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28 .\" From: @(#)ifconfig.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 1/5/94
36 .Nd configure network interface parameters
80 utility is used to assign an address
81 to a network interface and/or configure
82 network interface parameters.
85 utility must be used at boot time to define the network address
86 of each interface present on a machine; it may also be used at
87 a later time to redefine an interface's address
88 or other operating parameters.
90 The following options are available:
91 .Bl -tag -width indent
94 .Tn DARPA Ns -Internet
96 the address is either a host name present in the host name data
101 Internet address expressed in the Internet standard
104 It is also possible to use the CIDR notation (also known as the
105 slash notation) to include the netmask.
106 That is, one can specify an address like
111 family, it is also possible to specify the prefix length using the slash
116 parameter below for more information.
117 .\" For the Xerox Network Systems(tm) family,
119 .\" .Ar net:a.b.c.d.e.f ,
122 .\" is the assigned network number (in decimal),
123 .\" and each of the six bytes of the host number,
127 .\" are specified in hexadecimal.
128 .\" The host number may be omitted on IEEE 802 protocol
129 .\" (Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring) interfaces,
130 .\" which use the hardware physical address,
131 .\" and on interfaces other than the first.
134 .\" family, addresses are specified as a long hexadecimal string,
135 .\" as in the Xerox family.
136 .\" However, two consecutive dots imply a zero
137 .\" byte, and the dots are optional, if the user wishes to (carefully)
138 .\" count out long strings of digits in network byte order.
143 is specified as a series of colon-separated hex digits.
145 e.g.\& set a new MAC address on an ethernet interface, though the
146 mechanism used is not ethernet-specific.
147 If the interface is already
148 up when this option is used, it will be briefly brought down and
149 then brought back up again in order to ensure that the receive
150 filter in the underlying ethernet hardware is properly reprogrammed.
151 .It Ar address_family
154 which affects interpretation of the remaining parameters.
155 Since an interface can receive transmissions in differing protocols
156 with different naming schemes, specifying the address family is recommended.
157 The address or protocol families currently
176 Specify the address of the correspondent on the other end
177 of a point to point link.
180 parameter is a string of the form
185 List the interfaces in the given group.
188 The following parameters may be set with
190 .Bl -tag -width indent
195 Introduced for compatibility
199 Establish an additional network address for this interface.
200 This is sometimes useful when changing network numbers, and
201 one wishes to accept packets addressed to the old interface.
202 If the address is on the same subnet as the first network address
203 for this interface, a non-conflicting netmask must be given.
208 Remove the network address specified.
209 This would be used if you incorrectly specified an alias, or it
210 was no longer needed.
211 If you have incorrectly set an NS address having the side effect
212 of specifying the host portion, removing all NS addresses will
213 allow you to respecify the host portion.
216 Specify that the address configured is an anycast address.
217 Based on the current specification,
218 only routers may configure anycast addresses.
219 Anycast address will not be used as source address of any of outgoing
222 Enable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol
225 between network level addresses and link level addresses (default).
226 This is currently implemented for mapping between
231 802 48-bit MAC addresses (Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring addresses).
233 Disable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol
236 If the Address Resolution Protocol is enabled,
237 the host will only reply to requests for its addresses,
238 and will never send any requests.
240 If the Address Resolution Protocol is enabled,
241 the host will perform normally,
242 sending out requests and listening for replies.
245 Specify the address to use to represent broadcasts to the
247 The default broadcast address is the address with a host part of all 1's.
249 Enable driver dependent debugging code; usually, this turns on
250 extra console error logging.
252 Disable driver dependent debugging code.
254 Put interface into permanently promiscuous mode.
256 Disable permanently promiscuous mode.
264 When an interface is marked
266 the system will not attempt to
267 transmit messages through that interface.
268 If possible, the interface will be reset to disable reception as well.
269 This action does not automatically disable routes using the interface.
270 .It Cm group Ar group-name
271 Assign the interface to a
273 Any interface can be in multiple groups.
275 Cloned interfaces are members of their interface family group by default.
276 For example, a PPP interface such as
278 is a member of the PPP interface family group,
280 .\" The interface(s) the default route(s) point to are members of the
283 .It Cm -group Ar group-name
284 Remove the interface from the given
289 (lowermost 64bit of an IPv6 address)
292 This is used to specify an Internet host who is willing to receive
293 IP packets encapsulating IPX packets bound for a remote network.
294 An apparent point to point link is constructed, and
295 the address specified will be taken as the IPX address and network
297 .It Cm maclabel Ar label
298 If Mandatory Access Control support is enabled in the kernel,
302 .\" .Xr maclabel 7 ) .
304 If the driver supports the media selection system, set the media type
307 Some interfaces support the mutually exclusive use of one of several
308 different physical media connectors.
309 For example, a 10Mbit/s Ethernet
310 interface might support the use of either
312 or twisted pair connectors.
313 Setting the media type to
315 would change the currently active connector to the AUI port.
318 would activate twisted pair.
319 Refer to the interfaces' driver
320 specific documentation or man page for a complete list of the
322 .It Cm mediaopt Ar opts
323 If the driver supports the media selection system, set the specified
324 media options on the interface.
328 is a comma delimited list of options to apply to the interface.
329 Refer to the interfaces' driver specific man page for a complete
330 list of available options.
331 .It Fl mediaopt Ar opts
332 If the driver supports the media selection system, disable the
333 specified media options on the interface.
335 If the driver supports the media selection system, set the specified
336 operating mode on the interface to
338 For IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces that support multiple operating modes
339 this directive is used to select between 802.11a
346 .It Cm inst Ar minst , Cm instance Ar minst
347 Set the media instance to
349 This is useful for devices which have multiple physical layer interfaces
352 Set the interface name to
354 .It Cm rxcsum , txcsum
355 If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading,
356 enable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the interface.
