 4th day of the month Farvardin, clocks will be ahead
1442 # of the previous years by one hour and a half.
1443 # According to the new program, during the night of 4th of Farvardin, when
1444 # the midnight, meaning 24 o'clock is announced, the hands of the clock must
1445 # be pulled forward by one hour and thus consider midnight 1 o'clock in the
1448 # This implies that in September 1977, when the daylight savings time was
1449 # done with, Iran didn't go back to +03:30, but immediately to +04:00.
1452 # This is from the major Iranian newspaper Ettela'at, dated [1978-08-03]...,
1453 # page 32. It looks like they decided to get the clocks back to +4:00
1454 # just in time for Ramadan that year:
1456 # "Tomorrow Night, Pull the Clocks Back by One Hour
1457 # At 1 o'clock in the forenoon of Saturday 14 Mordad [=1978-08-05], the
1458 # clocks will be pulled one hour back and instead of 1 o'clock in the
1459 # forenoon, Radio Iran will announce 24 o'clock.
1460 # This decision was made in the Cabinet of Ministers meeting of 25 Tir
1461 # [=1978-07-16], [...]
1462 # At the beginning of the year 2537 [=March 1978: Iran was using a different
1463 # year number for a few years then, based on the Coronation of Cyrus the
1464 # Great], the country's official time was pulled forward by one hour and now
1465 # the official time is one hour and a half ahead compared to last year,
1466 # because in Farvardin of last year [=March 1977], the official time was
1467 # pulled forward one hour and this continued until the second half of last
1468 # year [=September 1977] until in the second half of last year the official
1469 # time was pulled back half an hour and that half hour still remains."
1471 # This matches the time of the true noon published in the newspapers, as they
1472 # clearly go from +05:00 to +04:00 after that date (which happened during a
1473 # long weekend in Iran).
1475 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-31):
1476 # [Movahedi S. Cultural preconceptions of time: Can we use operational time
1477 # to meddle in God's Time? Comp Stud Soc Hist. 1985;27(3):385-400]
1478 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/178704
1479 # Here's the quotes from the paper:
1480 # 1. '"Iran's official time keeper moved the clock one hour forward as from
1481 # March 22, 1977 (Farvardin 2, 2536) to make maximum use of daylight and save
1482 # in energy consumption. Thus Iran joined such other countries as Britain in
1483 # observing what is known as 'daylight saving.' The proposal was originally
1484 # put forward by the Ministry of Energy, in no way having any influence on
1485 # observing religious ceremonies. Moving time one hour forward in summer
1486 # means that at 11:00 o'clock on March 21, the official time was set as
1487 # midnight March 22. Then September 24 will actually begin one hour later
1488 # than the end of September 23 [...]." Iran's time base thus continued to be
1489 # Greenwich Mean Time plus three and one-half hours (plus four and one-half
1490 # hours in summer).'
1492 # The article sources this from Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, 1977, Tehran:
1493 # Echo of Iran, which is on Google Books at
1494 # https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iran_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts/9ybVAAAAMAAJ.
1495 # (I confirmed it by searching for snippets.)
1497 # 2. "After the fall of the shah, the revolutionary government returned to
1498 # daylight-saving time (DST) on 26 May 1979."
1500 # This seems to have been announced just one day in advance, on 25 May 1979.
1502 # The change in 1977 clearly seems to be the first daylight savings effort in
1503 # Iran. But the article doesn't mention what happened in 1978 (which was
1504 # still during the shah's government), or how things continued in 1979
1505 # onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).
1507 # From Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):
1508 # for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 October
1509 # (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 September (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
1510 # UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.
1512 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1513 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1514 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1516 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1517 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1519 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1521 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1522 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1523 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1524 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1525 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1526 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1528 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1529 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1530 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1533 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1535 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1536 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1537 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1538 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1540 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1541 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1542 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1543 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1544 # plan to change that law....
1546 # From Paul Eggert (2022-06-30):
1547 # Go with Pournader for 1935 through spring 1979, and for timestamps
1548 # after August 1991; go with with Shanks & Pottenger for other timestamps.
1549 # Go with Santoni's citation of the UIT for fall 1977, as 20 October 1977
1550 # is 28 Mehr 1356, consistent with the "Mehr" in Pournader's source.
1551 # Assume that the UIT's "1930" is UTC, i.e., 24:00 local time.
1553 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1554 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1555 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1556 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1557 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1558 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1559 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1560 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1561 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1562 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1563 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1564 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1565 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1567 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1568 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1569 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1571 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1572 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1573 # daylight saving time ...
1574 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1576 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1577 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1578 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1579 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1580 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1581 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1582 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1583 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1585 # From Ali Mirjamali (2022-05-10):
1586 # Official IR News Agency announcement: irna.ir/xjJ3TT
1588 # Highlights: DST will be cancelled for the next Iranian year 1402
1589 # (i.e 2023-March-21) and forthcoming years.
1591 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1592 # Work around a bug in zic 2022a and earlier.
