1 # tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
8 # Notes are at the end of this file
10 ###############################################################################
14 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
16 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
18 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
21 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
22 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
23 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
24 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
25 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
26 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
28 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
30 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
35 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
36 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
39 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
41 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
42 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
43 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
44 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
45 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
46 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
48 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
49 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul
54 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
55 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
56 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
57 # Queensland ceased to.
59 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
60 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
61 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
62 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
65 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
66 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
67 # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the
68 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
69 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
70 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
71 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
73 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
74 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
75 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
76 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
77 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
78 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
79 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
80 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
83 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
85 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
89 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
90 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
91 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
92 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
93 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
94 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
95 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
96 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
97 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
98 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
99 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
100 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
101 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
102 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
103 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
104 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
105 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
106 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
113 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
114 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
115 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
117 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
118 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
119 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
120 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
121 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
122 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
123 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
124 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
125 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
126 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
127 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
128 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
129 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
130 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
131 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
132 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
133 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
134 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
135 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
136 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
137 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
138 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
139 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
140 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
143 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
144 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
145 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
146 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
150 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
151 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
152 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
153 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
154 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
155 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
156 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
157 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
158 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
159 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
160 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
161 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
162 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
163 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
164 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
165 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
166 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
171 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
172 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
173 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
174 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
176 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
177 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
178 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
179 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
180 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
181 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
182 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
183 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
184 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
185 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
186 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
187 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
188 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
189 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
192 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
193 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
200 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
201 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
202 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
203 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
204 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
205 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
206 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
207 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
208 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
209 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
210 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
211 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
212 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
213 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
214 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
215 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
216 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
217 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul
220 # Australian miscellany
222 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
223 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
227 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
231 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
232 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
233 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
234 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
235 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
236 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
238 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
239 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
240 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
241 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
244 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
245 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
246 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
247 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
248 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
249 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
250 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
251 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
252 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
260 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
261 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
265 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
266 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
267 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
268 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
274 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
276 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
277 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
278 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
280 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
281 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
282 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
284 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
285 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
287 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
289 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
290 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
291 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
292 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
293 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
296 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
298 # A bit more background info here:
299 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
301 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
302 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
303 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
304 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
305 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
306 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
307 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
309 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
310 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
311 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
313 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
315 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
316 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
317 # 2am on February 26 next year.
319 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
320 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
321 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
323 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
326 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
327 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
328 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
329 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
331 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
332 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
333 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
334 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
335 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
337 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
338 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
339 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
340 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
342 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
343 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
344 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
346 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
347 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
348 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
350 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
351 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
352 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
353 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
354 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
355 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
357 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
358 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
359 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
360 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
361 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
363 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
364 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
365 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
366 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
368 # From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
369 # http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
370 # ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
372 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06):
373 # Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27
374 # (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on
375 # Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020."
376 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00
377 # the first Sunday on or after January 12. January transitions reportedly
378 # depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
379 # transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice
380 # than guessing no DST.
381 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
382 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848
384 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
385 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
386 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
387 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 -
388 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
389 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 -
390 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
391 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
392 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
393 Rule Fiji 2014 2018 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
394 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 -
395 Rule Fiji 2019 max - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 -
396 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
397 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
401 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
402 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
404 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
406 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
408 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
413 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
414 # http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
415 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
416 Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D
417 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
418 Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S
419 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
420 Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D
421 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
422 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S
423 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
424 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D
425 Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S
426 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
427 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
428 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
429 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
430 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
431 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
432 Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D
433 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
434 Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S
435 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
436 Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D
437 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
438 Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S
439 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
440 Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D
441 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
442 Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S
444 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
445 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
446 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
447 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam
448 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31
449 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23
450 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
451 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
454 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
455 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
457 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
458 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct
459 -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31
461 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
462 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct
463 -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31
470 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
471 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
473 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
475 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
476 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30
479 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
481 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
482 9:00 - +09 1944 Feb 6
484 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20 24:00
488 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
489 Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
492 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
493 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
496 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia
499 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
501 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
504 Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
507 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
509 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
516 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
517 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
518 11:30 - +1130 1942 Aug 29
519 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 8
520 11:30 - +1130 1979 Feb 10 2:00
524 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
525 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 -
526 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
527 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 -
528 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
529 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
530 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
531 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
535 ###############################################################################
539 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
540 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
541 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
542 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
543 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
544 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
545 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
546 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
547 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
548 # there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
549 # transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
550 # time to percolate out.