357 Some drivers may not be able to enable these flags independently
358 of each other, so setting one may also set the other.
359 The driver will offload as much checksum work as it can reliably
360 support, the exact level of offloading varies between drivers.
361 .It Fl rxcsum , txcsum
362 If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading,
363 disable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the interface.
364 These settings may not always be independent of each other.
366 If the driver supports
368 segmentation offloading, enable TSO on the interface.
369 Some drivers may not be able to support TSO for
373 packets, so they may enable only one of them.
375 If the driver supports
377 segmentation offloading, disable TSO on the interface.
378 It will always disable TSO for
383 If the driver supports
385 large receive offloading, enable LRO on the interface.
387 If the driver supports
389 large receive offloading, disable LRO on the interface.
390 .It Cm wol , wol_ucast , wol_mcast , wol_magic
391 Enable Wake On Lan (WOL) support, if available.
392 WOL is a facility whereby a machine in a low power state may be woken
393 in response to a received packet.
394 There are three types of packets that may wake a system:
395 ucast (directed solely to the machine's mac address),
396 mcast (directed to a broadcast or multicast address),
398 magic (unicast or multicast frames with a ``magic contents'').
399 Not all devices support WOL, those that do indicate the mechanisms
400 they support in their capabilities.
402 is a synonym for enabling all available WOL mechanisms.
405 .It Cm vlanmtu , vlanhwtag
406 If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, enable
407 reception of extended frames or tag processing in hardware,
409 Note that this must be issued on a physical interface associated with
414 .It Fl vlanmtu , vlanhwtag
415 If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, disable
416 reception of extended frames or tag processing in hardware,
421 feature and disable interrupts on the interface, if driver supports
426 feature and enable interrupt mode on the interface.
428 Create the specified network pseudo-device.
429 If the interface is given without a unit number, try to create a new
430 device with an arbitrary unit number.
431 If creation of an arbitrary device is successful, the new device name is
432 printed to standard output unless the interface is renamed or destroyed
437 Destroy the specified network pseudo-device.
453 Set the routing metric of the interface to
456 The routing metric is used by the routing protocol
458 Higher metrics have the effect of making a route
459 less favorable; metrics are counted as additional hops
460 to the destination network or host.
462 Set the maximum transmission unit of the interface to
464 default is interface specific.
465 The MTU is used to limit the size of packets that are transmitted on an
467 Not all interfaces support setting the MTU, and some interfaces have
469 .It Cm netmask Ar mask
472 Specify how much of the address to reserve for subdividing
473 networks into sub-networks.
474 The mask includes the network part of the local address
475 and the subnet part, which is taken from the host field of the address.
476 The mask can be specified as a single hexadecimal number
479 with a dot-notation Internet address,
480 or with a pseudo-network name listed in the network table
482 The mask contains 1's for the bit positions in the 32-bit address
483 which are to be used for the network and subnet parts,
484 and 0's for the host part.
485 The mask should contain at least the standard network portion,
486 and the subnet field should be contiguous with the network
489 The netmask can also be specified in CIDR notation after the address.
492 option above for more information.
493 .It Cm prefixlen Ar len
497 bits are reserved for subdividing networks into sub-networks.
500 must be integer, and for syntactical reason it must be between 0 to 128.
501 It is almost always 64 under the current IPv6 assignment rule.
502 If the parameter is omitted, 64 is used.
504 The prefix can also be specified using the slash notation after the address.
507 option above for more information.
510 .\" .It Cm nsellength Ar n
513 .\" This specifies a trailing number of bytes for a received
515 .\" used for local identification, the remaining leading part of which is
518 .\" (Network Entity Title).
519 .\" The default value is 1, which is conformant to US
521 .\" When an ISO address is set in an ifconfig command,
524 .\" which is being specified.
527 .\" 20 hex digits should be
530 .\" to be assigned to the interface.
531 .\" There is some evidence that a number different from 1 may be useful
534 .\" 37 type addresses.
535 .It Cm range Ar netrange
536 Under appletalk, set the interface to respond to a
539 .Ar startnet Ns - Ns Ar endnet .
540 Appletalk uses this scheme instead of
543 implements it internally as a set of netmasks.
548 Introduced for compatibility
552 The argument following this specifies the version (phase) of the
553 Appletalk network attached to the interface.
554 Values of 1 or 2 are permitted.
556 .It Cm link Op Cm 0 No - Cm 2
558 Enable special processing of the link level of the interface.
559 These three options are interface specific in actual effect, however,
560 they are in general used to select special modes of operation.
562 of this is to enable SLIP compression, or to select the connector type
563 for some Ethernet cards.
564 Refer to the man page for the specific driver
565 for more information.
567 .It Fl link Op Cm 0 No - Cm 2
569 Disable special processing at the link level with the specified interface.
571 Put the interface in monitor mode.
572 No packets are transmitted, and received packets are discarded after
576 Take the interface out of monitor mode.
580 This may be used to enable an interface after an
582 It happens automatically when setting the first address on an interface.
583 If the interface was reset when previously marked down,
584 the hardware will be re-initialized.
587 The following parameters are specific to IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces:
588 .Bl -tag -width indent
590 When operating as an access point, pass packets between
591 wireless clients directly (default).
592 To instead let them pass up through the
593 system and be forwarded using some other mechanism, use
595 Disabling the internal bridging
596 is useful when traffic is to be processed with
598 .It Cm authmode Ar mode
599 Set the desired authentication mode in infrastructure mode.
600 Not all adaptors support all modes.
603 .Cm none , open , shared
609 (IEEE WPA/WPA2/802.11i).
614 modes are only useful when using an authentication service
615 (a supplicant for client operation or an authenticator when
616 operating as an access point).
617 Modes are case insensitive.
619 Enable background scanning when operating as a station.
620 Background scanning is a technique whereby a station associated to
621 an access point will temporarily leave the channel to scan for
622 neighboring stations.