1593 Rule Iran 1910 only - Jan 1 00:00 0 -
1595 Rule Iran 1977 only - Mar 21 23:00 1:00 -
1596 Rule Iran 1977 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
1597 Rule Iran 1978 only - Mar 24 24:00 1:00 -
1598 Rule Iran 1978 only - Aug 5 01:00 0 -
1599 Rule Iran 1979 only - May 26 24:00 1:00 -
1600 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1601 Rule Iran 1980 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1602 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 -
1603 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 -
1604 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1605 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1606 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1607 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1608 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1609 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1610 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1611 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1612 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1613 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1614 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1615 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1616 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1617 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1618 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1619 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1620 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1621 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1622 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1623 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1624 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1625 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1626 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1627 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1628 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1629 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1630 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1631 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1632 Rule Iran 2021 2022 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1633 Rule Iran 2021 2022 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1635 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1636 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1637 3:25:44 - TMT 1935 Jun 13 # Tehran Mean Time
1638 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430 1977 Oct 20 24:00
1639 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1640 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1645 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1646 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1647 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1648 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1649 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1651 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1652 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1653 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1654 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1655 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1657 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1659 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1660 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1661 # news sources (in Arabic):
1662 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1663 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1665 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1666 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1668 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1669 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 -
1670 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1671 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 -
1672 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
1673 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1674 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 -
1675 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1676 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1678 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 -
1679 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 -
1680 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1681 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1682 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1687 ###############################################################################
1691 # For more info about the motivation for DST in Israel, see:
1692 # Barak Y. Israel's Daylight Saving Time controversy. Israel Affairs.
1693 # 2020-08-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2020.1806564
1695 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1697 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1698 # different abbreviations in use:
1700 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1701 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1702 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1704 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1705 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1706 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1707 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1708 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1709 # settings in Israeli computers.
1711 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1712 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1713 # family is from India).
1715 # From P Chan (2020-10-27), with corrections:
1717 # 1940-1946 Supplement No. 2 to the Palestine Gazette
1718 # # issue page Order No. dated start end note
1719 # 1 1010 729 67 of 1940 1940-05-22 1940-05-31* 1940-09-30* revoked by #2
1720 # 2 1013 758 73 of 1940 1940-05-31 1940-05-31 1940-09-30
1721 # 3 1055 1574 196 of 1940 1940-11-06 1940-11-16 1940-12-31
1722 # 4 1066 1811 208 of 1940 1940-12-17 1940-12-31 1941-12-31
1723 # 5 1156 1967 116 of 1941 1941-12-16 1941-12-31 1942-12-31* amended by #6
1724 # 6 1228 1608 86 of 1942 1942-10-14 1941-12-31 1942-10-31
1725 # 7 1256 279 21 of 1943 1943-03-18 1943-03-31 1943-10-31
1726 # 8 1323 249 19 of 1944 1944-03-13 1944-03-31 1944-10-31
1727 # 9 1402 328 20 of 1945 1945-04-05 1945-04-15 1945-10-31
1728 #10 1487 596 14 of 1946 1946-04-04 1946-04-15 1946-10-31
1730 # 1948 Iton Rishmi (Official Gazette of the Provisional Government)
1731 # # issue page dated start end
1732 #11 2 7 1948-05-20 1948-05-22 1948-10-31*
1733 # ^This moved timezone to +04, replaced by #12 from 1948-08-31 24:00 GMT.
1734 #12 17 (Annex B) 84 1948-08-22 1948-08-31 1948-10-31
1736 # 1949-2000 Kovetz HaTakanot (Collection of Regulations)
1737 # # issue page dated start end note
1738 #13 6 133 1949-03-23 1949-04-30 1949-10-31
1739 #14 80 755 1950-03-17 1950-04-15 1950-09-14
1740 #15 164 782 1951-03-22 1951-03-31 1951-09-29* amended by #16
1741 #16 206 1940 1951-09-23 ---------- 1951-10-22* amended by #17
1742 #17 212 78 1951-10-19 ---------- 1951-11-10
1743 #18 254 652 1952-03-03 1952-04-19 1952-09-27* amended by #19
1744 #19 300 11 1952-09-15 ---------- 1952-10-18
1745 #20 348 817 1953-03-03 1953-04-11 1953-09-12
1746 #21 420 385 1954-02-17 1954-06-12 1954-09-11
1747 #22 497 548 1955-01-14 1955-06-11 1955-09-10
1748 #23 591 608 1956-03-12 1956-06-02 1956-09-29
1749 #24 680 957 1957-02-08 1957-04-27 1957-09-21
1750 #25 3192 1418 1974-06-28 1974-07-06 1974-10-12
1751 #26 3322 1389 1975-04-03 1975-04-19 1975-08-30
1752 #27 4146 2089 1980-07-15 1980-08-02 1980-09-13
1753 #28 4604 1081 1984-02-22 1984-05-05* 1984-08-25* revoked by #29
1754 #29 4619 1312 1984-04-06 1984-05-05 1984-08-25
1755 #30 4744 475 1984-12-23 1985-04-13 1985-09-14* amended by #31
1756 #31 4851 1848 1985-08-18 ---------- 1985-08-31
1757 #32 4932 899 1986-04-22 1986-05-17 1986-09-06
1758 #33 5013 580 1987-02-15 1987-04-18* 1987-08-22* revoked by #34
1759 #34 5021 744 1987-03-30 1987-04-14 1987-09-12
1760 #35 5096 659 1988-02-14 1988-04-09 1988-09-03
1761 #36 5167 514 1989-02-03 1989-04-29 1989-09-02
1762 #37 5248 375 1990-01-23 1990-03-24 1990-08-25
1763 #38 5335 612 1991-02-10 1991-03-09* 1991-08-31 amended by #39
1764 # 1992-03-28 1992-09-05
1765 #39 5339 709 1991-03-04 1991-03-23 ----------
1766 #40 5506 503 1993-02-18 1993-04-02 1993-09-05
1767 # 1994-04-01 1994-08-28
1768 # 1995-03-31 1995-09-03
1769 #41 5731 438 1996-01-01 1996-03-14 1996-09-15
1770 # 1997-03-13* 1997-09-18* overridden by 1997 Temp Prov
1771 # 1998-03-19* 1998-09-17* revoked by #42
1772 #42 5853 1243 1997-09-18 1998-03-19 1998-09-05
1773 #43 5937 77 1998-10-18 1999-04-02 1999-09-03
1774 # 2000-04-14* 2000-09-15* revoked by #44
1775 # 2001-04-13* 2001-09-14* revoked by #44
1776 #44 6024 39 2000-03-14 2000-04-14 2000-10-22* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1777 # 2001-04-06* 2001-10-10* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1778 # 2002-03-29* 2002-10-29* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1780 # These are laws enacted by the Knesset since the Minister could only alter the
1781 # transition dates at least six months in advanced under the 1992 Law.
