Create releng/7.2 from stable/7 in preparation for 7.2-RELEASE.

[FreeBSD/releng/7.2.git] / sys / cddl / contrib / opensolaris / uts / common / fs / zfs / arc.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */
/*
 * Copyright 2007 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 * Use is subject to license terms.
 */

#pragma ident   "%Z%%M% %I%     %E% SMI"

/*
 * DVA-based Adjustable Replacement Cache
 *
 * While much of the theory of operation used here is
 * based on the self-tuning, low overhead replacement cache
 * presented by Megiddo and Modha at FAST 2003, there are some
 * significant differences:
 *
 * 1. The Megiddo and Modha model assumes any page is evictable.
 * Pages in its cache cannot be "locked" into memory.  This makes
 * the eviction algorithm simple: evict the last page in the list.
 * This also make the performance characteristics easy to reason
 * about.  Our cache is not so simple.  At any given moment, some
 * subset of the blocks in the cache are un-evictable because we
 * have handed out a reference to them.  Blocks are only evictable
 * when there are no external references active.  This makes
 * eviction far more problematic:  we choose to evict the evictable
 * blocks that are the "lowest" in the list.
 *
 * There are times when it is not possible to evict the requested
 * space.  In these circumstances we are unable to adjust the cache
 * size.  To prevent the cache growing unbounded at these times we
 * implement a "cache throttle" that slowes the flow of new data
 * into the cache until we can make space avaiable.
 *
 * 2. The Megiddo and Modha model assumes a fixed cache size.
 * Pages are evicted when the cache is full and there is a cache
 * miss.  Our model has a variable sized cache.  It grows with
 * high use, but also tries to react to memory preasure from the
 * operating system: decreasing its size when system memory is
 * tight.
 *
 * 3. The Megiddo and Modha model assumes a fixed page size. All
 * elements of the cache are therefor exactly the same size.  So
 * when adjusting the cache size following a cache miss, its simply
 * a matter of choosing a single page to evict.  In our model, we
 * have variable sized cache blocks (rangeing from 512 bytes to
 * 128K bytes).  We therefor choose a set of blocks to evict to make
 * space for a cache miss that approximates as closely as possible
 * the space used by the new block.
 *
 * See also:  "ARC: A Self-Tuning, Low Overhead Replacement Cache"
 * by N. Megiddo & D. Modha, FAST 2003
 */

/*
 * The locking model:
 *
 * A new reference to a cache buffer can be obtained in two
 * ways: 1) via a hash table lookup using the DVA as a key,
 * or 2) via one of the ARC lists.  The arc_read() inerface
 * uses method 1, while the internal arc algorithms for
 * adjusting the cache use method 2.  We therefor provide two
 * types of locks: 1) the hash table lock array, and 2) the
 * arc list locks.
 *
 * Buffers do not have their own mutexs, rather they rely on the
 * hash table mutexs for the bulk of their protection (i.e. most
 * fields in the arc_buf_hdr_t are protected by these mutexs).
 *
 * buf_hash_find() returns the appropriate mutex (held) when it
 * locates the requested buffer in the hash table.  It returns
 * NULL for the mutex if the buffer was not in the table.
 *
 * buf_hash_remove() expects the appropriate hash mutex to be
 * already held before it is invoked.
 *
 * Each arc state also has a mutex which is used to protect the
 * buffer list associated with the state.  When attempting to
 * obtain a hash table lock while holding an arc list lock you
 * must use: mutex_tryenter() to avoid deadlock.  Also note that
 * the active state mutex must be held before the ghost state mutex.
 *
 * Arc buffers may have an associated eviction callback function.
 * This function will be invoked prior to removing the buffer (e.g.
 * in arc_do_user_evicts()).  Note however that the data associated
 * with the buffer may be evicted prior to the callback.  The callback
 * must be made with *no locks held* (to prevent deadlock).  Additionally,
 * the users of callbacks must ensure that their private data is
 * protected from simultaneous callbacks from arc_buf_evict()
 * and arc_do_user_evicts().
 *
 * Note that the majority of the performance stats are manipulated
 * with atomic operations.
 */

#include <sys/spa.h>
#include <sys/zio.h>
#include <sys/zio_checksum.h>
#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/arc.h>
#include <sys/refcount.h>
#ifdef _KERNEL
#include <sys/dnlc.h>
#endif
#include <sys/callb.h>
#include <sys/kstat.h>
#include <sys/sdt.h>

static kmutex_t         arc_reclaim_thr_lock;
static kcondvar_t       arc_reclaim_thr_cv;     /* used to signal reclaim thr */
static uint8_t          arc_thread_exit;