623 This allows a station to maintain a cache of nearby access points
624 so that roaming between access points can be done without
625 a lengthy scan operation.
626 Background scanning is done only when a station is not busy and
627 any outbound traffic will cancel a scan operation.
628 Background scanning should never cause packets to be lost though
629 there may be some small latency if outbound traffic interrupts a
631 By default background scanning is enabled if the device is capable.
632 To disable background scanning, use
634 Background scanning is controlled by the
639 Background scanning must be enabled for roaming; this is an artifact
640 of the current implementation and may not be required in the future.
641 .It Cm bgscanidle Ar idletime
642 Set the minimum time a station must be idle (not transmitting or
643 receiving frames) before a background scan is initiated.
646 parameter is specified in milliseconds.
647 By default a station must be idle at least 250 milliseconds before
648 a background scan is initiated.
649 The idle time may not be set to less than 100 milliseconds.
650 .It Cm bgscanintvl Ar interval
651 Set the interval at which background scanning is attempted.
654 parameter is specified in seconds.
655 By default a background scan is considered every 300 seconds (5 minutes).
658 may not be set to less than 15 seconds.
659 .It Cm bintval Ar interval
660 Set the interval at which beacon frames are sent when operating in
664 parameter is specified in TU's (1024 usecs).
665 By default beacon frames are transmitted every 100 TU's.
666 .It Cm bmissthreshold Ar count
667 Set the number of consecutive missed beacons at which the station
668 will attempt to roam (i.e., search for a new access point).
671 parameter must be in the range 1 to 255; though the
672 upper bound may be reduced according to device capabilities.
673 The default threshold is 7 consecutive missed beacons; but
674 this may be overridden by the device driver.
679 .It Cm bssid Ar address
680 Specify the MAC address of the access point to use when operating
681 as a station in a BSS network.
682 This overrides any automatic selection done by the system.
683 To disable a previously selected access point, supply
688 This option is useful when more than one access point uses the same SSID.
694 Enable packet bursting.
695 Packet bursting is a transmission technique whereby the wireless
696 medium is acquired once to send multiple frames and the interframe
698 This technique can significantly increase throughput by reducing
699 transmission overhead.
700 Packet bursting is supported by the 802.11e QoS specification
701 and some devices that do not support QoS may still be capable.
702 By default packet bursting is enabled if a device is capable
704 To disable packet bursting, use
706 .It Cm chanlist Ar channels
707 Set the desired channels to use when scanning for access
708 points, neighbors in an IBSS network, or looking for unoccupied
709 channels when operating as an access point.
710 The set of channels is specified as a comma-separated list with
711 each element in the list representing either a single channel number or a range
714 Channel numbers must be in the range 1 to 255 and be permissible
715 according to the operating characteristics of the device.
716 .It Cm channel Ar number
717 Set a single desired channel.
718 Channels range from 1 to 255, but the exact selection available
719 depends on the region your adaptor was manufactured for.
726 will give you the default for your adaptor.
728 adaptors ignore this setting unless you are in ad-hoc mode.
729 Alternatively the frequency, in megahertz, may be specified
730 instead of the channel number.
732 When there are several ways to use a channel the channel
733 number/frequency may be appended with attributes to clarify.
734 For example, if a device is capable of operating on channel 6
735 with 802.11n and 802.11g then one can specify that g-only use
736 should be used by specifying ``6:g''.
737 Similarly the channel width can be specified by appending it
738 with ``/''; e.g. ``6/40'' specifies a 40MHz wide channel,
739 These attributes can be combined as in: ``6:ht/40''.
740 The full set of flags specified following a `:'' are:
746 (Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode),
754 (Atheros Static Turbo mode),
757 (Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode, or appended to ``st'' and ``dt'').
758 The full set of channel widths following a '/' are:
760 (5MHz aka quarter-rate channel),
762 (10MHz aka half-rate channel),
764 (20MHz mostly for use in specifying ht20),
767 (40MHz mostly for use in specifying ht40),
769 a 40MHz HT channel specification may include the location
770 of the extension channel by appending ``+'' or ``-'' for above and below,
771 respectively; e.g. ``2437:ht/40+'' specifies 40MHz wide HT operation
772 with the center channel at frequency 2437 and the extension channel above.
774 Enable inclusion of an 802.11h country information element in beacon
775 frames transmitted when operating as an access point.
776 By default 802.11h is enabled if the device is capable.
777 To disable 802.11h use
779 .It Cm deftxkey Ar index
780 Set the default key to use for transmission.
781 Typically this is only set when using WEP encryption.
782 Note that you must set a default transmit key
783 for the system to know which key to use in encrypting outbound traffic.
786 is an alias for this request; it is provided for backwards compatibility.
787 .It Cm dtimperiod Ar period
790 period for transmitting buffered multicast data frames when
791 operating in ap mode.
794 specifies the number of beacon intervals between DTIM
795 and must be in the range 1 to 15.
796 By default DTIM is 1 (i.e., DTIM occurs at each beacon).
798 Enable the use of Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode when communicating with
799 another Dynamic Turbo-capable station.
800 Dynamic Turbo mode is an Atheros-specific mechanism by which
801 stations switch between normal 802.11 operation and a ``boosted''
802 mode in which a 40MHz wide channel is used for communication.
803 Stations using Dynamic Turbo mode operate boosted only when the
804 channel is free of non-dturbo stations; when a non-dturbo station
805 is identified on the channel all stations will automatically drop
806 back to normal operation.
807 By default, Dynamic Turbo mode is not enabled, even if the device is capable.
808 Note that turbo mode (dynamic or static) is only allowed on some
809 channels depending on the regulatory constraints; use the
811 command to identify the channels where turbo mode may be used.