1783 # 1997 Temporary Provisions 1997-03-06 1997-03-20 1997-09-13
1784 # 2000 Temporary Provisions 2000-07-28 ---------- 2000-10-06
1785 # 2001-04-09 2001-09-24
1786 # 2002-03-29 2002-10-07
1787 # 2003-03-28 2003-10-03
1788 # 2004-04-07 2004-09-22
1790 # Transition times in 1940-1957 (#1-#24) were midnight GMT,
1791 # in 1974-1998 (#25-#42 and the 1997 Temporary Provisions) were midnight,
1792 # in 1999-April 2000 (#43,#44) were 02:00,
1793 # in the 2000 Temporary Provisions were 01:00.
1795 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1797 # 1 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=687
1798 # 2 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=716
1799 # 3 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=721
1800 # 4 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=958
1801 # 5 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537502&increment=558
1802 # 6 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537511&increment=105
1803 # 7 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537516&increment=278
1804 # 8 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537522&increment=248
1805 # 9 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537530&increment=329
1806 #10 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537537&increment=601
1807 #11 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-002.pdf#page=3
1808 #12 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-017-t2.pdf#page=4
1809 #13 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0006.pdf#page=3
1810 #14 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0080.pdf#page=7
1811 #15 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0164.pdf#page=10
1812 #16 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0206.pdf#page=4
1813 #17 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0212.pdf#page=2
1814 #18 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0254.pdf#page=4
1815 #19 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0300.pdf#page=5
1816 #20 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0348.pdf#page=3
1817 #21 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0420.pdf#page=5
1818 #22 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0497.pdf#page=10
1819 #23 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0591.pdf#page=6
1820 #24 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0680.pdf#page=3
1821 #25 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3192.pdf#page=2
1822 #26 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3322.pdf#page=5
1823 #27 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4146.pdf#page=2
1824 #28 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4604.pdf#page=7
1825 #29 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4619.pdf#page=2
1826 #30 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4744.pdf#page=11
1827 #31 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4851.pdf#page=2
1828 #32 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4932.pdf#page=19
1829 #33 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5013.pdf#page=8
1830 #34 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5021.pdf#page=8
1831 #35 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5096.pdf#page=3
1832 #36 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5167.pdf#page=2
1833 #37 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5248.pdf#page=7
1834 #38 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5335.pdf#page=6
1835 #39 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5339.pdf#page=7
1836 #40 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5506.pdf#page=19
1837 #41 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5731.pdf#page=2
1838 #42 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5853.pdf#page=3
1839 #43 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5937.pdf#page=9
1840 #44 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-6024.pdf#page=4
1842 # Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1997
1843 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_003.htm
1845 # Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 2000
1846 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_004.htm
1848 # Time Determination Law, 1992 and amendments
1849 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p201_002.htm
1850 # https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Laws/Pages/LawPrimary.aspx?lawitemid=2001174
1852 # From Paul Eggert (2020-10-27):
1853 # Several of the midnight transitions mentioned above are ambiguous;
1854 # are they 00:00, 00:00s, 24:00, or 24:00s? When resolving these ambiguities,
1855 # try to minimize changes from previous tzdb versions, for lack of better info.
1856 # Commentary from previous versions is included below, to help explain this.
1858 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1859 Rule Zion 1940 only - May 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1860 Rule Zion 1940 only - Sep 30 24:00u 0 S
1861 Rule Zion 1940 only - Nov 16 24:00u 1:00 D
1862 Rule Zion 1942 1946 - Oct 31 24:00u 0 S
1863 Rule Zion 1943 1944 - Mar 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1864 Rule Zion 1945 1946 - Apr 15 24:00u 1:00 D
1865 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 22 24:00u 2:00 DD
1866 Rule Zion 1948 only - Aug 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1867 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Oct 31 24:00u 0 S
1868 Rule Zion 1949 only - Apr 30 24:00u 1:00 D
1869 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 15 24:00u 1:00 D
1870 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 14 24:00u 0 S
1871 Rule Zion 1951 only - Mar 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1872 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 10 24:00u 0 S
1873 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 19 24:00u 1:00 D
1874 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 18 24:00u 0 S
1875 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 11 24:00u 1:00 D
1876 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 12 24:00u 0 S
1877 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 12 24:00u 1:00 D
1878 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 11 24:00u 0 S
1879 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 24:00u 1:00 D
1880 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 10 24:00u 0 S
1881 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 2 24:00u 1:00 D
1882 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00u 0 S
1883 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 27 24:00u 1:00 D
1884 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 21 24:00u 0 S
1885 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 6 24:00 1:00 D
1886 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
1887 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 19 24:00 1:00 D
1888 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 30 24:00 0 S
1890 # From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
1891 # http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
1892 # From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
1893 # Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
1894 # https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
1895 # You can of course read it in translation.