551 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
552 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
553 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
554 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 -
555 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
556 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
557 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
558 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
559 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
560 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 -
561 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
562 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
563 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
564 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 -
565 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
566 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
567 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
568 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
569 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
570 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
571 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
573 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
574 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1
575 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345
577 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
580 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
581 # and scientific personnel have wintered
584 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
585 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
586 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
587 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
590 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
591 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
592 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 -
593 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
594 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 -
595 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
596 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
597 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12
598 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930
600 ###############################################################################
604 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
605 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
607 -11:30 - -1130 1978 Oct 1
611 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
612 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
614 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00s
615 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00s
616 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00s
621 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
622 Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror
627 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
628 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
629 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
632 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
633 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
634 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
636 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
637 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
638 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
639 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
640 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
641 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
642 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
644 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
645 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
647 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
649 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
652 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
653 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
657 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
658 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
659 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
663 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
665 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
666 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
668 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
670 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
671 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
672 # the following info:
674 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
675 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
676 # Sunday of April 2011."
679 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
681 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
683 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
685 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
687 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
688 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
689 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
690 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
691 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
693 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
694 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
696 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
697 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
698 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
699 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
701 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
702 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
704 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
706 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
707 # The International Date Line Act 2011
708 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
709 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
710 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
713 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
714 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
716 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
719 # Year End Time Start Time
720 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
721 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
723 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
724 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
725 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
727 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
728 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
729 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
730 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
732 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
733 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
734 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
736 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
737 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 -
738 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 -
739 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 -
740 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 -
741 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 -
742 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
743 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
746 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
750 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
751 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
752 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
757 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
758 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
759 # December 31 this year ...
761 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
762 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
763 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
764 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
765 # actually was to UT-11 back then.
767 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
768 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
769 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
770 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
771 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
772 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
774 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
775 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
776 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
780 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
781 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 -
782 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
783 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
784 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
785 Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
786 Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
787 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
788 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
794 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
795 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
799 # US minor outlying islands
802 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
803 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
804 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
805 # uninhabited thereafter.
806 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
807 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
808 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
809 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
810 # until they were abandoned after the war.
813 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
814 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
815 # uninhabited thereafter.
816 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
820 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
821 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
822 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
823 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
824 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
826 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
827 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
828 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
829 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
830 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
832 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
833 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
834 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
835 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
836 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
837 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
838 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
839 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
840 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
841 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
842 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
849 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
852 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
855 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
856 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
861 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
862 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 -
863 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
864 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 -
865 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 -
866 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
867 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 -
868 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
869 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
870 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12
873 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
874 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
877 ###############################################################################
881 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
882 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
883 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
884 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
886 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
888 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
889 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
890 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
891 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
893 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
894 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
895 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
896 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
897 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
898 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
900 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
901 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
902 # I found in the UCLA library.
904 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
905 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
906 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
908 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
909 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
911 # I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
912 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
913 # Corrections are welcome!
915 # LMT Local Mean Time
916 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
917 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
918 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
919 # 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000
920 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
921 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
922 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
926 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
927 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
929 ###############################################################################
933 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
934 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
935 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
936 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
937 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
938 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
939 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
940 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
941 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
942 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
943 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
944 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
946 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
947 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
948 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
949 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
951 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
952 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
953 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
954 # covers New South Wales in particular.