#define ARC_REDUCE_DNLC_PERCENT 3
uint_t arc_reduce_dnlc_percent = ARC_REDUCE_DNLC_PERCENT;

typedef enum arc_reclaim_strategy {
        ARC_RECLAIM_AGGR,               /* Aggressive reclaim strategy */
        ARC_RECLAIM_CONS                /* Conservative reclaim strategy */
} arc_reclaim_strategy_t;

/* number of seconds before growing cache again */
static int              arc_grow_retry = 60;

/*
 * minimum lifespan of a prefetch block in clock ticks
 * (initialized in arc_init())
 */
static int              arc_min_prefetch_lifespan;

static int arc_dead;

/*
 * These tunables are for performance analysis.
 */
u_long zfs_arc_max;
u_long zfs_arc_min;
TUNABLE_ULONG("vfs.zfs.arc_max", &zfs_arc_max);
TUNABLE_ULONG("vfs.zfs.arc_min", &zfs_arc_min);
SYSCTL_DECL(_vfs_zfs);
SYSCTL_ULONG(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, arc_max, CTLFLAG_RDTUN, &zfs_arc_max, 0,
    "Maximum ARC size");
SYSCTL_ULONG(_vfs_zfs, OID_AUTO, arc_min, CTLFLAG_RDTUN, &zfs_arc_min, 0,
    "Minimum ARC size");

/*
 * Note that buffers can be on one of 5 states:
 *      ARC_anon        - anonymous (discussed below)
 *      ARC_mru         - recently used, currently cached
 *      ARC_mru_ghost   - recentely used, no longer in cache
 *      ARC_mfu         - frequently used, currently cached
 *      ARC_mfu_ghost   - frequently used, no longer in cache
 * When there are no active references to the buffer, they
 * are linked onto one of the lists in arc.  These are the
 * only buffers that can be evicted or deleted.
 *
 * Anonymous buffers are buffers that are not associated with
 * a DVA.  These are buffers that hold dirty block copies
 * before they are written to stable storage.  By definition,
 * they are "ref'd" and are considered part of arc_mru
 * that cannot be freed.  Generally, they will aquire a DVA
 * as they are written and migrate onto the arc_mru list.
 */

typedef struct arc_state {
        list_t  arcs_list;      /* linked list of evictable buffer in state */
        uint64_t arcs_lsize;    /* total size of buffers in the linked list */
        uint64_t arcs_size;     /* total size of all buffers in this state */
        kmutex_t arcs_mtx;
} arc_state_t;

/* The 5 states: */
static arc_state_t ARC_anon;
static arc_state_t ARC_mru;
static arc_state_t ARC_mru_ghost;
static arc_state_t ARC_mfu;
static arc_state_t ARC_mfu_ghost;

typedef struct arc_stats {
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_demand_data_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_demand_data_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_demand_metadata_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_demand_metadata_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_prefetch_data_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_prefetch_data_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_prefetch_metadata_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_prefetch_metadata_misses;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mru_ghost_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mfu_ghost_hits;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_deleted;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_recycle_miss;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_mutex_miss;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_evict_skip;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_elements;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_elements_max;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_collisions;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_chains;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_hash_chain_max;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_p;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_c;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_c_min;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_c_max;
        kstat_named_t arcstat_size;
} arc_stats_t;

static arc_stats_t arc_stats = {
        { "hits",                       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "misses",                     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "demand_data_hits",           KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "demand_data_misses",         KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "demand_metadata_hits",       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "demand_metadata_misses",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "prefetch_data_hits",         KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "prefetch_data_misses",       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "prefetch_metadata_hits",     KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "prefetch_metadata_misses",   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_hits",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mru_ghost_hits",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_hits",                   KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mfu_ghost_hits",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "deleted",                    KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "recycle_miss",               KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "mutex_miss",                 KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "evict_skip",                 KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_elements",              KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_elements_max",          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_collisions",            KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_chains",                KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "hash_chain_max",             KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "p",                          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "c",                          KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "c_min",                      KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "c_max",                      KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 },
        { "size",                       KSTAT_DATA_UINT64 }
};

#define ARCSTAT(stat)   (arc_stats.stat.value.ui64)

#define ARCSTAT_INCR(stat, val) \
        atomic_add_64(&arc_stats.stat.value.ui64, (val));

#define ARCSTAT_BUMP(stat)      ARCSTAT_INCR(stat, 1)
#define ARCSTAT_BUMPDOWN(stat)  ARCSTAT_INCR(stat, -1)