1896 # I checked the local newspapers for that years.
1897 # It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
1898 # From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
1899 # Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
1900 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
1901 Rule Zion 1980 only - Aug 2 24:00s 1:00 D
1902 Rule Zion 1980 only - Sep 13 24:00s 0 S
1903 Rule Zion 1984 only - May 5 24:00s 1:00 D
1904 Rule Zion 1984 only - Aug 25 24:00s 0 S
1906 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 13 24:00 1:00 D
1907 Rule Zion 1985 only - Aug 31 24:00 0 S
1908 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 17 24:00 1:00 D
1909 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 6 24:00 0 S
1910 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 14 24:00 1:00 D
1911 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
1913 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1914 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1915 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1916 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1917 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 9 24:00 1:00 D
1918 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 3 24:00 0 S
1920 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1921 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1924 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1925 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1926 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1927 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1928 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1929 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1930 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1931 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1932 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1933 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1934 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1935 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1936 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1937 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1938 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1939 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1940 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1941 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1942 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1943 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1944 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1945 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1947 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1948 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 29 24:00 1:00 D
1949 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 2 24:00 0 S
1950 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 24 24:00 1:00 D
1951 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 25 24:00 0 S
1952 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 23 24:00 1:00 D
1953 Rule Zion 1991 only - Aug 31 24:00 0 S
1954 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 28 24:00 1:00 D
1955 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 5 24:00 0 S
1956 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1957 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1959 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1960 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1961 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1963 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1964 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1965 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1966 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1967 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1969 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1970 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1971 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1973 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1975 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1977 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1979 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1981 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1983 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1984 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 14 24:00 1:00 D
1985 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 15 24:00 0 S
1986 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 D
1987 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 13 24:00 0 S
1988 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1989 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1990 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1991 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
1993 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1994 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1995 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1997 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1999 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
2001 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
2002 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
2004 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
2006 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2007 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
2008 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
2009 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
2010 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
2011 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
2012 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
2013 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
2014 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
2015 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
2016 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
2018 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
2019 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
2020 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
2021 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
2022 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
2024 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
2026 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
2028 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2029 Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Apr Fri<=1 2:00 1:00 D
2030 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
2031 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
2032 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
2033 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
2034 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
2035 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
2036 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
2037 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
2039 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2020-10-26):
2040 # The current time law (2013) from the State of Israel can be viewed
2042 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/israel/announcements/2013+law.pdf
2044 # Every year, in the period from the Friday before the last Sunday in
2045 # the month of March at 02:00 a.m. until the last Sunday of the month
2046 # of October at 02:00 a.m., Israel Time will be advanced an additional
2047 # hour such that it will be UTC+3.
2049 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2050 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
2051 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
2053 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2054 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
2055 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
2060 ###############################################################################
2064 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
2066 # From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19):
2067 # Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese
2068 # timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each,
2069 # with hour length depending on season. In 1873 the government
2070 # started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock. See:
2071 # Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan"
2072 # <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>. As the tzdb code and
2073 # data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before
2074 # 1873 using Western-style local mean time.
2076 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
2077 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
2078 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
2079 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
2080 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
2081 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
2082 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
2084 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
2085 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
2086 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
2087 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
2088 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
2089 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E.... But "western standard
2090 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
2091 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
2094 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
2095 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
2097 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
2098 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
2099 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
2100 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
2102 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
2103 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
2104 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
2105 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
2107 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
2108 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
2109 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
2110 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
2112 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
2113 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
2114 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
2115 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
2116 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
2117 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
2118 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
2119 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
2120 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
2121 # wanted to keep it.)
2123 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
2124 # The source of information is Japanese law.
2125 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
2126 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
2127 # ... In summary, it is written as follows. From 24:00 on the first Saturday
2128 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
2130 # From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
2131 # [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
2132 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
2133 # ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
2134 # 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
2135 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
2136 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
2137 # of the summer time is described in the document.
2138 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
2139 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
2140 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
2141 # change the clock before they sleep.
2143 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
2144 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that. zic treats
2145 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
2146 # do in any POSIX or C platform. The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
2147 # which should be safe now.
2149 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2150 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2151 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S
2152 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2153 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2155 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2156 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
2158 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
2159 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
2160 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
2164 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
2165 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2166 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
2167 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
2170 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
2171 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
2172 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
2173 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
2174 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
2175 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
2177 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2178 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2180 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2181 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
2182 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
2184 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
2185 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
2186 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
2189 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
2190 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
2191 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
2193 # Google's translation:
2195 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
2196 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
2197 # > of the month of March of each year.
2199 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
2201 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
2202 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
2204 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
2205 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
2206 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
2207 # until about the same time next year (at least).