956 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
957 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
958 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
959 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
960 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
961 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
962 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
963 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
964 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
966 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
967 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
968 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
969 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
970 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
971 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
972 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
974 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
976 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
977 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
978 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
979 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
980 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
981 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
982 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
983 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
984 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
985 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
986 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
987 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
989 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
990 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
991 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
992 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
993 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
994 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
995 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
996 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
997 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
998 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
1000 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
1001 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
1003 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
1004 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
1005 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
1006 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
1008 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
1009 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
1011 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
1012 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
1013 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
1014 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
1015 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
1016 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
1017 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
1019 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
1020 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
1021 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
1022 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
1023 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
1024 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
1025 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
1026 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
1027 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
1028 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
1029 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
1030 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
1031 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
1032 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
1034 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
1036 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
1037 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
1038 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
1039 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1041 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
1042 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
1043 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
1045 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
1046 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
1047 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
1049 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
1050 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
1051 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1053 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
1054 # https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
1055 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
1057 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
1058 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
1059 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
1060 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
1061 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
1062 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
1064 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
1065 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
1066 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
1067 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
1068 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
1069 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
1070 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
1071 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
1072 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
1074 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1075 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1076 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1077 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1078 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1079 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1080 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1082 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1084 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1085 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1086 # relevant entries in this database.
1088 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1089 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1090 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1092 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1093 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1095 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1096 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1098 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1099 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1100 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1101 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1102 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1104 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1105 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1106 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1107 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1108 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1109 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1110 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1111 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1113 # But not Queensland
1114 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1116 # Northern Territory
1118 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1119 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1121 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1123 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1125 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1126 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1127 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1131 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1132 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1134 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1135 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1136 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1137 # # before reaching parliament.
1139 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1141 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1142 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1143 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1144 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1146 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1147 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1148 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1150 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1151 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1152 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1154 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1157 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1158 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1159 # it matches what was used in the past.
1161 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1162 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1163 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1164 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1166 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
1167 # The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
1168 # government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
1169 # 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption
1170 # would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
1171 # to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See:
1172 # Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
1173 # https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
1177 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
1178 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
1179 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
1180 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
1181 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
1183 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1184 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1187 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1189 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1190 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1191 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1192 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1194 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1195 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1198 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1199 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1200 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1201 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1203 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1204 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1205 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1208 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1209 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1210 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1212 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1213 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1216 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1217 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1219 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1220 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1221 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1222 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1224 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1225 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1226 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1227 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1228 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1229 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1230 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1231 # Australia and Western Australia....
1233 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1234 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1235 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1236 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1238 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1239 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1240 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1241 # coast of the continent.
1243 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1244 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1245 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1246 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1247 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1249 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1250 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1251 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1252 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1255 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1256 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1257 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1258 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1260 # From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08):
1261 # https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000
1262 # ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries...
1263 # "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny
1264 # roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village."
1265 # ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence
1266 # since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ...
1267 # From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17):
1268 # That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says:
1269 # Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your
1270 # phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which
1271 # way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in
1272 # Texta is the word: 'Why'?
1273 # "Good question," Mr Pike said.
1274 # "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years."
1276 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1277 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1278 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1281 # southeast Australia
1283 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1284 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1285 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1286 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1291 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1292 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1293 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1294 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1296 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1297 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1300 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1302 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1303 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1304 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1305 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1307 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1308 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1309 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1310 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1312 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1313 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1314 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1315 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1318 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1319 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1320 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1321 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1323 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1324 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1325 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1326 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1328 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1329 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1330 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1331 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1333 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1334 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1338 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1339 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1340 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1343 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1344 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1345 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1346 # (but nothing new about that).
1348 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1349 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1350 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1351 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1352 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1353 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1355 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1356 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1358 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1359 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1363 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1364 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1365 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1368 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1369 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1370 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1371 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1372 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1373 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1375 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1376 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1377 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1378 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1379 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1382 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1383 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1384 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1385 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1387 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1388 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1390 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1391 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1395 # From Arthur David Olson:
1396 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1397 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1399 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1400 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1401 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1402 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1403 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1404 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1406 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1407 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1408 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1409 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1410 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1412 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1413 # See the following official NSW source:
1414 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1415 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1417 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1418 # daylight saving next year. See:
1419 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1420 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1421 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1423 # Victoria will follow NSW. See:
1424 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1425 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1427 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1428 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1429 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1431 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1432 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1433 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1434 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1435 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1436 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1437 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1438 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1439 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1441 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1442 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1443 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1445 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1446 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1447 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1449 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1450 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1451 # towns to use Queensland time.