#define ARCSTAT_MAX(stat, val) {                                        \
        uint64_t m;                                                     \
        while ((val) > (m = arc_stats.stat.value.ui64) &&               \
            (m != atomic_cas_64(&arc_stats.stat.value.ui64, m, (val)))) \
                continue;                                               \
}

#define ARCSTAT_MAXSTAT(stat) \
        ARCSTAT_MAX(stat##_max, arc_stats.stat.value.ui64)

/*
 * We define a macro to allow ARC hits/misses to be easily broken down by
 * two separate conditions, giving a total of four different subtypes for
 * each of hits and misses (so eight statistics total).
 */
#define ARCSTAT_CONDSTAT(cond1, stat1, notstat1, cond2, stat2, notstat2, stat) \
        if (cond1) {                                                    \
                if (cond2) {                                            \
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_##stat1##_##stat2##_##stat); \
                } else {                                                \
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_##stat1##_##notstat2##_##stat); \
                }                                                       \
        } else {                                                        \
                if (cond2) {                                            \
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_##notstat1##_##stat2##_##stat); \
                } else {                                                \
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_##notstat1##_##notstat2##_##stat);\
                }                                                       \
        }

kstat_t                 *arc_ksp;
static arc_state_t      *arc_anon;
static arc_state_t      *arc_mru;
static arc_state_t      *arc_mru_ghost;
static arc_state_t      *arc_mfu;
static arc_state_t      *arc_mfu_ghost;

/*
 * There are several ARC variables that are critical to export as kstats --
 * but we don't want to have to grovel around in the kstat whenever we wish to
 * manipulate them.  For these variables, we therefore define them to be in
 * terms of the statistic variable.  This assures that we are not introducing
 * the possibility of inconsistency by having shadow copies of the variables,
 * while still allowing the code to be readable.
 */
#define arc_size        ARCSTAT(arcstat_size)   /* actual total arc size */
#define arc_p           ARCSTAT(arcstat_p)      /* target size of MRU */
#define arc_c           ARCSTAT(arcstat_c)      /* target size of cache */
#define arc_c_min       ARCSTAT(arcstat_c_min)  /* min target cache size */
#define arc_c_max       ARCSTAT(arcstat_c_max)  /* max target cache size */

static int              arc_no_grow;    /* Don't try to grow cache size */
static uint64_t         arc_tempreserve;

typedef struct arc_callback arc_callback_t;

struct arc_callback {
        void                    *acb_private;
        arc_done_func_t         *acb_done;
        arc_byteswap_func_t     *acb_byteswap;
        arc_buf_t               *acb_buf;
        zio_t                   *acb_zio_dummy;
        arc_callback_t          *acb_next;
};

typedef struct arc_write_callback arc_write_callback_t;

struct arc_write_callback {
        void            *awcb_private;
        arc_done_func_t *awcb_ready;
        arc_done_func_t *awcb_done;
        arc_buf_t       *awcb_buf;
};

struct arc_buf_hdr {
        /* protected by hash lock */
        dva_t                   b_dva;
        uint64_t                b_birth;
        uint64_t                b_cksum0;

        kmutex_t                b_freeze_lock;
        zio_cksum_t             *b_freeze_cksum;

        arc_buf_hdr_t           *b_hash_next;
        arc_buf_t               *b_buf;
        uint32_t                b_flags;
        uint32_t                b_datacnt;

        arc_callback_t          *b_acb;
        kcondvar_t              b_cv;

        /* immutable */
        arc_buf_contents_t      b_type;
        uint64_t                b_size;
        spa_t                   *b_spa;

        /* protected by arc state mutex */
        arc_state_t             *b_state;
        list_node_t             b_arc_node;

        /* updated atomically */
        clock_t                 b_arc_access;

        /* self protecting */
        refcount_t              b_refcnt;
};

static arc_buf_t *arc_eviction_list;
static kmutex_t arc_eviction_mtx;
static arc_buf_hdr_t arc_eviction_hdr;
static void arc_get_data_buf(arc_buf_t *buf);
static void arc_access(arc_buf_hdr_t *buf, kmutex_t *hash_lock);

#define GHOST_STATE(state)      \
        ((state) == arc_mru_ghost || (state) == arc_mfu_ghost)

/*
 * Private ARC flags.  These flags are private ARC only flags that will show up
 * in b_flags in the arc_hdr_buf_t.  Some flags are publicly declared, and can
 * be passed in as arc_flags in things like arc_read.  However, these flags
 * should never be passed and should only be set by ARC code.  When adding new
 * public flags, make sure not to smash the private ones.
 */