2208 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
2210 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
2211 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
2212 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
2213 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
2214 # Official, in Arabic:
2215 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
2216 # ... Our background/permalink about it
2217 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
2219 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
2220 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
2221 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
2223 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
2224 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
2226 # From Steffen Thorsen (2021-09-24):
2227 # The Jordanian Government announced yesterday that they will start DST
2228 # in February instead of March:
2229 # https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=37683&lang=en&name=en_news (English)
2230 # https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=189969&lang=ar&name=news (Arabic)
2231 # From the Arabic version, it seems to say it would be at midnight
2232 # (assume 24:00) on the last Thursday in February, starting from 2022.
2234 # From Issam Al-Zuwairi (2022-10-05):
2235 # The Council of Ministers in Jordan decided Wednesday 5th October 2022,
2236 # that daylight saving time (DST) will be throughout the year....
2238 # From Brian Inglis (2022-10-06):
2239 # https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=45567&lang=en&name=en_news
2241 # From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
2242 # Like Syria, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
2243 # (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.
2245 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2246 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
2247 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2248 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2249 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2250 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2251 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2252 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2253 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2254 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2255 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2256 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2257 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
2258 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
2259 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
2260 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
2261 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2262 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2263 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2264 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2265 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
2266 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
2267 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2268 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
2269 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2270 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
2271 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
2272 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2273 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2274 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
2275 Rule Jordan 2014 2021 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2276 Rule Jordan 2014 2022 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2277 Rule Jordan 2022 only - Feb lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2278 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2279 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
2280 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 2022 Oct 28 0:00s
2286 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
2287 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
2288 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
2289 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
2290 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
2292 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
2293 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
2294 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
2295 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
2296 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
2297 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
2298 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
2299 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
2300 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
2302 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
2303 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
2304 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
2306 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
2307 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
2308 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
2309 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
2310 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
2311 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
2312 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
2314 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
2315 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
2316 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
2319 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
2320 # -- page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
2321 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564 -- on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
2322 # transition to "summer" time:
2323 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
2324 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
2325 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
2326 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
2327 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
2328 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
2329 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
2330 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
2331 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
2332 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
2334 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
2335 # was one of such changes.
2337 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное_время
2338 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
2339 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
2340 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
2341 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
2342 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
2343 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
2346 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
2347 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
2348 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
2349 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
2351 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2352 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
2353 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
2354 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
2355 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
2356 # 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
2357 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
2358 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
2359 # 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
2360 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
2361 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
2362 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
2365 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
2366 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
2367 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
2369 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2370 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
2371 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
2372 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
2373 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
2374 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
2376 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2377 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
2378 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
2379 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
2380 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
2381 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
2384 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2385 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
2386 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
2387 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
2388 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
2390 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2391 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
2392 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
2393 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
2394 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
2397 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
2399 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2400 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
2401 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
2402 # replaces the previous five documents.
2404 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
2405 # fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
2406 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
2407 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
2408 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
2409 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
2410 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
2412 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2413 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
2414 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
2415 # modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
2417 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2418 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
2419 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
2420 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
2421 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
2422 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
2423 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
2424 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
2425 # amended before implementation happened.
2427 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2428 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
2429 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
2430 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
2431 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
2432 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
2433 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
2434 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
2436 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
2437 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
2438 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
2439 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
2441 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2442 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
2443 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
2444 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
2445 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
2446 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
2447 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
2450 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
2451 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2452 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2453 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2455 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2456 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2457 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2458 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2459 # according to wikipedia.)
2461 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2462 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2463 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2464 # how that could happen....
2466 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2467 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2468 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2469 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2471 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2472 # (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from UTC+6 to UTC+5
2473 # effective December 21st, 2018....
2474 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2476 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2478 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2479 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2480 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2481 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2482 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2483 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2484 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2485 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2487 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2488 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2489 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2490 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2491 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2492 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2493 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2494 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2495 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2496 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2497 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2498 6:00 - +06 2018 Dec 21 0:00
2501 # Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
2502 # The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2504 Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:28 - LMT 1924 May 2
2505 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2506 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2507 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2508 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2509 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2510 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2511 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2514 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2515 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2516 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2517 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2518 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2519 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2520 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2521 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2522 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2524 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2525 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2526 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2527 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2528 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2529 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2530 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2531 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2532 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2533 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2534 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2536 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2537 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2538 Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
2539 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2540 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2541 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2542 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2543 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2544 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
2545 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2547 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
2548 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2549 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2550 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
2551 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2552 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2553 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2554 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2555 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2556 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2557 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2558 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2561 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2562 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2564 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2565 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2566 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2567 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
2568 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2569 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2570 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2571 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2573 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2574 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 -
2575 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2576 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 -
2577 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
2578 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2579 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
2580 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2581 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2582 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
2583 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
2586 ###############################################################################
2588 # Korea (North and South)
2590 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2591 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2592 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2593 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2594 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2596 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2597 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2598 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2599 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2600 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2601 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2602 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2603 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2604 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2605 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2607 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2608 # 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2609 # date in South Korea should be
2610 # 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2611 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2612 # 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2613 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2614 # 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2615 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2616 # 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2617 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2618 # 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2619 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2620 # 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2621 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2623 # 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2624 # when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2625 # aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2626 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2629 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2630 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2631 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
2632 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2633 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sat>=7 24:00 0 S
2634 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2635 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2636 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2637 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 8 24:00 0 S
2638 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2639 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00 0 S
2640 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2641 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sat>=17 24:00 0 S
2642 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2643 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2645 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2646 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2648 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2649 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2650 # (Announcement No. 338)
2651 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2652 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2654 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2655 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2657 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2658 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2659 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2661 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2662 # have no information otherwise.
