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.\" $FreeBSD$
.Dd June 20, 2004
.Dt ZIC 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm zic
.Nd timezone compiler
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl -version
.Op Fl Dsv
.Op Fl d Ar directory
.Op Fl g Ar group
.Op Fl L Ar leapsecondfilename
.Op Fl l Ar localtime
.Op Fl m Ar mode
.Op Fl p Ar posixrules
.Op Fl u Ar user
.Op Fl y Ar command
.Op Ar filename ...
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility reads text from the file(s) named on the command line
and creates the time conversion information files specified in this input.
If a
.Ar filename
is
.Em - ,
the standard input is read.
.Pp
The following options are available:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl -version
Output version information and exit.
.It Fl D
Do not automatically create directories.
If the input file(s) specify
an output file in a directory which does not already exist, the
default behavior is to attempt to create the directory.
If
.Fl D
is specified,
.Nm
will instead error out immediately.
.It Fl d Ar directory
Create time conversion information files in the named directory rather than
in the standard directory named below.
.It Fl g Ar group
After creating each output file, change its group ownership to the
specified
.Ar group
(which can be either a name or a numeric group ID).
.It Fl L Ar leapsecondfilename
Read leap second information from the file with the given name.
If this option is not used,
no leap second information appears in output files.
.It Fl l Ar timezone
Use the given
.Ar time zone
as local time.
The
.Nm
utility will act as if the input contained a link line of the form
.Pp
.D1 No "Link    timezone                localtime"
.Pp
(Note that this action has no effect on
.Fx ,
since the local time zone is specified in
.Pa /etc/localtime
and not
.Pa /usr/share/zoneinfo/localtime . )
.It Fl m Ar mode
After creating each output file, change its access mode to
.Ar mode .
Both numeric and alphabetic modes are accepted
(see
.Xr chmod 1 ) .
.It Fl p Ar timezone
Use the given
.Ar "time zone" Ns 's
rules when handling POSIX-format
time zone environment variables.
The
.Nm
utility will act as if the input contained a link line of the form
.Pp
.D1 No "Link    timezone                posixrules"
.It Fl u Ar user
After creating each output file, change its owner to
.Ar user
(which can be either a name or a numeric user ID).
.It Fl v
Complain if a year that appears in a data file is outside the range
of years representable by
.Xr time 3
values.
.It Fl s
Limit time values stored in output files to values that are the same
whether they are taken to be signed or unsigned.
You can use this option to generate SVVS-compatible files.
.It Fl y Ar command
Use the given
.Ar command
rather than
.Em yearistype
when checking year types (see below).
.El
.Pp
Input lines are made up of fields.
Fields are separated from one another by any number of white space characters.
Leading and trailing white space on input lines is ignored.
An unquoted sharp character (#) in the input introduces a comment which extends
to the end of the line the sharp character appears on.
White space characters and sharp characters may be enclosed in double quotes
(") if they are to be used as part of a field.
Any line that is blank (after comment stripping) is ignored.
Non-blank lines are expected to be of one of three types:
rule lines, zone lines, and link lines.
.Pp
Names (such as month names) must be in English and are case insensitive.
Abbreviations, if used, must be unambiguous in context.
.Pp
A rule line has the form:
.Dl "Rule       NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON              AT      SAVE    LETTER/S"
For example:
.Dl "Rule       US      1967    1973    \-      Apr     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D"
.Pp
The fields that make up a rule line are:
.Bl -tag -width "LETTER/S" -offset indent
.It NAME
Give the (arbitrary) name of the set of rules this rule is part of.
.It FROM
Give the first year in which the rule applies.
Any integer year can be supplied; the Gregorian calendar is assumed.
The word
.Em minimum
(or an abbreviation) means the minimum year representable as an integer.
The word
.Em maximum
(or an abbreviation) means the maximum year representable as an integer.
Rules can describe times that are not representable as time values,
with the unrepresentable times ignored; this allows rules to be portable
among hosts with differing time value types.
.It TO
Give the final year in which the rule applies.
In addition to
.Em minimum
and
.Em maximum
(as above),
the word
.Em only
(or an abbreviation)
may be used to repeat the value of the
.Em FROM
field.
.It TYPE
Give the type of year in which the rule applies.
If
.Em TYPE
is
.Em \-
then the rule applies in all years between
.Em FROM
and
.Em TO
inclusive.