812 To disable Dynamic Turbo mode use
814 .It Cm fragthreshold Ar length
815 Set the threshold for which transmitted frames are broken into fragments.
818 argument is the frame size in bytes and must be in the range 256 to 2346.
826 disables transmit fragmentation.
827 Not all adaptors honor the fragmentation threshold.
829 When operating as an access point, do not broadcast the SSID
830 in beacon frames or respond to probe request frames unless
831 they are directed to the ap (i.e., they include the ap's SSID).
832 By default, the SSID is included in beacon frames and
833 undirected probe request frames are answered.
834 To re-enable the broadcast of the SSID etc., use
837 Enable the use of Atheros Fast Frames when communicating with
838 another Fast Frames-capable station.
839 Fast Frames are an encapsulation technique by which two 802.3
840 frames are transmitted in a single 802.11 frame.
841 This can noticeably improve throughput but requires that the
842 receiving station understand how to decapsulate the frame.
843 Fast frame use is negotiated using the Atheros 802.11 vendor-specific
844 protocol extension so enabling use is safe when communicating with
846 By default, use of fast frames is enabled if the device is capable.
847 To explicitly disable fast frames, use
850 Display the list of channels available for use taking into account
851 any restrictions set with the
854 See the description of
856 for more information.
858 Display the adaptor's capabilities, including the operating
861 Display the list of channels available for use.
862 Channels are shown with their IEEE channel number, equivalent
863 frequency, and usage modes.
864 Channels identified as
869 Channels identified as
871 may be used only for Atheros' Static Turbo mode
873 . Cm mediaopt turbo ) .
874 Channels marked with a
876 have a regulatory constraint that they be passively scanned.
877 This means a station is not permitted to transmit on the channel until
878 it identifies the channel is being used for 802.11 communication;
879 typically by hearing a beacon frame from an access point operating
882 is another way of requesting this information.
883 By default a compacted list of channels is displayed; if the
885 option is specified then all channels are shown.
887 Display the current MAC Access Control List state.
888 Each address is prefixed with a character that indicates the
889 current policy applied to it:
891 indicates the address is allowed access,
893 indicates the address is denied access,
895 indicates the address is present but the current policy open
896 (so the ACL is not consulted).
898 Display the access points and/or ad-hoc neighbors
899 located in the vicinity.
902 flag may be used to display long SSIDs.
904 also causes received information elements to be displayed symbolically.
905 This information may be updated automatically by the adaptor
908 request or through background scanning.
911 command is another way of requesting this information.
913 When operating as an access point display the stations that are
914 currently associated.
915 When operating in ad-hoc mode display stations identified as
916 neighbors in the IBSS.
917 When operating in station mode display the access point.
918 Capabilities advertised by the stations are described under
922 Depending on the capabilities of the stations the following
923 flags can be included in the output:
927 Indicates that the station is permitted to send/receive data frames.
929 Extended Rate Phy (ERP).
930 Indicates that the station is operating in an 802.11g network
931 using extended transmit rates.
933 High Throughput (HT).
934 Indicates that the station is using MCS to send/receive frames.
937 Indicates that the station is operating in power save mode.
939 Quality of Service (QoS).
940 Indicates that the station is using QoS encapsulation for
942 QoS encapsulation is enabled only when WME mode is enabled.
945 By default information elements received from associated stations
946 are displayed in a short form; the
948 flag causes this information to be displayed symbolically.
950 Display the current parameters to use when operating in WME mode.
951 When WME mode is enabled for an adaptor this information will be
952 displayed with the regular status; this command is mostly useful
953 for examining parameters when WME mode is disabled.
954 See the description of the
956 directive for information on the various parameters.
957 .It Cm mcastrate Ar rate
958 Set the rate for transmitting multicast/broadcast frames.
959 Rates are specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g.\& 5.5 for 5.5 Mb/s.
960 This rate should be valid for the current operating conditions;
961 if an invalid rate is specified drivers are free to chose an
964 Enable powersave operation.
965 When operating as a client, the station will conserve power by
966 periodically turning off the radio and listening for
967 messages from the access point telling it there are packets waiting.
968 The station must then retrieve the packets.
969 Not all devices support power save operation as a client.
970 The 802.11 specification requires that all access points support
971 power save but some drivers do not.
974 to disable powersave operation when operating as a client.
975 .It Cm powersavesleep Ar sleep
976 Set the desired max powersave sleep time in TU's (1024 usecs).
977 By default the max powersave sleep time is 100 TU's.
978 .It Cm protmode Ar technique
979 For interfaces operating in 802.11g, use the specified
981 for protecting OFDM frames in a mixed 11b/11g network.
982 The set of valid techniques is
988 Technique names are case insensitive.
989 Not all devices support
991 as a protection technique.
993 When operating as an access point in 802.11g mode allow only
994 11g-capable stations to associate (11b-only stations are not
995 permitted to associate).
996 To allow both 11g and 11b-only stations to associate, use
998 .It Cm roaming Ar mode
999 When operating as a station, control how the system will
1000 behave when communication with the current access point
1004 argument may be one of
1006 (leave it to the hardware device to decide),
1008 (handle either in the device or the operating system\[em]as appropriate),
1010 (do nothing until explicitly instructed).
1011 By default, the device is left to handle this if it is
1012 capable; otherwise, the operating system will automatically
1013 attempt to reestablish communication.
1014 Manual mode is used by applications such as
1015 .Xr wpa_supplicant 8
1016 that want to control the selection of an access point.
1017 .It Cm roam:rssi11a Ar rssi
1018 Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in an
1022 parameter specifies the receive signal strength in dBm units
1023 at which roaming should be considered.
1024 If the current rssi drops below this setting and background scanning
1025 is enabled, then the system will check if a more desirable access point is
1026 available and switch over to it.
1027 The current scan cache contents are used if they are considered
1028 valid according to the
1030 parameter; otherwise a background scan operation is triggered before
1031 any selection occurs.