2664 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2665 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2666 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2667 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2669 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2670 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
2671 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2672 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2673 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2674 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2676 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2677 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2678 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2680 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2681 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2682 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2683 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ... Citation should be Decree
2684 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2685 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2686 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2687 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2689 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2690 # The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2691 # https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2693 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2694 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2695 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2696 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
2697 9:00 ROK K%sT 1954 Mar 21
2698 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
2700 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2701 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2702 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
2703 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
2704 8:30 - KST 2018 May 4 23:30
2707 ###############################################################################
2717 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2718 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2719 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2720 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2721 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2722 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2723 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2724 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2725 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
2726 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2727 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2728 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
2729 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2730 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2731 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2732 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2733 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2734 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2735 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2736 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2737 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2738 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
2739 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
2740 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2741 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2742 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2743 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2747 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2748 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 -
2749 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
2751 # For peninsular Malaysia see Asia/Singapore.
2754 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2755 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2756 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2757 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2758 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
2760 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2761 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2763 Link Asia/Kuching Asia/Brunei
2766 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2767 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Malé
2768 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Malé Mean Time
2770 Link Indian/Maldives Indian/Kerguelen
2774 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2775 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2776 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2778 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2779 # General Information Mongolia
2780 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2781 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2782 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2783 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2786 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2787 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2788 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
2789 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2790 # of implementation may have been different....
2791 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2792 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2793 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2795 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2796 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2797 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2798 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2799 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2800 # is good enough for our purposes.
2802 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2803 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2804 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2805 # there are three time zones.
2807 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2808 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2809 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2810 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2812 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2814 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2815 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2816 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2817 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2819 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2820 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2821 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2823 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2824 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2825 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2826 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2827 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2828 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2829 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2830 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2832 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2833 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2834 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2835 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2836 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2837 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2838 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2839 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2841 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2842 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2843 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2844 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2846 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2847 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2848 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2849 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2850 # database on this, e.g.:
2852 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2853 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2855 # both say GMT+08:00.
2857 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2858 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2860 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2861 # (click the English flag for English)
2863 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2864 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2865 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2866 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2867 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2868 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2870 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2871 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2872 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2873 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2874 # this is almost surely wrong.
2876 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2877 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2878 # daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2879 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2880 # September daylight saving time ends. Source:
2881 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2883 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2884 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
2885 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2886 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2887 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
2888 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2890 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2891 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2892 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2893 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2894 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2895 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2897 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2898 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2899 # saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2901 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
2902 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2903 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2904 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2905 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
2906 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2907 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2908 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
2910 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2911 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2912 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
2915 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2916 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
2919 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2920 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2921 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2924 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2928 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2929 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2938 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2939 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2940 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2941 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2942 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2943 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2945 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2946 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2947 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2948 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2949 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2950 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2951 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2952 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2953 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2954 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2955 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2957 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2958 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2959 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2961 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2962 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2963 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2965 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2966 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2967 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2968 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2970 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2971 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2973 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2975 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2976 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2978 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2979 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2980 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2982 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2983 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2985 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2986 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2988 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2989 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2990 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2991 # instead of August 31.
2993 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2994 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2996 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2997 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2998 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2999 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
3000 # official working."
3001 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
3003 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
3004 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
3006 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
3008 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
3009 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
3010 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
3013 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
3014 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
3017 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
3018 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
3019 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
3020 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
3021 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
3023 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
3025 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
3026 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
3027 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
3030 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
3031 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
3032 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
3034 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
3035 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
3036 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
3037 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
3038 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
3041 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
3042 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
3043 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
3044 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
3046 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
3047 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
3048 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
3050 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
3051 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
3052 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
3054 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
3055 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
3056 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
3057 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
3059 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
3060 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
3061 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
3062 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
3063 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
3065 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
3066 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
3068 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
3069 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
3071 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3072 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3073 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3074 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3075 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3076 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3078 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3079 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
3080 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
3081 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
3082 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
3083 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
3084 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
3088 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
3090 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
3091 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
3092 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
3094 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
3095 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
3096 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
3099 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
3100 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
3101 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
3102 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
3103 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
3106 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
3107 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
3108 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
3109 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
3110 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
3112 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
3113 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
3114 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
3115 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
3116 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
3119 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
3121 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
3122 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
3123 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
3124 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
3125 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
3127 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
3130 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
3131 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
3132 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
3133 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
3134 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
3135 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
3136 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
3137 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
3138 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
3139 # to Palestine's rules.
3141 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
3142 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
3144 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
3145 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
3146 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
3147 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
3149 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
3150 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
3151 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
3152 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
3153 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
3154 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
3155 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
3156 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
3158 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
3159 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
3161 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
3162 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
3163 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
3164 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
3165 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
3167 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
3168 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
3169 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
3170 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
3171 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
3172 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
3175 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
3176 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
3177 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
3178 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
3179 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
3180 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
3181 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
3182 # because of the Ramadan.
3184 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
3185 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
3186 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
3188 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
3189 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
3190 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
3191 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
3192 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
3193 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
3195 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
3196 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
3198 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
3199 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
3201 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
3202 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
3203 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
3205 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
3206 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
3207 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
3208 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
3211 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
3213 # (English translation)
3214 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
3216 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
3217 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
3218 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
3221 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
3222 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
3223 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
3224 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
3225 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
3226 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
3228 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
3229 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
3230 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
3232 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
3233 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
3235 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
3236 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
3238 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
3239 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
3240 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
3241 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
3243 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
3244 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
3245 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
3246 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
3248 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
3250 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
3252 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
3253 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
3254 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
3257 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
3258 # (Ma'an News Agency)
3259 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
3260 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
3262 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
3263 # According to several sources, including
3264 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
3265 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
3266 # Gaza and the West Bank.
