1 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12 .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
13 .\" must display the following acknowledgement:
14 .\" This product includes software developed by the University of
15 .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
16 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
17 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18 .\" without specific prior written permission.
20 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
40 .Nd layout of file systems
42 A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /libexec/"
45 root directory of the file system
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
59 third-party loadable kernel modules;
64 default mount point for CD-ROM drives
72 device special files managed by
75 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa net/" -compact
77 file descriptor files;
84 system configuration files and scripts
86 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
88 default system configuration files;
92 bluetooth configuration files
94 gnats configuration files;
98 local timezone information;
102 Sendmail control files
104 mtree configuration files;
108 named configuration files;
112 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
115 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
120 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
124 OpenBSM audit configuration files;
128 ppp configuration files;
132 OpenSSH configuration files;
136 OpenSSL configuration files
139 critical system libraries needed for binaries in
144 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa geom/" -compact
146 class-specific libraries for the
151 critical system utilities needed for binaries in
156 contains subdirectories to be used as mount points
157 for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and
160 empty directory commonly used by
161 system administrators as a temporary mount point
167 statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
171 root's HOME directory
173 system programs and administration utilities
174 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
176 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
178 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
180 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
182 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
184 files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
187 useful and semi-frivolous programs
189 standard C include files
191 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
193 C include files for alternate queueing
195 C include files for Internet service protocols
197 C include files for the SNMP daemon
201 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
202 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
204 The SCSI device on top of CAM
207 C include files for programming various
210 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
212 Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
215 Open Firmware support
221 The parallel port bus;
227 Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
236 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
238 per-process file descriptors file system
245 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4
259 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
275 ISC utility library libisc include files
277 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
282 C include files for libmilter,
287 machine-specific C include files
289 miscellaneous network C include files
293 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
297 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
301 kernel key-management service;
305 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
310 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
312 include files for the signalling API
314 include files that describe signalling messages and
315 declare associated functions
317 include files for the signalling AAL layer
319 include files for the UNI signalling protocol
324 C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy)
326 Objective C include files
328 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
332 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
334 get a line from a user, with editing;
338 remote procedure calls;
342 definition of RPC service structures; see
348 system C include files (kernel data structures)
353 .\" .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
360 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
361 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
377 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
379 a.out archive libraries
381 shared libraries for compatibility
382 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
384 a.out backward compatibility libraries
387 DTrace library scripts
389 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
393 miscellaneous utility data files
394 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
403 various prebuilt lint libraries;
409 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
410 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
412 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
414 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
416 utilities and filters for LP print system;
433 local executables, libraries, etc.
434 Also used as the default destination for the
439 the general layout sketched out by
450 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
453 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
459 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
465 ports collection (optional).
467 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
469 architecture-independent files
471 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa calendar/" -compact
473 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
481 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
484 terms, proper names, and jargon
488 words from Webster's 2nd International
496 miscellaneous documentation;
497 source for most of the printed
503 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
505 Frequently Asked Questions
507 implementation notes for IPv6
509 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
511 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
516 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
518 License files for vendor supplied firmwares
520 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
524 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
528 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
530 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
532 UNIX System Manager's Manual
537 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
539 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
543 various examples for users and programmers
545 ASCII text files used by various games
547 device description file for device name
549 GNU Info hypertext system
551 known trusted and revoked keys.
552 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa keys/pkg/" -compact
567 data files used by mdocml
569 macros for use with the me macro package;
573 miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files
574 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
578 terminal characteristics database;
587 national language support files;
591 data files for security policies such as
599 (dot) files for new accounts
601 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon.
602 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
604 Tree definition files for use with
610 files used by syscons;
613 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
621 console keyboard maps;
630 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
635 text processing macros;
641 localization support and utilities for
644 timezone configuration information;
650 third-party, and/or local source files
652 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
654 source code for files in /bin
656 Utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License
658 source code for contributed software
660 source code for contributed cryptography software
662 source code for files in
665 source code for files in
668 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
670 source code for files in
673 build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
675 source code for files in
678 source code for files in
681 files required to produce a
685 source code for files in
688 build directory for files in
696 tools used for maintenance and testing of
699 source code for files in
702 source code for files in
707 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
709 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
711 system accounting files
713 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
715 execution accounting file;
721 timed command scheduling files;
724 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
726 directory containing job files
728 directory containing output spool files
732 miscellaneous backup files
734 miscellaneous cached files
735 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa pkg/" -compact
742 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
750 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
758 miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files
760 empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
763 for privilege separation.
765 miscellaneous game status and score files
767 kerberos server databases; see
770 miscellaneous system log files
772 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
786 system messages database;
790 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
795 file system quota information files
797 system information files describing various info about
798 system since it was booted
800 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
809 group for command connection sockets; see
812 database of current users;
825 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
827 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
829 undelivered submission mail queue;
833 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
835 undelivered mail queue;
839 line printer spooling directories
843 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
844 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
846 the directory where recovery files are stored
853 This manual page documents the default
855 file system layout, but
856 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
857 administrator's discretion.
858 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
875 manual page appeared in