If
.Em TYPE
is something else, then
.Nm
executes the command
.Li yearistype Ar year Ar type
to check the type of a year:
an exit status of zero is taken to mean that the year is of the given type;
an exit status of one is taken to mean that the year is not of the given type.
.It IN
Name the month in which the rule takes effect.
Month names may be abbreviated.
.It ON
Give the day on which the rule takes effect.
Recognized forms include:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width lastSun -compact -offset indent
.It \&5
the fifth of the month
.It lastSun
the last Sunday in the month
.It lastMon
the last Monday in the month
.It Sun>=8
first Sunday on or after the eighth
.It Sun<=25
last Sunday on or before the 25th
.El
.Pp
Names of days of the week may be abbreviated or spelled out in full.
Note that there must be no spaces within the
.Em ON
field.
.It AT
Give the time of day at which the rule takes effect.
Recognized forms include:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width "\&1:28:14" -offset indent -compact
.It 2
time in hours
.It 2:00
time in hours and minutes
.It 15:00
24-hour format time (for times after noon)
.It 1:28:14
time in hours, minutes, and seconds
.El
.Pp
where hour 0 is midnight at the start of the day,
and hour 24 is midnight at the end of the day.
Any of these forms may be followed by the letter
.Sq Li w
if the given time is local
.Dq "wall clock"
time,
.Sq Li s
if the given time is local
.Dq standard
time, or
.Sq Li u
(or
.Sq Li g
or
.Sq Li z )
if the given time is universal time;
in the absence of an indicator,
wall clock time is assumed.
.It SAVE
Give the amount of time to be added to local standard time when the rule is in
effect.
This field has the same format as the
.Em AT
field
(although, of course, the
.Sq Li w
and
.Sq Li s
suffixes are not used).
.It LETTER/S
Give the
.Dq "variable part"
(for example, the
.Dq S
or
.Dq D
in
.Dq EST
or
.Dq EDT )
of time zone abbreviations to be used when this rule is in effect.
If this field is
.Em \- ,
the variable part is null.
.El
.Pp
A zone line has the form:
.Dl "Zone       NAME    GMTOFF  RULES/SAVE      FORMAT  [UNTILYEAR [MONTH [DAY [TIME]]]]"
For example:
.Dl "Zone       Australia/Adelaide      9:30    Aus     CST     1971 Oct 31 2:00"
The fields that make up a zone line are:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It NAME
The name of the time zone.
This is the name used in creating the time conversion information file for the
zone.
.It GMTOFF
The amount of time to add to UTC to get standard time in this zone.
This field has the same format as the
.Em AT
and
.Em SAVE
fields of rule lines;
begin the field with a minus sign if time must be subtracted from UTC.
.It RULES/SAVE
The name of the rule(s) that apply in the time zone or,
alternately, an amount of time to add to local standard time.
If this field is
.Em \-
then standard time always applies in the time zone.
.It FORMAT
The format for time zone abbreviations in this time zone.
The pair of characters
.Em %s
is used to show where the
.Dq "variable part"
of the time zone abbreviation goes.
Alternately,
a slash (/)
separates standard and daylight abbreviations.
.It UNTILYEAR [MONTH [DAY [TIME]]]
The time at which the UTC offset or the rule(s) change for a location.
It is specified as a year, a month, a day, and a time of day.
If this is specified,
the time zone information is generated from the given UTC offset
and rule change until the time specified.
The month, day, and time of day have the same format as the IN, ON, and AT
fields of a rule; trailing fields can be omitted, and default to the
earliest possible value for the missing fields.
.Pp
The next line must be a
.Dq continuation
line; this has the same form as a zone line except that the
string
.Dq Zone
and the name are omitted, as the continuation line will
place information starting at the time specified as the
.Em until
information in the previous line in the file used by the previous line.
Continuation lines may contain
.Em until
information, just as zone lines do, indicating that the next line is a further
continuation.
.El
.Pp
A link line has the form
.Dl "Link       LINK-FROM       LINK-TO"
For example:
.Dl "Link       Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul"
The
.Em LINK-FROM
field should appear as the
.Em NAME
field in some zone line;
the
.Em LINK-TO
field is used as an alternate name for that zone.
.Pp
Except for continuation lines,
lines may appear in any order in the input.