1035 .It Cm roam:rssi11b Ar rssi
1036 Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in an
1040 for a description of this parameter.
1044 .It Cm roam:rssi11g Ar rssi
1045 Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in a
1046 (mixed) 802.11g BSS.
1049 for a description of this parameter.
1053 .It Cm roam:rate11a Ar rate
1054 Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in an
1058 parameter specifies the transmit rate in megabits
1059 at which roaming should be considered.
1060 If the current transmit rate drops below this setting and background scanning
1061 is enabled, then the system will check if a more desirable access point is
1062 available and switch over to it.
1063 The current scan cache contents are used if they are considered
1064 valid according to the
1066 parameter; otherwise a background scan operation is triggered before
1067 any selection occurs.
1071 .It Cm roam:rate11b Ar rate
1072 Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in an
1076 for a description of this parameter.
1080 .It Cm roam:rate11g Ar rate
1081 Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in a
1082 (mixed) 802.11g BSS.
1085 for a description of this parameter.
1089 .It Cm rtsthreshold Ar length
1090 Set the threshold for which
1091 transmitted frames are preceded by transmission of an
1097 is the frame size in bytes and must be in the range 1 to 2346.
1105 disables transmission of RTS frames.
1106 Not all adaptors support setting the RTS threshold.
1108 Set the desired Service Set Identifier (aka network name).
1109 The SSID is a string up to 32 characters
1110 in length and may be specified as either a normal string or in
1111 hexadecimal when preceded by
1113 Additionally, the SSID may be cleared by setting it to
1116 Initiate a scan of neighboring stations, wait for it to complete, and
1117 display all stations found.
1118 Only the super-user can initiate a scan.
1119 Depending on the capabilities of the APs, the following
1120 flags can be included in the output:
1124 Indicates that the station support channel hopping as described by the
1125 IEEE 802.11b specification.
1127 Packet Binary Convolution Code (PBCC).
1128 A modulation alternative to the standard OFDM method.
1134 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSSOFDM).
1135 Indicates the the station supports DSSS modulation.
1137 Extended Service Set (ESS).
1138 Indicates that the station is part of an infrastructure network
1139 (in contrast to an IBSS/ad-hoc network).
1141 IBSS/ad-hoc network.
1142 Indicates that the station is part of an ad-hoc network
1143 (in contrast to an ESS network).
1146 Data confidentiality is required for all data frames
1147 exchanged within the BSS.
1148 This means that this BSS requires the station to
1149 use cryptographic means such as WEP, TKIP or AES-CCMP to
1150 encrypt/decrypt data frames being exchanged with others.
1152 Robust Security Network (RSN).
1153 Indicates that the station supports the IEEE 802.11i authentication
1154 and key management protocol.
1157 Indicates that the network is using short preambles (defined
1158 in 802.11b High Rate/DSSS PHY, short preamble utilizes a
1159 56 bit sync field in contrast to a 128 bit field used in long
1163 Indicates that the network is using a short slot time.
1166 Interesting information elements captured from the neighboring
1167 stations are displayed at the end of each row.
1168 Possible elements are:
1170 (station supports WME),
1172 (station supports WPA),
1174 (station supports WPS),
1176 (station supports 802.11i/RSN),
1178 (station supports 802.11n/HT communication),
1180 (station supports Atheros protocol extensions),
1182 (station supports unknown vendor-specific extensions).
1185 flag is used the information element contents will be shown.
1189 request can be used to show recent scan results without
1190 initiating a new scan.
1194 flag may be used to prevent the shortening of long SSIDs.
1195 .It Cm scanvalid Ar threshold
1196 Set the maximum time the scan cache contents are considered valid;
1197 i.e. will be used without first triggering a scan operation to
1201 parameter is specified in seconds and defaults to 60 seconds.
1202 The minimum setting for
1205 One should take care setting this threshold; if it is set too low
1206 then attempts to roam to another access point may trigger unnecessary
1207 background scan operations.
1208 .It Cm stationname Ar name
1209 Set the name of this station.
1210 The station name is not part of the IEEE 802.11
1211 protocol though some interfaces support it.
1213 seems to be meaningful to identical or virtually identical equipment.
1214 Setting the station name is identical in syntax to setting the SSID.
1215 .It Cm txpower Ar power
1216 Set the power used to transmit frames.
1219 argument is specified in .5 dBm units.
1220 Out of range values are truncated.
1221 Typically only a few discreet power settings are available and
1222 the driver will use the setting closest to the specified value.
1223 Not all adaptors support changing the transmit power.
1224 .It Cm wepmode Ar mode
1225 Set the desired WEP mode.
1226 Not all adaptors support all modes.
1227 The set of valid modes is
1233 mode explicitly tells the adaptor to allow association with access
1234 points which allow both encrypted and unencrypted traffic.
1237 means that the access point must only allow encrypted connections.
1240 is generally another name for
1242 Modes are case insensitive.
1243 .It Cm weptxkey Ar index
1244 Set the WEP key to be used for transmission.
1245 This is the same as setting the default transmission key with
1247 .It Cm wepkey Ar key Ns | Ns Ar index : Ns Ar key
1248 Set the selected WEP key.
1251 is not given, key 1 is set.
1252 A WEP key will be either 5 or 13
1253 characters (40 or 104 bits) depending of the local network and the
1254 capabilities of the adaptor.
1255 It may be specified either as a plain
1256 string or as a string of hexadecimal digits preceded by
1258 For maximum portability, hex keys are recommended;
1259 the mapping of text keys to WEP encryption is usually driver-specific.
1262 drivers do this mapping differently to
1264 A key may be cleared by setting it to
1266 If WEP is supported then there are at least four keys.
1267 Some adaptors support more than four keys.
1268 If that is the case, then the first four keys
1269 (1-4) will be the standard temporary keys and any others will be adaptor
1270 specific keys such as permanent keys stored in NVRAM.
