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18 <html>
19 <head>
20 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
21 <title>Chapter 7. BIND 9 Security Considerations</title>
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29 <div class="navheader">
30 <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
31 <tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 7. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Security Considerations</th></tr>
32 <tr>
33 <td width="20%" align="left">
34 <a accesskey="p" href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html">Prev</a> </td>
35 <th width="60%" align="center"> </th>
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37 </td>
38 </tr>
39 </table>
40 <hr>
41 </div>
42 <div class="chapter" lang="en">
43 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
44 <a name="Bv9ARM.ch07"></a>Chapter 7. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Security Considerations</h2></div></div></div>
45 <div class="toc">
46 <p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
47 <dl>
48 <dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#Access_Control_Lists">Access Control Lists</a></span></dt>
49 <dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#id2593181"><span><strong class="command">Chroot</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">Setuid</strong></span></a></span></dt>
50 <dd><dl>
51 <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#id2593326">The <span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> Environment</a></span></dt>
52 <dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#id2593386">Using the <span><strong class="command">setuid</strong></span> Function</a></span></dt>
53 </dl></dd>
54 <dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#dynamic_update_security">Dynamic Update Security</a></span></dt>
55 </dl>
56 </div>
57 <div class="sect1" lang="en">
58 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
59 <a name="Access_Control_Lists"></a>Access Control Lists</h2></div></div></div>
60 <p>
61           Access Control Lists (ACLs), are address match lists that
62           you can set up and nickname for future use in <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span>,
63           <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span>,
64           <span><strong class="command">blackhole</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span>,
65           etc.
66         </p>
67 <p>
68           Using ACLs allows you to have finer control over who can access
69           your name server, without cluttering up your config files with huge
70           lists of IP addresses.
71         </p>
72 <p>
73           It is a <span class="emphasis"><em>good idea</em></span> to use ACLs, and to
74           control access to your server. Limiting access to your server by
75           outside parties can help prevent spoofing and denial of service (DoS) attacks against
76           your server.
77         </p>
78 <p>
79           Here is an example of how to properly apply ACLs:
80         </p>
81 <pre class="programlisting">
82 // Set up an ACL named "bogusnets" that will block RFC1918 space
83 // and some reserved space, which is commonly used in spoofing attacks.
84 acl bogusnets {
85         0.0.0.0/8; 1.0.0.0/8; 2.0.0.0/8; 192.0.2.0/24; 224.0.0.0/3;
86         10.0.0.0/8; 172.16.0.0/12; 192.168.0.0/16;
87 };
88
89 // Set up an ACL called our-nets. Replace this with the real IP numbers.
90 acl our-nets { x.x.x.x/24; x.x.x.x/21; };
91 options {
92   ...
93   ...
94   allow-query { our-nets; };
95   allow-recursion { our-nets; };
96   ...
97   blackhole { bogusnets; };
98   ...
99 };
100
101 zone "example.com" {
102   type master;
103   file "m/example.com";
104   allow-query { any; };
105 };
106 </pre>
107 <p>
108           This allows recursive queries of the server from the outside
109           unless recursion has been previously disabled.
110         </p>
111 <p>
112           For more information on how to use ACLs to protect your server,
113           see the <span class="emphasis"><em>AUSCERT</em></span> advisory at:
114         </p>
115 <p>
116           <a href="ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns_dos" target="_top">ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns_dos</a>
117         </p>
118 </div>
119 <div class="sect1" lang="en">
120 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
121 <a name="id2593181"></a><span><strong class="command">Chroot</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">Setuid</strong></span>
122 </h2></div></div></div>
123 <p>
124           On UNIX servers, it is possible to run <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> in a <span class="emphasis"><em>chrooted</em></span> environment
125           (using the <span><strong class="command">chroot()</strong></span> function) by specifying the "<code class="option">-t</code>"
126           option. This can help improve system security by placing <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> in
127           a "sandbox", which will limit the damage done if a server is
128           compromised.
129         </p>
130 <p>
131           Another useful feature in the UNIX version of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> is the
132           ability to run the daemon as an unprivileged user ( <code class="option">-u</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> ).
