usr.sbin/makefs/ffs/mkfs.c

   1 /*      $NetBSD: mkfs.c,v 1.20 2004/06/24 22:30:13 lukem Exp $  */
   2
   3 /*
   4  * Copyright (c) 2002 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
   5  * All rights reserved.
   6  *
   7  * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Marshall
   8  * Kirk McKusick and Network Associates Laboratories, the Security
   9  * Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR
  10  * contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA CHATS
  11  * research program
  12  *
  13  * Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1993
  14  *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
  15  *
  16  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  17  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  18  * are met:
  19  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  20  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  21  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  22  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  23  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  24  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
  25  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
  26  *    without specific prior written permission.
  27  *
  28  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
  29  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  30  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
  31  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
  32  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
  33  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
  34  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
  35  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
  36  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
  37  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
  38  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  39  */
  40
  41 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
  42 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
  43
  44 #include <sys/param.h>
  45 #include <sys/time.h>
  46 #include <sys/resource.h>
  47
  48 #include <stdio.h>
  49 #include <stdlib.h>
  50 #include <string.h>
  51 #include <unistd.h>
  52 #include <errno.h>
  53
  54 #include "makefs.h"
  55 #include "ffs.h"
  56
  57 #include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
  58 #include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
  59
  60 #include "ffs/ufs_bswap.h"
  61 #include "ffs/ufs_inode.h"
  62 #include "ffs/ffs_extern.h"
  63 #include "ffs/newfs_extern.h"
  64
  65 #ifndef BBSIZE
  66 #define BBSIZE  8192                    /* size of boot area, with label */
  67 #endif
  68
  69 static void initcg(int, time_t, const fsinfo_t *);
  70 static int ilog2(int);
  71
  72 static int count_digits(int);
  73
  74 /*
  75  * make file system for cylinder-group style file systems
  76  */
  77 #define UMASK           0755
  78 #define POWEROF2(num)   (((num) & ((num) - 1)) == 0)
  79
  80 union {
  81         struct fs fs;
  82         char pad[SBLOCKSIZE];
  83 } fsun;
  84 #define sblock  fsun.fs
  85 struct  csum *fscs;
  86
  87 union {
  88         struct cg cg;
  89         char pad[FFS_MAXBSIZE];
  90 } cgun;
  91 #define acg     cgun.cg
  92
  93 char *iobuf;
  94 int iobufsize;
  95
  96 char writebuf[FFS_MAXBSIZE];
  97
  98 static int     Oflag;      /* format as an 4.3BSD file system */
  99 static int64_t fssize;     /* file system size */
 100 static int     sectorsize;         /* bytes/sector */
 101 static int     fsize;      /* fragment size */
 102 static int     bsize;      /* block size */
 103 static int     maxbsize;   /* maximum clustering */
 104 static int     maxblkspercg;
 105 static int     minfree;    /* free space threshold */
 106 static int     opt;                /* optimization preference (space or time) */
 107 static int     density;    /* number of bytes per inode */
 108 static int     maxcontig;          /* max contiguous blocks to allocate */
 109 static int     maxbpg;     /* maximum blocks per file in a cyl group */
 110 static int     bbsize;     /* boot block size */
 111 static int     sbsize;     /* superblock size */
 112 static int     avgfilesize;        /* expected average file size */
 113 static int     avgfpdir;           /* expected number of files per directory */
 114
 115 struct fs *
 116 ffs_mkfs(const char *fsys, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 117 {
 118         int fragsperinode, optimalfpg, origdensity, minfpg, lastminfpg;
 119         int32_t cylno, i, csfrags;
 120         long long sizepb;
 121         void *space;
 122         int size, blks;
 123         int nprintcols, printcolwidth;
 124         ffs_opt_t       *ffs_opts = fsopts->fs_specific;
 125
 126         Oflag =         ffs_opts->version;
 127         fssize =        fsopts->size / fsopts->sectorsize;
 128         sectorsize =    fsopts->sectorsize;
 129         fsize =         ffs_opts->fsize;
 130         bsize =         ffs_opts->bsize;
 131         maxbsize =      ffs_opts->maxbsize;
 132         maxblkspercg =  ffs_opts->maxblkspercg;
 133         minfree =       ffs_opts->minfree;
 134         opt =           ffs_opts->optimization;
 135         density =       ffs_opts->density;
 136         maxcontig =     ffs_opts->maxcontig;
 137         maxbpg =        ffs_opts->maxbpg;
 138         avgfilesize =   ffs_opts->avgfilesize;
 139         avgfpdir =      ffs_opts->avgfpdir;
 140         bbsize =        BBSIZE;
 141         sbsize =        SBLOCKSIZE;
 142
 143         strlcpy(sblock.fs_volname, ffs_opts->label, sizeof(sblock.fs_volname));
 144
 145         if (Oflag == 0) {
 146                 sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_42INODEFMT;
 147                 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = 0;
 148                 sblock.fs_old_flags = 0;
 149         } else {
 150                 sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_44INODEFMT;
 151                 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = (Oflag == 1 ? MAXSYMLINKLEN_UFS1 :
 152                     MAXSYMLINKLEN_UFS2);
 153                 sblock.fs_old_flags = FS_FLAGS_UPDATED;
 154                 sblock.fs_flags = 0;
 155         }
 156         /*
 157          * Validate the given file system size.