1453 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1454 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1458 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1459 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1461 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1462 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1465 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1466 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1467 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1468 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1469 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1470 # # presently available.
1471 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1473 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1474 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1475 # [followed by other Rules]
1479 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1480 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1482 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1483 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1485 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1486 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1487 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1488 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1489 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1490 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1491 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1492 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1493 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1494 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1496 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1497 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1498 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1499 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1500 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1501 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1503 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1504 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1505 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1507 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1508 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1510 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1511 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1512 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1513 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1516 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1517 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1518 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1519 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1520 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1521 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1522 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1523 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1525 # We have a wrap-up here:
1526 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1527 ###############################################################################
1531 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1532 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1533 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1534 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1535 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1537 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1538 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1539 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1540 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1543 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1544 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1545 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1546 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1548 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1549 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1551 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1552 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1553 # rather than the October 1 value.
1555 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1556 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1557 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1558 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1559 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1560 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1562 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1563 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1564 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
1565 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1567 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1568 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1569 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1571 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1572 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1573 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1574 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1575 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1577 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1578 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1579 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1580 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1581 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1582 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1583 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1584 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1585 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1586 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1587 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1588 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1590 ###############################################################################
1593 # Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima)
1595 # From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick:
1596 # National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government
1597 # officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there.
1598 # According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC
1599 # + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan
1600 # at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST. The exact periods of DST are still unknown.
1601 # I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have
1602 # synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own
1603 # decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones....
1605 # https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時
1607 # From Phake Nick (2019-02-12):
1608 # Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned
1609 # to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database
1610 # rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin
1611 # Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only.
1612 # ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon
1613 # regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese
1614 # in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands. Many reports claim that
1615 # the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own
1616 # coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two
1617 # hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island. Some
1618 # sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be
1619 # incorrect to be same as Guam. And then in a few Japanese governmental
1620 # report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications
1621 # Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus
1622 # Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the
1623 # island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time
1624 # (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense
1625 # Force). Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time
1626 # and there are also no information on things like how the time was used.
1631 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1632 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1633 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1635 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1636 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1637 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1638 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1640 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1641 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1643 # From the BBC World Service in
1644 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1645 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1646 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1647 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1648 # of the new millennium.
1650 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1651 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1656 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1657 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1658 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1659 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1661 # From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
1662 # December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
1663 # would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
1664 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
1665 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
1666 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
1670 # From an AP article (1993-08-22):
1671 # "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
1672 # excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were
1673 # going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
1674 # -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
1675 # one side of the international date line to the other."
1676 # "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
1677 # https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
1679 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1680 # <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時> ... pointed out that
1681 # currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in
1682 # 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it
1683 # synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch
1684 # should occur at around 1950s instead.
1686 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1687 # The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this.
1688 # The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States
1689 # Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test
1690 # Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was
1691 # transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground"
1692 # <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
1693 # Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
1694 # to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
1697 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1699 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1700 # Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
1701 # however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
1702 # period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
1703 # that period of time like the surrounding area.
1705 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1706 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1707 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1708 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1709 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1712 # Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
1713 # and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern
1714 # Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
1715 # they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
1717 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1718 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1719 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1720 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1722 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
1726 # See the commentary for Micronesia.
1729 # Micronesia (and nearby)
1731 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1732 # Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
1733 # kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
1735 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1736 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1737 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1739 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1740 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1742 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1743 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1744 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1745 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1746 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1747 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1749 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1751 # From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
1753 # For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
1754 # Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
1756 # A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
1757 # who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
1758 # of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been
1759 # implemented (yet). No further information after that were found.