#define ARC_IN_HASH_TABLE       (1 << 9)        /* this buffer is hashed */
#define ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS      (1 << 10)       /* I/O in progress for buf */
#define ARC_IO_ERROR            (1 << 11)       /* I/O failed for buf */
#define ARC_FREED_IN_READ       (1 << 12)       /* buf freed while in read */
#define ARC_BUF_AVAILABLE       (1 << 13)       /* block not in active use */
#define ARC_INDIRECT            (1 << 14)       /* this is an indirect block */

#define HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr)  ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_IN_HASH_TABLE)
#define HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr) ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
#define HDR_IO_ERROR(hdr)       ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_IO_ERROR)
#define HDR_FREED_IN_READ(hdr)  ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_FREED_IN_READ)
#define HDR_BUF_AVAILABLE(hdr)  ((hdr)->b_flags & ARC_BUF_AVAILABLE)

/*
 * Hash table routines
 */

#define HT_LOCK_PAD     128

struct ht_lock {
        kmutex_t        ht_lock;
#ifdef _KERNEL
        unsigned char   pad[(HT_LOCK_PAD - sizeof (kmutex_t))];
#endif
};

#define BUF_LOCKS 256
typedef struct buf_hash_table {
        uint64_t ht_mask;
        arc_buf_hdr_t **ht_table;
        struct ht_lock ht_locks[BUF_LOCKS];
} buf_hash_table_t;

static buf_hash_table_t buf_hash_table;

#define BUF_HASH_INDEX(spa, dva, birth) \
        (buf_hash(spa, dva, birth) & buf_hash_table.ht_mask)
#define BUF_HASH_LOCK_NTRY(idx) (buf_hash_table.ht_locks[idx & (BUF_LOCKS-1)])
#define BUF_HASH_LOCK(idx)      (&(BUF_HASH_LOCK_NTRY(idx).ht_lock))
#define HDR_LOCK(buf) \
        (BUF_HASH_LOCK(BUF_HASH_INDEX(buf->b_spa, &buf->b_dva, buf->b_birth)))

uint64_t zfs_crc64_table[256];

static uint64_t
buf_hash(spa_t *spa, dva_t *dva, uint64_t birth)
{
        uintptr_t spav = (uintptr_t)spa;
        uint8_t *vdva = (uint8_t *)dva;
        uint64_t crc = -1ULL;
        int i;

        ASSERT(zfs_crc64_table[128] == ZFS_CRC64_POLY);

        for (i = 0; i < sizeof (dva_t); i++)
                crc = (crc >> 8) ^ zfs_crc64_table[(crc ^ vdva[i]) & 0xFF];

        crc ^= (spav>>8) ^ birth;

        return (crc);
}

#define BUF_EMPTY(buf)                                          \
        ((buf)->b_dva.dva_word[0] == 0 &&                       \
        (buf)->b_dva.dva_word[1] == 0 &&                        \
        (buf)->b_birth == 0)

#define BUF_EQUAL(spa, dva, birth, buf)                         \
        ((buf)->b_dva.dva_word[0] == (dva)->dva_word[0]) &&     \
        ((buf)->b_dva.dva_word[1] == (dva)->dva_word[1]) &&     \
        ((buf)->b_birth == birth) && ((buf)->b_spa == spa)

static arc_buf_hdr_t *
buf_hash_find(spa_t *spa, dva_t *dva, uint64_t birth, kmutex_t **lockp)
{
        uint64_t idx = BUF_HASH_INDEX(spa, dva, birth);
        kmutex_t *hash_lock = BUF_HASH_LOCK(idx);
        arc_buf_hdr_t *buf;

        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        for (buf = buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx]; buf != NULL;
            buf = buf->b_hash_next) {
                if (BUF_EQUAL(spa, dva, birth, buf)) {
                        *lockp = hash_lock;
                        return (buf);
                }
        }
        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        *lockp = NULL;
        return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Insert an entry into the hash table.  If there is already an element
 * equal to elem in the hash table, then the already existing element
 * will be returned and the new element will not be inserted.
 * Otherwise returns NULL.
 */
static arc_buf_hdr_t *
buf_hash_insert(arc_buf_hdr_t *buf, kmutex_t **lockp)
{
        uint64_t idx = BUF_HASH_INDEX(buf->b_spa, &buf->b_dva, buf->b_birth);
        kmutex_t *hash_lock = BUF_HASH_LOCK(idx);
        arc_buf_hdr_t *fbuf;
        uint32_t i;