 158          * Verify that its last block can actually be accessed.
 159          * Convert to file system fragment sized units.
 160          */
 161         if (fssize <= 0) {
 162                 printf("preposterous size %lld\n", (long long)fssize);
 163                 exit(13);
 164         }
 165         ffs_wtfs(fssize - 1, sectorsize, (char *)&sblock, fsopts);
 166
 167         /*
 168          * collect and verify the filesystem density info
 169          */
 170         sblock.fs_avgfilesize = avgfilesize;
 171         sblock.fs_avgfpdir = avgfpdir;
 172         if (sblock.fs_avgfilesize <= 0)
 173                 printf("illegal expected average file size %d\n",
 174                     sblock.fs_avgfilesize), exit(14);
 175         if (sblock.fs_avgfpdir <= 0)
 176                 printf("illegal expected number of files per directory %d\n",
 177                     sblock.fs_avgfpdir), exit(15);
 178         /*
 179          * collect and verify the block and fragment sizes
 180          */
 181         sblock.fs_bsize = bsize;
 182         sblock.fs_fsize = fsize;
 183         if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_bsize)) {
 184                 printf("block size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
 185                     sblock.fs_bsize);
 186                 exit(16);
 187         }
 188         if (!POWEROF2(sblock.fs_fsize)) {
 189                 printf("fragment size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
 190                     sblock.fs_fsize);
 191                 exit(17);
 192         }
 193         if (sblock.fs_fsize < sectorsize) {
 194                 printf("fragment size %d is too small, minimum is %d\n",
 195                     sblock.fs_fsize, sectorsize);
 196                 exit(18);
 197         }
 198         if (sblock.fs_bsize < MINBSIZE) {
 199                 printf("block size %d is too small, minimum is %d\n",
 200                     sblock.fs_bsize, MINBSIZE);
 201                 exit(19);
 202         }
 203         if (sblock.fs_bsize > FFS_MAXBSIZE) {
 204                 printf("block size %d is too large, maximum is %d\n",
 205                     sblock.fs_bsize, FFS_MAXBSIZE);
 206                 exit(19);
 207         }
 208         if (sblock.fs_bsize < sblock.fs_fsize) {
 209                 printf("block size (%d) cannot be smaller than fragment size (%d)\n",
 210                     sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
 211                 exit(20);
 212         }
 213
 214         if (maxbsize < bsize || !POWEROF2(maxbsize)) {
 215                 sblock.fs_maxbsize = sblock.fs_bsize;
 216                 printf("Extent size set to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
 217         } else if (sblock.fs_maxbsize > FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize) {
 218                 sblock.fs_maxbsize = FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize;
 219                 printf("Extent size reduced to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
 220         } else {
 221                 sblock.fs_maxbsize = maxbsize;
 222         }
 223         sblock.fs_maxcontig = maxcontig;
 224         if (sblock.fs_maxcontig < sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize) {
 225                 sblock.fs_maxcontig = sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize;
 226                 printf("Maxcontig raised to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
 227         }
 228
 229         if (sblock.fs_maxcontig > 1)
 230                 sblock.fs_contigsumsize = MIN(sblock.fs_maxcontig,FS_MAXCONTIG);
 231
 232         sblock.fs_bmask = ~(sblock.fs_bsize - 1);
 233         sblock.fs_fmask = ~(sblock.fs_fsize - 1);
 234         sblock.fs_qbmask = ~sblock.fs_bmask;
 235         sblock.fs_qfmask = ~sblock.fs_fmask;
 236         for (sblock.fs_bshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_bsize; i > 1; i >>= 1)
 237                 sblock.fs_bshift++;
 238         for (sblock.fs_fshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_fsize; i > 1; i >>= 1)