1761 # Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
1762 # instructed to use JST at the time.
1764 # 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
1765 # the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
1766 # longitude of the atoll.
1767 # 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
1768 # February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
1769 # However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
1770 # probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
1771 # is if they keep their own time back then)
1773 # In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
1774 # into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
1775 # +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
1776 # year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
1777 # force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
1778 # time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
1779 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
1780 # (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
1781 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
1782 # administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
1783 # * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
1784 # administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
1785 # * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
1786 # formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
1787 # governance structure have been established, these district [become
1788 # subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
1790 # * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
1791 # occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
1792 # Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
1793 # subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
1794 # subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
1795 # starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
1798 # And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
1799 # area into 2 timezones:
1800 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
1801 # Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
1802 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
1803 # Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
1806 # Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
1807 # standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
1808 # of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
1810 # Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
1811 # island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
1812 # period of time....
1814 # After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
1815 # (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
1816 # different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
1817 # time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
1819 # After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
1820 # under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some
1821 # American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
1822 # area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
1823 # information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
1824 # information can be found.
1827 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1829 # For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
1830 # plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information
1831 # for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
1833 # The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
1834 # done, so omit it from the data for now.
1836 # The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
1841 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1842 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1843 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1844 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1845 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1846 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1847 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1848 # air at 6am your time.
1850 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1851 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1852 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1853 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1857 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
1858 # Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
1859 # switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
1860 # However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
1861 # showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
1862 # And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
1864 # The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
1865 # http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
1866 # based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
1867 # http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
1868 # Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
1870 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
1871 # The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
1872 # "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
1873 # page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by
1874 # Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
1875 # 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
1876 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
1880 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1881 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1882 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1883 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1884 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1886 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
1887 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1888 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1889 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1890 # other than in 1974/5. See:
1891 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1892 # However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition;
1893 # timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said
1894 # (thanks to Michael Deckers).
1896 # Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019.
1897 # From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13):
1898 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702
1899 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14):
1900 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010
1903 # See commentary for Micronesia.
1907 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1908 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1909 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1911 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1912 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1913 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1915 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1916 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1917 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1919 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1920 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1923 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1924 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1925 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
1926 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1929 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1931 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
1932 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
1933 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1934 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1935 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1936 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
1937 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
1939 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1940 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1941 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1942 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1943 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1944 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1945 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1946 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1951 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1952 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1953 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1954 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1956 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1957 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1958 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1960 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1961 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1962 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1963 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1964 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
1965 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1967 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1968 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1969 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1971 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1972 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1973 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1974 # minutes we have lost?"
1976 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1977 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1978 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1980 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1981 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1983 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1984 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1985 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1986 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1987 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1990 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1991 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1993 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1994 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1996 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1997 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1998 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1999 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
2001 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
2002 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
2003 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
2004 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
2005 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
2006 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
2007 # set back an hour on the closing date."
2008 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
2010 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
2011 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
2012 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
2014 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
2015 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
2016 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
2017 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
2018 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
2019 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
2020 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
2022 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
2023 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
2025 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
2026 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
2027 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
2028 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
2031 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
2032 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
2034 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
2035 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
2036 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
2037 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
2039 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
2040 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
2041 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
2043 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
2044 # In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister
2045 # continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few
2046 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
2048 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
2049 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing.
2054 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
2055 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
2057 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
2058 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
2059 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
2060 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
2061 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
2064 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
2066 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
2067 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
2069 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
2072 ###############################################################################
2074 # The International Date Line
2076 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
2078 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
2079 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
2080 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
2081 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
2083 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
2084 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
2085 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
2086 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
2087 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
2088 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
2089 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
2090 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
2091 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
2092 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
2093 # correct date is ambiguous.
2095 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
2096 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
2097 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
2098 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
2099 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
2100 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
2101 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
2102 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
2103 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
2104 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
2105 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
2106 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
2107 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
2109 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
2112 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
2113 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
2114 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
2115 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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