1272 Note that you must set a default transmit key with
1274 for the system to know which key to use in encrypting outbound traffic.
1276 Enable Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WME) support, if available,
1277 for the specified interface.
1278 WME is a subset of the IEEE 802.11e standard to support the
1279 efficient communication of realtime and multimedia data.
1280 To disable WME support, use
1283 The following parameters are meaningful only when WME support is in use.
1284 Parameters are specified per-AC (Access Category) and
1285 split into those that are used by a station when acting
1286 as an access point and those for client stations in the BSS.
1287 The latter are received from the access point and may not be changed
1289 The following Access Categories are recognized:
1291 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm AC_BK" -compact
1295 best effort delivery,
1310 AC parameters are case-insensitive.
1311 Traffic classification is done in the operating system using the
1312 vlan priority associated with data frames or the
1313 ToS (Type of Service) indication in IP-encapsulated frames.
1314 If neither information is present, traffic is assigned to the
1315 Best Effort (BE) category.
1316 .Bl -tag -width indent
1318 Set the ACK policy for QoS transmissions by the local station;
1319 this controls whether or not data frames transmitted by a station
1320 require an ACK response from the receiving station.
1321 To disable waiting for an ACK use
1323 This parameter is applied only to the local station.
1325 Enable the Admission Control Mandatory (ACM) mechanism
1326 for transmissions by the local station.
1327 To disable the ACM use
1329 On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
1330 the setting received from the access point.
1331 NB: ACM is not supported right now.
1332 .It Cm aifs Ar ac Ar count
1333 Set the Arbitration Inter Frame Spacing (AIFS)
1334 channel access parameter to use for transmissions
1335 by the local station.
1336 On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
1337 the setting received from the access point.
1338 .It Cm cwmin Ar ac Ar count
1339 Set the CWmin channel access parameter to use for transmissions
1340 by the local station.
1341 On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
1342 the setting received from the access point.
1343 .It Cm cwmax Ar ac Ar count
1344 Set the CWmax channel access parameter to use for transmissions
1345 by the local station.
1346 On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
1347 the setting received from the access point.
1348 .It Cm txoplimit Ar ac Ar limit
1349 Set the Transmission Opportunity Limit channel access parameter
1350 to use for transmissions by the local station.
1351 This parameter defines an interval of time when a WME station
1352 has the right to initiate transmissions onto the wireless medium.
1353 On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
1354 the setting received from the access point.
1355 .It Cm bss:aifs Ar ac Ar count
1356 Set the AIFS channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS.
1357 This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode.
1358 .It Cm bss:cwmin Ar ac Ar count
1359 Set the CWmin channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS.
1360 This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode.
1361 .It Cm bss:cwmax Ar ac Ar count
1362 Set the CWmax channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS.
1363 This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode.
1364 .It Cm bss:txoplimit Ar ac Ar limit
1365 Set the TxOpLimit channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS.
1366 This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode.
1370 The following parameters support an optional access control list
1371 feature available with some adaptors when operating in ap mode; see
1373 This facility allows an access point to accept/deny association
1374 requests based on the MAC address of the station.
1375 Note that this feature does not significantly enhance security
1376 as MAC address spoofing is easy to do.
1377 .Bl -tag -width indent
1378 .It Cm mac:add Ar address
1379 Add the specified MAC address to the database.
1380 Depending on the policy setting association requests from the
1381 specified station will be allowed or denied.
1383 Set the ACL policy to permit association only by
1384 stations registered in the database.
1385 .It Cm mac:del Ar address
1386 Delete the specified MAC address from the database.
1388 Set the ACL policy to deny association only by
1389 stations registered in the database.
1390 .It Cm mac:kick Ar address
1391 Force the specified station to be deauthenticated.
1392 This typically is done to block a station after updating the
1395 Set the ACL policy to allow all stations to associate.
1397 Delete all entries in the database.
1400 The following parameters are for compatibility with other systems:
1401 .Bl -tag -width indent
1403 Another name for the
1409 .It Cm station Ar name
1410 Another name for the
1417 Another way of saying
1423 Another way of saying
1429 Another way of saying:
1430 .Dq Li "wepmode on weptxkey 1 wepkey 1:key wepkey 2:- wepkey 3:- wepkey 4:-" .
1436 .Ar n : k1 , k2 , k3 , k4
1439 Another way of saying
1440 .Dq Li "wepmode on weptxkey n wepkey 1:k1 wepkey 2:k2 wepkey 3:k3 wepkey 4:k4" .
1445 Another way of saying
1452 The following parameters are specific to bridge interfaces:
1453 .Bl -tag -width indent
1454 .It Cm addm Ar interface
1455 Add the interface named by
1457 as a member of the bridge.
1458 The interface is put into promiscuous mode
1459 so that it can receive every packet sent on the network.
1460 .It Cm deletem Ar interface
1461 Remove the interface named by
1464 Promiscuous mode is disabled on the interface when
1465 it is removed from the bridge.
1466 .It Cm maxaddr Ar size
1467 Set the size of the bridge address cache to
1469 The default is 100 entries.
1470 .It Cm timeout Ar seconds
1471 Set the timeout of address cache entries to
1476 is zero, then address cache entries will not be expired.
1477 The default is 240 seconds.
1479 Display the addresses that have been learned by the bridge.
1480 .It Cm static Ar interface-name Ar address
1481 Add a static entry into the address cache pointing to
1482 .Ar interface-name .
1483 Static entries are never aged out of the cache or re-placed, even if the
1484 address is seen on a different interface.
1485 .It Cm deladdr Ar address
1488 from the address cache.
1490 Delete all dynamically-learned addresses from the address cache.
1492 Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the address cache.