 239                 sblock.fs_fshift++;
 240         sblock.fs_frag = numfrags(&sblock, sblock.fs_bsize);
 241         for (sblock.fs_fragshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_frag; i > 1; i >>= 1)
 242                 sblock.fs_fragshift++;
 243         if (sblock.fs_frag > MAXFRAG) {
 244                 printf("fragment size %d is too small, "
 245                         "minimum with block size %d is %d\n",
 246                     sblock.fs_fsize, sblock.fs_bsize,
 247                     sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG);
 248                 exit(21);
 249         }
 250         sblock.fs_fsbtodb = ilog2(sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize);
 251         sblock.fs_size = fssize = dbtofsb(&sblock, fssize);
 252
 253         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 254                 sblock.fs_magic = FS_UFS1_MAGIC;
 255                 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS1;
 256                 sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(int32_t);
 257                 sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs1_dinode);
 258                 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = ((NDADDR + NIADDR) *
 259                     sizeof (int32_t));
 260                 sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_44INODEFMT;
 261                 sblock.fs_old_cgoffset = 0;
 262                 sblock.fs_old_cgmask = 0xffffffff;
 263                 sblock.fs_old_size = sblock.fs_size;
 264                 sblock.fs_old_rotdelay = 0;
 265                 sblock.fs_old_rps = 60;
 266                 sblock.fs_old_nspf = sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize;
 267                 sblock.fs_old_cpg = 1;
 268                 sblock.fs_old_interleave = 1;
 269                 sblock.fs_old_trackskew = 0;
 270                 sblock.fs_old_cpc = 0;
 271                 sblock.fs_old_postblformat = 1;
 272                 sblock.fs_old_nrpos = 1;
 273         } else {
 274                 sblock.fs_magic = FS_UFS2_MAGIC;
 275 #if 0 /* XXX makefs is used for small filesystems. */
 276                 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS2;
 277 #else
 278                 sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS1;
 279 #endif
 280                 sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(int64_t);
 281                 sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs2_dinode);
 282                 sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = ((NDADDR + NIADDR) *
 283                     sizeof (int64_t));
 284         }
 285
 286         sblock.fs_sblkno =
 287             roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_sblockloc + SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize),
 288                 sblock.fs_frag);
 289         sblock.fs_cblkno = (daddr_t)(sblock.fs_sblkno +
 290             roundup(howmany(SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize), sblock.fs_frag));
 291         sblock.fs_iblkno = sblock.fs_cblkno + sblock.fs_frag;
 292         sblock.fs_maxfilesize = sblock.fs_bsize * NDADDR - 1;
 293         for (sizepb = sblock.fs_bsize, i = 0; i < NIADDR; i++) {
 294                 sizepb *= NINDIR(&sblock);
 295                 sblock.fs_maxfilesize += sizepb;
 296         }
 297
 298         /*
 299          * Calculate the number of blocks to put into each cylinder group.
 300          *
 301          * This algorithm selects the number of blocks per cylinder
 302          * group. The first goal is to have at least enough data blocks
 303          * in each cylinder group to meet the density requirement. Once
 304          * this goal is achieved we try to expand to have at least
 305          * 1 cylinder group. Once this goal is achieved, we pack as
 306          * many blocks into each cylinder group map as will fit.
 307          *
 308          * We start by calculating the smallest number of blocks that we
 309          * can put into each cylinder group. If this is too big, we reduce
 310          * the density until it fits.