133           We suggest running as an unprivileged user when using the <span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> feature.
134         </p>
135 <p>
136           Here is an example command line to load <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> in a <span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> sandbox,
137           <span><strong class="command">/var/named</strong></span>, and to run <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> <span><strong class="command">setuid</strong></span> to
138           user 202:
139         </p>
140 <p>
141           <strong class="userinput"><code>/usr/local/bin/named -u 202 -t /var/named</code></strong>
142         </p>
143 <div class="sect2" lang="en">
144 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
145 <a name="id2593326"></a>The <span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> Environment</h3></div></div></div>
146 <p>
147             In order for a <span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> environment
148             to
149             work properly in a particular directory
150             (for example, <code class="filename">/var/named</code>),
151             you will need to set up an environment that includes everything
152             <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> needs to run.
153             From <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>'s point of view, <code class="filename">/var/named</code> is
154             the root of the filesystem.  You will need to adjust the values of
155             options like
156             like <span><strong class="command">directory</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">pid-file</strong></span> to account
157             for this.
158           </p>
159 <p>
160             Unlike with earlier versions of BIND, you typically will
161             <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> need to compile <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
162             statically nor install shared libraries under the new root.
163             However, depending on your operating system, you may need
164             to set up things like
165             <code class="filename">/dev/zero</code>,
166             <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>,
167             <code class="filename">/dev/log</code>, and
168             <code class="filename">/etc/localtime</code>.
169           </p>
170 </div>
171 <div class="sect2" lang="en">
172 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
173 <a name="id2593386"></a>Using the <span><strong class="command">setuid</strong></span> Function</h3></div></div></div>
174 <p>
175             Prior to running the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> daemon,
176             use
177             the <span><strong class="command">touch</strong></span> utility (to change file
178             access and
179             modification times) or the <span><strong class="command">chown</strong></span>
180             utility (to
181             set the user id and/or group id) on files
182             to which you want <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
183             to write.
184           </p>
185 <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
186 <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
187             Note that if the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> daemon is running as an
188             unprivileged user, it will not be able to bind to new restricted
189             ports if the server is reloaded.
190           </div>
191 </div>
192 </div>
193 <div class="sect1" lang="en">
194 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
195 <a name="dynamic_update_security"></a>Dynamic Update Security</h2></div></div></div>
196 <p>
197           Access to the dynamic
198           update facility should be strictly limited.  In earlier versions of
199           <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>, the only way to do this was
200           based on the IP
201           address of the host requesting the update, by listing an IP address
202           or
203           network prefix in the <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>
204           zone option.
205           This method is insecure since the source address of the update UDP
206           packet
207           is easily forged.  Also note that if the IP addresses allowed by the
208           <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> option include the
209           address of a slave
210           server which performs forwarding of dynamic updates, the master can
211           be
212           trivially attacked by sending the update to the slave, which will
213           forward it to the master with its own source IP address causing the
214           master to approve it without question.
215         </p>
216 <p>
217           For these reasons, we strongly recommend that updates be
218           cryptographically authenticated by means of transaction signatures
219           (TSIG).  That is, the <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>
220           option should
221           list only TSIG key names, not IP addresses or network
222           prefixes. Alternatively, the new <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
223           option can be used.
224         </p>
225 <p>
226           Some sites choose to keep all dynamically-updated DNS data
227           in a subdomain and delegate that subdomain to a separate zone. This
228           way, the top-level zone containing critical data such as the IP
229           addresses
230           of public web and mail servers need not allow dynamic update at
231           all.
232         </p>
233 </div>
234 </div>
235 <div class="navfooter">
236 <hr>
237 <table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
238 <tr>
239 <td width="40%" align="left">
240 <a accesskey="p" href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html">Prev</a> </td>
241 <td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
242 <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="Bv9ARM.ch08.html">Next</a>
243 </td>
244 </tr>
245 <tr>
246 <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 6. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Configuration Reference </td>
247 <td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="Bv9ARM.html">Home</a></td>
248 <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 8. Troubleshooting</td>
249 </tr>
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