1493 .It Cm discover Ar interface
1494 Mark an interface as a
1497 When the bridge has no address cache entry
1498 (either dynamic or static)
1499 for the destination address of a packet,
1500 the bridge will forward the packet to all
1501 member interfaces marked as
1503 This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
1504 .It Cm -discover Ar interface
1507 attribute on a member interface.
1508 For packets without the
1510 attribute, the only packets forwarded on the interface are broadcast
1511 or multicast packets and packets for which the destination address
1512 is known to be on the interface's segment.
1513 .It Cm learn Ar interface
1514 Mark an interface as a
1517 When a packet arrives on such an interface, the source
1518 address of the packet is entered into the address cache as being a
1519 destination address on the interface's segment.
1520 This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
1521 .It Cm -learn Ar interface
1524 attribute on a member interface.
1525 .It Cm sticky Ar interface
1526 Mark an interface as a
1529 Dynamically learned address entries are treated at static once entered into
1531 Sticky entries are never aged out of the cache or replaced, even if the
1532 address is seen on a different interface.
1533 .It Cm -sticky Ar interface
1536 attribute on a member interface.
1537 .It Cm private Ar interface
1538 Mark an interface as a
1541 A private interface does not forward any traffic to any other port that is also
1542 a private interface.
1543 .It Cm -private Ar interface
1546 attribute on a member interface.
1547 .It Cm span Ar interface
1548 Add the interface named by
1550 as a span port on the bridge.
1551 Span ports transmit a copy of every frame received by the bridge.
1552 This is most useful for snooping a bridged network passively on
1553 another host connected to one of the span ports of the bridge.
1554 .It Cm -span Ar interface
1555 Delete the interface named by
1557 from the list of span ports of the bridge.
1558 .It Cm stp Ar interface
1559 Enable Spanning Tree protocol on
1563 driver has support for the IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree protocol (STP).
1564 Spanning Tree is used to detect and remove loops in a network topology.
1565 .It Cm -stp Ar interface
1566 Disable Spanning Tree protocol on
1568 This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
1569 .It Cm edge Ar interface
1573 An edge port connects directly to end stations cannot create bridging
1574 loops in the network, this allows it to transition straight to forwarding.
1575 .It Cm -edge Ar interface
1576 Disable edge status on
1578 .It Cm autoedge Ar interface
1581 to automatically detect edge status.
1582 This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
1583 .It Cm -autoedge Ar interface
1584 Disable automatic edge status on
1586 .It Cm ptp Ar interface
1589 as a point to point link.
1590 This is required for straight transitions to forwarding and
1591 should be enabled on a direct link to another RSTP capable switch.
1592 .It Cm -ptp Ar interface
1593 Disable point to point link status on
1595 This should be disabled for a half duplex link and for an interface
1596 connected to a shared network segment,
1597 like a hub or a wireless network.
1598 .It Cm autoptp Ar interface
1599 Automatically detect the point to point status on
1601 by checking the full duplex link status.
1602 This is the default for interfaces added to the bridge.
1603 .It Cm -autoptp Ar interface
1604 Disable automatic point to point link detection on
1606 .It Cm maxage Ar seconds
1607 Set the time that a Spanning Tree protocol configuration is valid.
1608 The default is 20 seconds.
1609 The minimum is 6 seconds and the maximum is 40 seconds.
1610 .It Cm fwddelay Ar seconds
1611 Set the time that must pass before an interface begins forwarding
1612 packets when Spanning Tree is enabled.
1613 The default is 15 seconds.
1614 The minimum is 4 seconds and the maximum is 30 seconds.
1615 .It Cm hellotime Ar seconds
1616 Set the time between broadcasting of Spanning Tree protocol
1617 configuration messages.
1618 The hello time may only be changed when operating in legacy stp mode.
1619 The default is 2 seconds.
1620 The minimum is 1 second and the maximum is 2 seconds.
1621 .It Cm priority Ar value
1622 Set the bridge priority for Spanning Tree.
1623 The default is 32768.
1624 The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 61440.
1625 .It Cm proto Ar value
1626 Set the Spanning Tree protocol.
1627 The default is rstp.
1628 The available options are stp and rstp.
1629 .It Cm holdcnt Ar value
1630 Set the transmit hold count for Spanning Tree.
1631 This is the number of packets transmitted before being rate limited.
1633 The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 10.
1634 .It Cm ifpriority Ar interface Ar value
1635 Set the Spanning Tree priority of
1640 The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 240.
1641 .It Cm ifpathcost Ar interface Ar value
1642 Set the Spanning Tree path cost of
1646 The default is calculated from the link speed.
1647 To change a previously selected path cost back to automatic, set the
1649 The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 200000000.
1650 .It Cm ifmaxaddr Ar interface Ar size
1651 Set the maximum number of hosts allowed from an interface, packets with unknown
1652 source addresses are dropped until an existing host cache entry expires or is
1654 Set to 0 to disable.
1657 The following parameters are specific to lagg interfaces:
1658 .Bl -tag -width indent
1659 .It Cm laggport Ar interface
1660 Add the interface named by
1662 as a port of the aggregation interface.
1663 .It Cm -laggport Ar interface
1664 Remove the interface named by
1666 from the aggregation interface.
1667 .It Cm laggproto Ar proto
1668 Set the aggregation protocol.
1669 The default is failover.
1670 The available options are failover, fec, lacp, loadbalance, roundrobin and
1674 The following parameters are specific to IP tunnel interfaces,
1676 .Bl -tag -width indent
1677 .It Cm tunnel Ar src_addr dest_addr
1678 Configure the physical source and destination address for IP tunnel
1684 are interpreted as the outer source/destination for the encapsulating
1687 Unconfigure the physical source and destination address for IP tunnel
1688 interfaces previously configured with
1691 Another name for the
1696 The following parameters are specific to GRE tunnel interfaces,
1698 .Bl -tag -width indent
1699 .It Cm grekey Ar key
1700 Configure the GRE key to be used for outgoing packets.
1702 .Xr gre 4 will always accept GRE packets with invalid or absent keys.