 311          */
 312         origdensity = density;
 313         for (;;) {
 314                 fragsperinode = MAX(numfrags(&sblock, density), 1);
 315                 minfpg = fragsperinode * INOPB(&sblock);
 316                 if (minfpg > sblock.fs_size)
 317                         minfpg = sblock.fs_size;
 318                 sblock.fs_ipg = INOPB(&sblock);
 319                 sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
 320                     sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
 321                 if (sblock.fs_fpg < minfpg)
 322                         sblock.fs_fpg = minfpg;
 323                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 324                     INOPB(&sblock));
 325                 sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
 326                     sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
 327                 if (sblock.fs_fpg < minfpg)
 328                         sblock.fs_fpg = minfpg;
 329                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 330                     INOPB(&sblock));
 331                 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) < (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
 332                         break;
 333                 density -= sblock.fs_fsize;
 334         }
 335         if (density != origdensity)
 336                 printf("density reduced from %d to %d\n", origdensity, density);
 337
 338         if (maxblkspercg <= 0 || maxblkspercg >= fssize)
 339                 maxblkspercg = fssize - 1;
 340         /*
 341          * Start packing more blocks into the cylinder group until
 342          * it cannot grow any larger, the number of cylinder groups
 343          * drops below 1, or we reach the size requested.
 344          */
 345         for ( ; sblock.fs_fpg < maxblkspercg; sblock.fs_fpg += sblock.fs_frag) {
 346                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 347                     INOPB(&sblock));
 348                 if (sblock.fs_size / sblock.fs_fpg < 1)
 349                         break;
 350                 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) < (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
 351                         continue;
 352                 if (CGSIZE(&sblock) == (unsigned long)sblock.fs_bsize)
 353                         break;
 354                 sblock.fs_fpg -= sblock.fs_frag;
 355                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 356                     INOPB(&sblock));
 357                 break;
 358         }
 359         /*
 360          * Check to be sure that the last cylinder group has enough blocks
 361          * to be viable. If it is too small, reduce the number of blocks
 362          * per cylinder group which will have the effect of moving more
 363          * blocks into the last cylinder group.
 364          */
 365         optimalfpg = sblock.fs_fpg;
 366         for (;;) {
 367                 sblock.fs_ncg = howmany(sblock.fs_size, sblock.fs_fpg);
 368                 lastminfpg = roundup(sblock.fs_iblkno +
 369                     sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock), sblock.fs_frag);
 370                 if (sblock.fs_size < lastminfpg) {
 371                         printf("Filesystem size %lld < minimum size of %d\n",
 372                             (long long)sblock.fs_size, lastminfpg);
 373                         exit(28);
 374                 }
 375                 if (sblock.fs_size % sblock.fs_fpg >= lastminfpg ||
 376                     sblock.fs_size % sblock.fs_fpg == 0)
 377                         break;
 378                 sblock.fs_fpg -= sblock.fs_frag;
 379                 sblock.fs_ipg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, fragsperinode),
 380                     INOPB(&sblock));
 381         }
 382         if (optimalfpg != sblock.fs_fpg)
 383                 printf("Reduced frags per cylinder group from %d to %d %s\n",
 384                    optimalfpg, sblock.fs_fpg, "to enlarge last cyl group");
 385         sblock.fs_cgsize = fragroundup(&sblock, CGSIZE(&sblock));
 386         sblock.fs_dblkno = sblock.fs_iblkno + sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
 387         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 388                 sblock.fs_old_spc = sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_old_nspf;
 389                 sblock.fs_old_nsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
 390                 sblock.fs_old_npsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
 391                 sblock.fs_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_ncg;
 392         }
 393
 394         /*
 395          * fill in remaining fields of the super block
 396          */
 397         sblock.fs_csaddr = cgdmin(&sblock, 0);
 398         sblock.fs_cssize =
 399             fragroundup(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg * sizeof(struct csum));
 400
 401         /*
 402          * Setup memory for temporary in-core cylgroup summaries.
 403          * Cribbed from ffs_mountfs().