3267 # Some more background info:
3268 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
3270 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
3271 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
3272 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
3273 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
3276 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
3278 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
3280 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
3281 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
3282 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
3283 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
3284 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
3285 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
3286 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
3288 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
3289 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
3290 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
3292 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
3293 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
3295 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
3297 # Many sources, including:
3298 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
3300 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3301 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
3302 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
3303 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
3304 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
3306 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
3308 # Our brief summary:
3309 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
3311 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
3312 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
3313 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
3314 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
3315 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
3316 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
3318 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
3319 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
3320 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
3321 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
3322 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
3323 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
3324 # official source...:
3325 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
3327 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3328 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3329 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3330 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3332 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3333 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3334 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3336 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3337 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3338 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3339 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3340 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3342 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3343 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3344 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3345 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3347 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3348 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ...
3349 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3351 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3352 # http://pnn.ps/news/401130
3353 # http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
3355 # From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
3356 # The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
3357 # be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.
3358 # http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
3360 # From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
3361 # Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....
3363 # From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
3364 # Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
3366 # From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-20):
3367 # Some sources such as these say, and display on clocks, that DST ended at
3368 # midnight last year...
3369 # https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/320006
3371 # From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20):
3372 # The report of the Palestinian Cabinet meeting of 2019-10-14 confirms
3373 # a decision on (translated): "The start of the winter time in Palestine, by
3374 # delaying the clock by sixty minutes, starting from midnight on Friday /
3375 # Saturday corresponding to 26/10/2019."
3376 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/43948
3378 # From Sharef Mustafa (2020-10-20):
3379 # As per the palestinian cabinet announcement yesterday , the day light saving
3380 # shall [end] on Oct 24th 2020 at 01:00AM by delaying the clock by 60 minutes.
3381 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/Meeting/Details/51584
3383 # From Pierre Cashon (2020-10-20):
3384 # The summer time this year started on March 28 at 00:00.
3385 # https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=GveQNZa872839351758aGveQNZ
3386 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/50284
3387 # The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
3388 # https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
3389 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
3391 # From P Chan (2021-10-18):
3392 # http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
3393 # Palestine winter time will start from midnight 2021-10-29 (Thursday-Friday).
3395 # From Heba Hemad, Palestine Ministry of Telecom & IT (2021-10-20):
3396 # ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Friday 10-29, 01:00 AM
3397 # by 60 minutes backwards.
3399 # From Tim Parenti (2021-10-25), per Paul Eggert (2021-10-24):
3400 # Guess future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Friday preceding October's
3401 # last Sunday (i.e., Fri>=23), as this is more consistent with recent practice.
3403 # From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
3404 # summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.
3406 # From Heba Hamad (2022-08-30):
3407 # winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-29, 02:00 AM by
3408 # 60 minutes backwards. Also the state of Palestine adopted the summer
3409 # and winter time for the years: 2023,2024,2025,2026 ...
3410 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20220830/9f024566/Time-0001.pdf
3411 # (2022-08-31): ... the Saturday before the last Sunday in March and October
3412 # at 2:00 AM ,for the years from 2023 to 2026.
3413 # (2022-09-05): https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/New/1453
3415 # From Paul Eggert (2022-08-31):
3416 # For now, assume that this rule will also be used after 2026.
3418 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3419 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
3420 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3421 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3422 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
3423 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
3424 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
3426 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
3427 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
3428 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3429 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
3430 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3431 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3432 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep 13 2:00 0 -
3433 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3434 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3435 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep 4 1:00 0 -
3436 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3437 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
3438 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
3439 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3440 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
3441 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3442 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
3443 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
3444 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
3445 Rule Palestine 2014 only - Oct 24 0:00 0 -
3446 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3447 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Oct 23 1:00 0 -
3448 Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Mar Sat<=30 1:00 1:00 S
3449 Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Oct Sat<=30 1:00 0 -
3450 Rule Palestine 2019 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 S
3451 Rule Palestine 2019 only - Oct Sat<=30 0:00 0 -
3452 Rule Palestine 2020 2021 - Mar Sat<=30 0:00 1:00 S
3453 Rule Palestine 2020 only - Oct 24 1:00 0 -
3454 Rule Palestine 2021 only - Oct 29 1:00 0 -
3455 Rule Palestine 2022 only - Mar 27 0:00 1:00 S
3456 Rule Palestine 2022 max - Oct Sat<=30 2:00 0 -
3457 Rule Palestine 2023 max - Mar Sat<=30 2:00 1:00 S
3459 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3460 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
3461 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3462 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3464 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3465 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
3467 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
3468 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
3469 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
3471 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3473 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
3474 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3475 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3477 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3478 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3485 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
3486 # The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3487 # It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3488 # 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3489 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3490 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3491 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3492 # History of the International Date Line
3493 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3494 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3496 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3497 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3498 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3499 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3502 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3503 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3504 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
3505 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3506 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3507 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3508 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3510 # From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
3511 # In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
3512 # which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
3513 # The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
3514 # the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
3515 # it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
3516 # [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
3517 # [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
3519 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
3520 # I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
3521 # more popular among reliable English-language news sources. This is
3522 # not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
3523 # influence of the sources. There is no current abbreviation for DST,
3524 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.