.Pp
Lines in the file that describes leap seconds have the following form:
.Dl "Leap       YEAR    MONTH   DAY     HH:MM:SS        CORR    R/S"
For example:
.Dl "Leap       1974    Dec     31      23:59:60        +       S"
The
.Em YEAR ,
.Em MONTH ,
.Em DAY ,
and
.Em HH:MM:SS
fields tell when the leap second happened.
The
.Em CORR
field
should be
.Dq +
if a second was added
or
.Dq -
if a second was skipped.
.\" There's no need to document the following, since it's impossible for more
.\" than one leap second to be inserted or deleted at a time.
.\" The C Standard is in error in suggesting the possibility.
.\" See Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,
.\" Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905.
.\"     or
.\"     .q ++
.\"     if two seconds were added
.\"     or
.\"     .q --
.\"     if two seconds were skipped.
The
.Em R/S
field
should be (an abbreviation of)
.Dq Stationary
if the leap second time given by the other fields should be interpreted as UTC
or
(an abbreviation of)
.Dq Rolling
if the leap second time given by the other fields should be interpreted as
local wall clock time.
.Sh "EXTENDED EXAMPLE"
Here is an extended example of
.Nm
input, intended to illustrate many of its features.
.br
.ne 22
.nf
.in +2m
.ta \w'# Rule\0\0'u +\w'NAME\0\0'u +\w'FROM\0\0'u +\w'1973\0\0'u +\w'TYPE\0\0'u +\w'Apr\0\0'u +\w'lastSun\0\0'u +\w'2:00\0\0'u +\w'SAVE\0\0'u
.sp
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Swiss   1940    only    -       Nov     2       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Swiss   1940    only    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       -
Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Sun>=1  0:00    0
.sp .5
Rule    EU      1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1  1:00u   1:00    S
Rule    EU      1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00u   0       -
Rule    EU      1978    only    -       Oct      1      1:00u   0       -
Rule    EU      1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00u   0       -
Rule    EU      1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun 1:00u   1:00    S
Rule    EU      1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun 1:00u   0       -
.sp
.ta \w'# Zone\0\0'u +\w'Europe/Zurich\0\0'u +\w'0:34:08\0\0'u +\w'RULES/SAVE\0\0'u +\w'FORMAT\0\0'u
# Zone  NAME    GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  UNTIL
Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
                0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun
                1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
                1:00    EU      CE%sT
.sp
Link    Europe/Zurich   Switzerland
.sp
.in
.fi
In this example, the zone is named Europe/Zurich but it has an alias
as Switzerland.
Zurich was 34 minutes and 8 seconds west of GMT until 1848-09-12
at 00:00, when the offset changed to 29 minutes and 44 seconds.
After 1894-06-01 at 00:00 Swiss daylight saving rules (defined with
lines beginning with "Rule Swiss") apply, and the GMT offset became
one hour.
From 1981 to the present, EU daylight saving rules have applied,
and the UTC offset has remained at one hour.
.Pp
In 1940, daylight saving time applied from November 2 at 00:00 to
December 31 at 00:00.
In 1941 and 1942, daylight saving time applied from the first Sunday
in May at 02:00 to the first Sunday in October at 00:00.
The pre-1981 EU daylight-saving rules have no effect here, but are
included for completeness.
Since 1981, daylight saving has begun on the last Sunday in March
at 01:00 UTC.
Until 1995 it ended the last Sunday in September at 01:00 UTC, but
this changed to the last Sunday in October starting in 1996.
.Pp
For purposes of display, "LMT" and "BMT" were initially used,
respectively.
Since Swiss rules and later EU rules were applied, the display name
for the timezone has been CET for standard time and CEST for daylight
saving time.
.Sh NOTES
For areas with more than two types of local time,
you may need to use local standard time in the
.Em AT
field of the earliest transition time's rule to ensure that
the earliest transition time recorded in the compiled file is correct.
.Pp
If, for a particular zone, a clock advance caused by the start of
daylight saving coincides with and is equal to a clock retreat
caused by a change in UTC offset,
.Nm
produces a single transition to daylight saving at the new UTC offset
(without any change in wall clock time).
To get separate transitions use multiple zone continuation lines
specifying transition instants using universal time.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/zoneinfo -compact
.It /usr/share/zoneinfo
standard directory used for created files
.El
.Sh "SEE ALSO"
.Xr ctime 3 ,
.Xr tzfile 5 ,
.Xr zdump 8
.\" @(#)zic.8   8.6
.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
.\" 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.