 404          */
 405         size = sblock.fs_cssize;
 406         blks = howmany(size, sblock.fs_fsize);
 407         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
 408                 size += sblock.fs_ncg * sizeof(int32_t);
 409         if ((space = (char *)calloc(1, size)) == NULL)
 410                 err(1, "memory allocation error for cg summaries");
 411         sblock.fs_csp = space;
 412         space = (char *)space + sblock.fs_cssize;
 413         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
 414                 int32_t *lp;
 415
 416                 sblock.fs_maxcluster = lp = space;
 417                 for (i = 0; i < sblock.fs_ncg; i++)
 418                 *lp++ = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
 419         }
 420
 421         sblock.fs_sbsize = fragroundup(&sblock, sizeof(struct fs));
 422         if (sblock.fs_sbsize > SBLOCKSIZE)
 423                 sblock.fs_sbsize = SBLOCKSIZE;
 424         sblock.fs_minfree = minfree;
 425         sblock.fs_maxcontig = maxcontig;
 426         sblock.fs_maxbpg = maxbpg;
 427         sblock.fs_optim = opt;
 428         sblock.fs_cgrotor = 0;
 429         sblock.fs_pendingblocks = 0;
 430         sblock.fs_pendinginodes = 0;
 431         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
 432         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree = 0;
 433         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree = 0;
 434         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree = 0;
 435         sblock.fs_fmod = 0;
 436         sblock.fs_ronly = 0;
 437         sblock.fs_state = 0;
 438         sblock.fs_clean = FS_ISCLEAN;
 439         sblock.fs_ronly = 0;
 440         sblock.fs_id[0] = start_time.tv_sec;
 441         sblock.fs_id[1] = random();
 442         sblock.fs_fsmnt[0] = '\0';
 443         csfrags = howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
 444         sblock.fs_dsize = sblock.fs_size - sblock.fs_sblkno -
 445             sblock.fs_ncg * (sblock.fs_dblkno - sblock.fs_sblkno);
 446         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree =
 447             fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_dsize) -
 448             howmany(csfrags, sblock.fs_frag);
 449         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree =
 450             fragnum(&sblock, sblock.fs_size) +
 451             (fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) > 0 ?
 452             sblock.fs_frag - fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) : 0);
 453         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_ncg * sblock.fs_ipg - ROOTINO;
 454         sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
 455         sblock.fs_dsize -= csfrags;
 456         sblock.fs_time = start_time.tv_sec;
 457         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 458                 sblock.fs_old_time = start_time.tv_sec;
 459                 sblock.fs_old_dsize = sblock.fs_dsize;
 460                 sblock.fs_old_csaddr = sblock.fs_csaddr;
 461                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
 462                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
 463                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
 464                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
 465         }
 466         /*
 467          * Dump out summary information about file system.
 468          */
 469 #define B2MBFACTOR (1 / (1024.0 * 1024.0))
 470         printf("%s: %.1fMB (%lld sectors) block size %d, "
 471                "fragment size %d\n",
 472             fsys, (float)sblock.fs_size * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
 473             (long long)fsbtodb(&sblock, sblock.fs_size),
 474             sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
 475         printf("\tusing %d cylinder groups of %.2fMB, %d blks, "
 476                "%d inodes.\n",
 477             sblock.fs_ncg,
 478             (float)sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
 479             sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_frag, sblock.fs_ipg);
 480 #undef B2MBFACTOR
 481         /*
 482          * Now determine how wide each column will be, and calculate how
 483          * many columns will fit in a 76 char line. 76 is the width of the
 484          * subwindows in sysinst.
 485          */
 486         printcolwidth = count_digits(
 487                         fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg -1)));
 488         nprintcols = 76 / (printcolwidth + 2);
 489
 490         /*
 491          * allocate space for superblock, cylinder group map, and
 492          * two sets of inode blocks.
 493          */
 494         if (sblock.fs_bsize < SBLOCKSIZE)
 495                 iobufsize = SBLOCKSIZE + 3 * sblock.fs_bsize;
 496         else
 497                 iobufsize = 4 * sblock.fs_bsize;
 498         if ((iobuf = malloc(iobufsize)) == 0) {
 499                 printf("Cannot allocate I/O buffer\n");
 500                 exit(38);
 501         }
 502         memset(iobuf, 0, iobufsize);
 503         /*
 504          * Make a copy of the superblock into the buffer that we will be
 505          * writing out in each cylinder group.