3526 # From P Chan (2021-05-10):
3527 # Here's a fairly comprehensive article in Japanese:
3528 # https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/Philippine%20Time
3529 # From Paul Eggert (2021-05-10):
3530 # The info in the Japanese table has not been absorbed (yet) below.
3532 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3533 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 D
3534 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 S
3535 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 D
3536 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 S
3537 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
3538 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
3539 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3540 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
3541 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
3542 8:00 Phil P%sT 1942 May
3547 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3548 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
3551 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
3555 # From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3556 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3557 # standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3558 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3559 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3560 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3561 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3562 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3564 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3565 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3566 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3567 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3568 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3569 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3570 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3571 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3572 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3573 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3574 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3575 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3576 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3577 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3578 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3579 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3580 # Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3581 # Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3583 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3584 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3585 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3586 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3587 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3590 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3591 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3592 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3593 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3595 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3596 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3598 Link Asia/Riyadh Antarctica/Syowa
3599 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3600 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3603 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3604 # https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
3605 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3606 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
3607 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
3608 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
3609 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
3610 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
3611 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
3612 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
3613 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
3615 Link Asia/Singapore Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
3622 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3623 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
3624 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3625 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3626 # Shanks and Pottenger.
3628 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3629 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3630 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3631 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3632 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3633 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3635 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3636 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3637 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3638 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3639 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3641 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3642 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3643 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3644 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3646 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3647 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3648 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3649 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3650 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3651 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3652 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3653 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3655 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3656 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3657 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3658 # standard time is SLST.
3660 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3661 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
3662 # zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
3663 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3664 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3665 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3666 # other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3667 # even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3668 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3670 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3671 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
3672 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
3673 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
3674 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
3675 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
3676 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
3677 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
3678 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
3682 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3683 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
3684 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
3685 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
3686 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3687 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3688 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3689 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3690 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3691 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
3692 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3693 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3694 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
3695 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
3696 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3697 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
3698 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
3699 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
3700 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
3701 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
3702 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3703 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3704 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
3705 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3706 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3707 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3708 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
3709 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3710 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
3711 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3712 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3713 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3714 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3715 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3716 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3717 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3718 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3719 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
3720 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3721 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3722 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3723 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3724 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3725 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3726 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3727 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3728 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3729 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3730 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3731 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3732 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3733 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3734 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3735 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3737 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3738 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3740 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3741 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3743 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3744 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3746 # which using Google's translate tools says:
3747 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3748 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3749 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3750 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
3752 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3753 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3754 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3755 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
3756 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
3759 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
3760 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
3761 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
3763 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3764 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3766 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3767 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3768 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3769 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3770 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3771 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3773 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3774 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3775 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3776 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3777 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3779 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3780 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3781 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3783 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3784 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3785 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3787 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3789 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3790 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3793 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3794 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3795 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3796 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3798 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3801 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3803 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3804 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3805 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3806 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3807 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3809 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3810 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3811 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3812 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3814 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3815 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3816 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3817 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3818 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3820 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3821 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3822 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3824 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3825 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3827 # Our brief summary:
3828 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3830 # From Steffen Thorsen (2022-10-05):
3831 # Syria is adopting year-round DST, starting this autumn....
3832 # From https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/607812
3833 # "This [the decision] came after the weekly government meeting today,
3834 # Tuesday 4 October ..."
3836 # From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
3837 # Like Jordan, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
3838 # (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.
3840 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3841 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3842 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3843 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3844 Rule Syria 2012 2022 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3845 Rule Syria 2009 2022 - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
3847 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3848 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
3849 2:00 Syria EE%sT 2022 Oct 28 0:00
3853 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3854 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3855 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3856 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3857 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3858 5:00 1:00 +06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
3862 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3863 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
3864 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3866 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
3867 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
3868 Link Asia/Bangkok Indian/Christmas
3871 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3872 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3873 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
3874 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3875 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3876 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
3879 # United Arab Emirates
3880 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3881 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
3883 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
3884 Link Asia/Dubai Indian/Mahe
3885 Link Asia/Dubai Indian/Reunion
3888 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3889 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3890 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
3891 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3892 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
3893 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
3894 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
3895 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3897 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8.
3899 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
3900 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3901 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3902 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3907 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3908 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3909 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
3910 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3911 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3913 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3914 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3915 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3917 # From Paul Eggert (2022-07-27) after a 2014 heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3918 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3919 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3920 # is quoted verbatim in:
3921 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3922 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3923 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3924 # and is the basis for the information below.
3926 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3927 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3928 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3929 # the Paris Meridian; for now guess the former and round the exact
3930 # 07:06:30.1333... to 07:06:30.13 as the legal spec used 66 2/3 ms precision.
3931 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3932 # is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3934 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3935 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3936 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3937 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3938 # To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3939 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3940 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3941 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3942 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3943 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3945 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3947 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3948 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3950 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3951 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3953 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3954 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3956 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3958 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:30 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3959 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3960 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3961 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3962 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3963 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3964 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3965 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3966 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3969 # From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
3971 # The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
3972 # Vietnam since 1975-06-13. Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
3973 # in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
3974 # details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
3976 # For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
3977 # use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
3978 # For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
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