1703 This command will result in a four byte MTU reduction on the interface.
1706 The following parameters are specific to
1709 .Bl -tag -width indent
1711 Set the maximum number of updates for a single state which
1712 can be collapsed into one.
1713 This is an 8-bit number; the default value is 128.
1716 The following parameters are specific to
1719 .Bl -tag -width indent
1720 .It Cm vlan Ar vlan_tag
1721 Set the VLAN tag value to
1723 This value is a 16-bit number which is used to create an 802.1Q
1724 VLAN header for packets sent from the
1731 must both be set at the same time.
1732 .It Cm vlandev Ar iface
1733 Associate the physical interface
1738 Packets transmitted through the
1741 diverted to the specified physical interface
1743 with 802.1Q VLAN encapsulation.
1744 Packets with 802.1Q encapsulation received
1745 by the parent interface with the correct VLAN tag will be diverted to
1751 interface is assigned a
1752 copy of the parent interface's flags and the parent's ethernet address.
1757 must both be set at the same time.
1760 interface already has
1761 a physical interface associated with it, this command will fail.
1763 change the association to another physical interface, the existing
1764 association must be cleared first.
1766 Note: if the hardware tagging capability
1767 is set on the parent interface, the
1770 interface's behavior changes:
1773 interface recognizes that the
1774 parent interface supports insertion and extraction of VLAN tags on its
1775 own (usually in firmware) and that it should pass packets to and from
1776 the parent unaltered.
1777 .It Fl vlandev Op Ar iface
1780 pseudo device, disassociate the parent interface from it.
1781 This breaks the link between the
1783 interface and its parent,
1784 clears its VLAN tag, flags and its link address and shuts the interface down.
1787 argument is useless and hence deprecated.
1790 The following parameters are specific to
1793 .Bl -tag -width indent
1794 .It Cm advbase Ar seconds
1795 Specifies the base of the advertisement interval in seconds.
1796 The acceptable values are 1 to 255.
1797 The default value is 1.
1798 .\" The default value is
1799 .\" .Dv CARP_DFLTINTV .
1800 .It Cm advskew Ar interval
1801 Specifies the skew to add to the base advertisement interval to
1802 make one host advertise slower than another host.
1803 It is specified in 1/256 of seconds.
1804 The acceptable values are 1 to 254.
1805 The default value is 0.
1806 .It Cm pass Ar phrase
1807 Set the authentication key to
1810 Set the virtual host ID.
1811 This is a required setting.
1812 Acceptable values are 1 to 255.
1817 utility displays the current configuration for a network interface
1818 when no optional parameters are supplied.
1819 If a protocol family is specified,
1821 will report only the details specific to that protocol family.
1825 flag is passed before an interface name,
1827 will display the capability list and all
1828 of the supported media for the specified interface.
1831 flag is supplied, address lifetime is displayed for IPv6 addresses,
1832 as time offset string.
1836 flag may be used instead of an interface name.
1839 to display information about all interfaces in the system.
1842 flag limits this to interfaces that are down, and
1844 limits this to interfaces that are up.
1845 When no arguments are given,
1851 flag may be used to list all available interfaces on the system, with
1852 no other additional information.
1853 Use of this flag is mutually exclusive
1854 with all other flags and commands, except for
1856 (only list interfaces that are down)
1859 (only list interfaces that are up).
1863 flag may be used to get more verbose status for an interface.
1867 flag may be used to list all of the interface cloners available on
1868 the system, with no additional information.
1869 Use of this flag is mutually exclusive with all other flags and commands.
1873 flag causes keying information for the interface, if available, to be
1875 For example, the values of 802.11 WEP keys will be printed, if accessible to
1877 This information is not printed by default, as it may be considered
1880 If the network interface driver is not present in the kernel then
1882 will attempt to load it.
1885 flag disables this behavior.
1887 Only the super-user may modify the configuration of a network interface.
1889 The media selection system is relatively new and only some drivers support
1890 it (or have need for it).
1892 Assign the IPv4 address
1894 with a network mask of
1898 .Dl # ifconfig fxp0 inet 192.0.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
1900 Add the IPv4 address
1902 with the CIDR network prefix
1908 as a synonym for the canonical form of the option
1910 .Dl # ifconfig ed0 inet 192.0.2.45/28 add
1912 Remove the IPv4 address
1916 .Dl # ifconfig ed0 inet 192.0.2.45 -alias
1918 Add the IPv6 address
1919 .Li 2001:DB8:DBDB::123/48
1922 .Dl # ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123 prefixlen 48 alias
1923 Note that lower case hexadecimal IPv6 addresses are acceptable.
1925 Remove the IPv6 address added in the above example,
1928 character as shorthand for the network prefix,
1931 as a synonym for the canonical form of the option
1933 .Dl # ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123/48 delete
1935 Configure the interface
1937 to use 100baseTX, full duplex Ethernet media options:
1938 .Dl # ifconfig xl0 media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex
1940 Create the software network interface
1942 .Dl # ifconfig gif1 create
1944 Destroy the software network interface
1946 .Dl # ifconfig gif1 destroy
1948 Messages indicating the specified interface does not exist, the
1949 requested address is unknown, or the user is not privileged and
1950 tried to alter an interface's configuration.
1968 Basic IPv6 node operation requires a link-local address on each
1969 interface configured for IPv6.
1970 Normally, such an address is automatically configured by the
1971 kernel on each interface added to the system; this behaviour may
1972 be disabled by setting the sysctl MIB variable
1973 .Va net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal
1976 If you delete such an address using
1978 the kernel may act very odd.
1979 Do this at your own risk.
projects / FreeBSD / releng / 7.2.git / blob