 506          */
 507         memcpy(writebuf, &sblock, sbsize);
 508         if (fsopts->needswap)
 509                 ffs_sb_swap(&sblock, (struct fs*)writebuf);
 510         memcpy(iobuf, writebuf, SBLOCKSIZE);
 511
 512         printf("super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:");
 513         for (cylno = 0; cylno < sblock.fs_ncg; cylno++) {
 514                 initcg(cylno, start_time.tv_sec, fsopts);
 515                 if (cylno % nprintcols == 0)
 516                         printf("\n");
 517                 printf(" %*lld,", printcolwidth,
 518                         (long long)fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)));
 519                 fflush(stdout);
 520         }
 521         printf("\n");
 522
 523         /*
 524          * Now construct the initial file system,
 525          * then write out the super-block.
 526          */
 527         sblock.fs_time = start_time.tv_sec;
 528         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 529                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
 530                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
 531                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
 532                 sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
 533         }
 534         if (fsopts->needswap)
 535                 sblock.fs_flags |= FS_SWAPPED;
 536         ffs_write_superblock(&sblock, fsopts);
 537         return (&sblock);
 538 }
 539
 540 /*
 541  * Write out the superblock and its duplicates,
 542  * and the cylinder group summaries
 543  */
 544 void
 545 ffs_write_superblock(struct fs *fs, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 546 {
 547         int cylno, size, blks, i, saveflag;
 548         void *space;
 549         char *wrbuf;
 550
 551         saveflag = fs->fs_flags & FS_INTERNAL;
 552         fs->fs_flags &= ~FS_INTERNAL;
 553
 554         memcpy(writebuf, &sblock, sbsize);
 555         if (fsopts->needswap)
 556                 ffs_sb_swap(fs, (struct fs*)writebuf);
 557         ffs_wtfs(fs->fs_sblockloc / sectorsize, sbsize, writebuf, fsopts);
 558
 559         /* Write out the duplicate super blocks */
 560         for (cylno = 0; cylno < fs->fs_ncg; cylno++)
 561                 ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(fs, cgsblock(fs, cylno)),
 562                     sbsize, writebuf, fsopts);
 563
 564         /* Write out the cylinder group summaries */
 565         size = fs->fs_cssize;
 566         blks = howmany(size, fs->fs_fsize);
 567         space = (void *)fs->fs_csp;
 568         if ((wrbuf = malloc(size)) == NULL)
 569                 err(1, "ffs_write_superblock: malloc %d", size);
 570         for (i = 0; i < blks; i+= fs->fs_frag) {
 571                 size = fs->fs_bsize;
 572                 if (i + fs->fs_frag > blks)
 573                         size = (blks - i) * fs->fs_fsize;
 574                 if (fsopts->needswap)
 575                         ffs_csum_swap((struct csum *)space,
 576                             (struct csum *)wrbuf, size);
 577                 else
 578                         memcpy(wrbuf, space, (u_int)size);
 579                 ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(fs, fs->fs_csaddr + i), size, wrbuf, fsopts);
 580                 space = (char *)space + size;
 581         }
 582         free(wrbuf);
 583         fs->fs_flags |= saveflag;
 584 }
 585
 586 /*
 587  * Initialize a cylinder group.
 588  */
 589 static void
 590 initcg(int cylno, time_t utime, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 591 {
 592         daddr_t cbase, dmax;
 593         int32_t i, j, d, dlower, dupper, blkno;
 594         struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
 595         struct ufs2_dinode *dp2;
 596         int start;
 597
 598         /*
 599          * Determine block bounds for cylinder group.
 600          * Allow space for super block summary information in first
 601          * cylinder group.
 602          */
 603         cbase = cgbase(&sblock, cylno);
 604         dmax = cbase + sblock.fs_fpg;
 605         if (dmax > sblock.fs_size)
 606                 dmax = sblock.fs_size;
 607         dlower = cgsblock(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
 608         dupper = cgdmin(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
 609         if (cylno == 0)
 610                 dupper += howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
 611         memset(&acg, 0, sblock.fs_cgsize);
 612         acg.cg_time = utime;
 613         acg.cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
 614         acg.cg_cgx = cylno;
 615         acg.cg_niblk = sblock.fs_ipg;
 616         acg.cg_initediblk = sblock.fs_ipg < 2 * INOPB(&sblock) ?
 617             sblock.fs_ipg : 2 * INOPB(&sblock);
 618         acg.cg_ndblk = dmax - cbase;
 619         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
 620                 acg.cg_nclusterblks = acg.cg_ndblk >> sblock.fs_fragshift;
 621         start = &acg.cg_space[0] - (u_char *)(&acg.cg_firstfield);
 622         if (Oflag == 2) {
 623                 acg.cg_iusedoff = start;
 624         } else {
 625                 if (cylno == sblock.fs_ncg - 1)
 626                         acg.cg_old_ncyl = howmany(acg.cg_ndblk,
 627                             sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_old_cpg);
 628                 else
 629                         acg.cg_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_old_cpg;
 630                 acg.cg_old_time = acg.cg_time;
 631                 acg.cg_time = 0;
 632                 acg.cg_old_niblk = acg.cg_niblk;
 633                 acg.cg_niblk = 0;
 634                 acg.cg_initediblk = 0;
 635                 acg.cg_old_btotoff = start;
 636                 acg.cg_old_boff = acg.cg_old_btotoff +
 637                     sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(int32_t);
 638                 acg.cg_iusedoff = acg.cg_old_boff +
 639                     sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(u_int16_t);
 640         }
 641         acg.cg_freeoff = acg.cg_iusedoff + howmany(sblock.fs_ipg, CHAR_BIT);
 642         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize <= 0) {
 643                 acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_freeoff +
 644                    howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, CHAR_BIT);
 645         } else {
 646                 acg.cg_clustersumoff = acg.cg_freeoff +
 647                     howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, CHAR_BIT) - sizeof(int32_t);
 648                 acg.cg_clustersumoff =
 649                     roundup(acg.cg_clustersumoff, sizeof(int32_t));
 650                 acg.cg_clusteroff = acg.cg_clustersumoff +
 651                     (sblock.fs_contigsumsize + 1) * sizeof(int32_t);
 652                 acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_clusteroff +
 653                     howmany(fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_fpg), CHAR_BIT);
 654         }
 655         if (acg.cg_nextfreeoff > sblock.fs_cgsize) {
 656                 printf("Panic: cylinder group too big\n");
 657                 exit(37);
 658         }
 659         acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree += sblock.fs_ipg;
 660         if (cylno == 0)
 661                 for (i = 0; i < ROOTINO; i++) {
 662                         setbit(cg_inosused_swap(&acg, 0), i);
 663                         acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
 664                 }
 665         if (cylno > 0) {
 666                 /*
 667                  * In cylno 0, beginning space is reserved
 668                  * for boot and super blocks.
 669                  */
 670                 for (d = 0, blkno = 0; d < dlower;) {
 671                         ffs_setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree_swap(&acg, 0), blkno);
 672                         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
 673                                 setbit(cg_clustersfree_swap(&acg, 0), blkno);
 674                         acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
 675                         d += sblock.fs_frag;
 676                         blkno++;
 677                 }
 678         }
 679         if ((i = (dupper & (sblock.fs_frag - 1))) != 0) {
 680                 acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - i]++;
 681                 for (d = dupper + sblock.fs_frag - i; dupper < d; dupper++) {
 682                         setbit(cg_blksfree_swap(&acg, 0), dupper);
 683                         acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
 684                 }
 685         }
 686         for (d = dupper, blkno = dupper >> sblock.fs_fragshift;
 687              d + sblock.fs_frag <= acg.cg_ndblk; ) {
 688                 ffs_setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree_swap(&acg, 0), blkno);
 689                 if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
 690                         setbit(cg_clustersfree_swap(&acg, 0), blkno);
 691                 acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
 692                 d += sblock.fs_frag;
 693                 blkno++;
 694         }
 695         if (d < acg.cg_ndblk) {
 696                 acg.cg_frsum[acg.cg_ndblk - d]++;
 697                 for (; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d++) {
 698                         setbit(cg_blksfree_swap(&acg, 0), d);
 699                         acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
 700                 }
 701         }
 702         if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
 703                 int32_t *sump = cg_clustersum_swap(&acg, 0);
 704                 u_char *mapp = cg_clustersfree_swap(&acg, 0);
 705                 int map = *mapp++;
 706                 int bit = 1;
 707                 int run = 0;
 708
 709                 for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_nclusterblks; i++) {
 710                         if ((map & bit) != 0) {
 711                                 run++;
 712                         } else if (run != 0) {
 713                                 if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
 714                                         run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
 715                                 sump[run]++;
 716                                 run = 0;
 717                         }
 718                         if ((i & (CHAR_BIT - 1)) != (CHAR_BIT - 1)) {
 719                                 bit <<= 1;
 720                         } else {
 721                                 map = *mapp++;
 722                                 bit = 1;
 723                         }
 724                 }
 725                 if (run != 0) {
 726                         if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
 727                                 run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
 728                         sump[run]++;
 729                 }
 730         }
 731         sblock.fs_cs(&sblock, cylno) = acg.cg_cs;
 732         /*
 733          * Write out the duplicate super block, the cylinder group map
 734          * and two blocks worth of inodes in a single write.
 735          */
 736         start = sblock.fs_bsize > SBLOCKSIZE ? sblock.fs_bsize : SBLOCKSIZE;
 737         memcpy(&iobuf[start], &acg, sblock.fs_cgsize);
 738         if (fsopts->needswap)
 739                 ffs_cg_swap(&acg, (struct cg*)&iobuf[start], &sblock);
 740         start += sblock.fs_bsize;
 741         dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
 742         dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
 743         for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_initediblk; i++) {
 744                 if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
 745                         /* No need to swap, it'll stay random */
 746                         dp1->di_gen = random();
 747                         dp1++;
 748                 } else {
 749                         dp2->di_gen = random();
 750                         dp2++;
 751                 }
 752         }
 753         ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)), iobufsize, iobuf,
 754             fsopts);
 755         /*
 756          * For the old file system, we have to initialize all the inodes.
 757          */
 758         if (Oflag <= 1) {
 759                 for (i = 2 * sblock.fs_frag;
 760                      i < sblock.fs_ipg / INOPF(&sblock);
 761                      i += sblock.fs_frag) {
 762                         dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
 763                         for (j = 0; j < INOPB(&sblock); j++) {
 764                                 dp1->di_gen = random();
 765                                 dp1++;
 766                         }
 767                         ffs_wtfs(fsbtodb(&sblock, cgimin(&sblock, cylno) + i),
 768                             sblock.fs_bsize, &iobuf[start], fsopts);
 769                 }
 770         }
 771 }
 772
 773 /*
 774  * read a block from the file system
 775  */
 776 void
 777 ffs_rdfs(daddr_t bno, int size, void *bf, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 778 {
 779         int n;
 780         off_t offset;
 781
 782         offset = bno;
 783         offset *= fsopts->sectorsize;
 784         if (lseek(fsopts->fd, offset, SEEK_SET) < 0)
 785                 err(1, "ffs_rdfs: seek error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 786                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 787         n = read(fsopts->fd, bf, size);
 788         if (n == -1) {
 789                 abort();
 790                 err(1, "ffs_rdfs: read error bno %lld size %d", (long long)bno,
 791                     size);
 792         }
 793         else if (n != size)
 794                 errx(1, "ffs_rdfs: read error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 795                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 796 }
 797
 798 /*
 799  * write a block to the file system
 800  */
 801 void
 802 ffs_wtfs(daddr_t bno, int size, void *bf, const fsinfo_t *fsopts)
 803 {
 804         int n;
 805         off_t offset;
 806
 807         offset = bno;
 808         offset *= fsopts->sectorsize;
 809         if (lseek(fsopts->fd, offset, SEEK_SET) < 0)
 810                 err(1, "wtfs: seek error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 811                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 812         n = write(fsopts->fd, bf, size);
 813         if (n == -1)
 814                 err(1, "wtfs: write error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 815                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 816         else if (n != size)
 817                 errx(1, "wtfs: write error for sector %lld: %s\n",
 818                     (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
 819 }
 820
 821
 822 /* Determine how many digits are needed to print a given integer */
 823 static int
 824 count_digits(int num)
 825 {
 826         int ndig;
 827
 828         for(ndig = 1; num > 9; num /=10, ndig++);
 829
 830         return (ndig);
 831 }
 832
 833 static int
 834 ilog2(int val)
 835 {
 836         u_int n;
 837
 838         for (n = 0; n < sizeof(n) * CHAR_BIT; n++)
 839                 if (1 << n == val)
 840                         return (n);
 841         errx(1, "ilog2: %d is not a power of 2\n", val);
 842 }