        ASSERT(!HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(buf));
        *lockp = hash_lock;
        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        for (fbuf = buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx], i = 0; fbuf != NULL;
            fbuf = fbuf->b_hash_next, i++) {
                if (BUF_EQUAL(buf->b_spa, &buf->b_dva, buf->b_birth, fbuf))
                        return (fbuf);
        }

        buf->b_hash_next = buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx];
        buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx] = buf;
        buf->b_flags |= ARC_IN_HASH_TABLE;

        /* collect some hash table performance data */
        if (i > 0) {
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hash_collisions);
                if (i == 1)
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hash_chains);

                ARCSTAT_MAX(arcstat_hash_chain_max, i);
        }

        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hash_elements);
        ARCSTAT_MAXSTAT(arcstat_hash_elements);

        return (NULL);
}

static void
buf_hash_remove(arc_buf_hdr_t *buf)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *fbuf, **bufp;
        uint64_t idx = BUF_HASH_INDEX(buf->b_spa, &buf->b_dva, buf->b_birth);

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(BUF_HASH_LOCK(idx)));
        ASSERT(HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(buf));

        bufp = &buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx];
        while ((fbuf = *bufp) != buf) {
                ASSERT(fbuf != NULL);
                bufp = &fbuf->b_hash_next;
        }
        *bufp = buf->b_hash_next;
        buf->b_hash_next = NULL;
        buf->b_flags &= ~ARC_IN_HASH_TABLE;

        /* collect some hash table performance data */
        ARCSTAT_BUMPDOWN(arcstat_hash_elements);

        if (buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx] &&
            buf_hash_table.ht_table[idx]->b_hash_next == NULL)
                ARCSTAT_BUMPDOWN(arcstat_hash_chains);
}

/*
 * Global data structures and functions for the buf kmem cache.
 */
static kmem_cache_t *hdr_cache;
static kmem_cache_t *buf_cache;

static void
buf_fini(void)
{
        int i;

        kmem_free(buf_hash_table.ht_table,
            (buf_hash_table.ht_mask + 1) * sizeof (void *));
        for (i = 0; i < BUF_LOCKS; i++)
                mutex_destroy(&buf_hash_table.ht_locks[i].ht_lock);
        kmem_cache_destroy(hdr_cache);
        kmem_cache_destroy(buf_cache);
}

/*
 * Constructor callback - called when the cache is empty
 * and a new buf is requested.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
static int
hdr_cons(void *vbuf, void *unused, int kmflag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *buf = vbuf;

        bzero(buf, sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t));
        refcount_create(&buf->b_refcnt);
        cv_init(&buf->b_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
        return (0);
}

/*
 * Destructor callback - called when a cached buf is
 * no longer required.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
static void
hdr_dest(void *vbuf, void *unused)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *buf = vbuf;

        refcount_destroy(&buf->b_refcnt);
        cv_destroy(&buf->b_cv);
}

/*
 * Reclaim callback -- invoked when memory is low.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
static void
hdr_recl(void *unused)
{
        dprintf("hdr_recl called\n");
        /*
         * umem calls the reclaim func when we destroy the buf cache,
         * which is after we do arc_fini().
         */
        if (!arc_dead)
                cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv);
}

static void
buf_init(void)
{
        uint64_t *ct;
        uint64_t hsize = 1ULL << 12;
        int i, j;

        /*
         * The hash table is big enough to fill all of physical memory
         * with an average 64K block size.  The table will take up
         * totalmem*sizeof(void*)/64K (eg. 128KB/GB with 8-byte pointers).
         */
        while (hsize * 65536 < (uint64_t)physmem * PAGESIZE)
                hsize <<= 1;
retry:
        buf_hash_table.ht_mask = hsize - 1;
        buf_hash_table.ht_table =
            kmem_zalloc(hsize * sizeof (void*), KM_NOSLEEP);
        if (buf_hash_table.ht_table == NULL) {
                ASSERT(hsize > (1ULL << 8));
                hsize >>= 1;
                goto retry;
        }

        hdr_cache = kmem_cache_create("arc_buf_hdr_t", sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            0, hdr_cons, hdr_dest, hdr_recl, NULL, NULL, 0);
        buf_cache = kmem_cache_create("arc_buf_t", sizeof (arc_buf_t),
            0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);

        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
                for (ct = zfs_crc64_table + i, *ct = i, j = 8; j > 0; j--)
                        *ct = (*ct >> 1) ^ (-(*ct & 1) & ZFS_CRC64_POLY);

        for (i = 0; i < BUF_LOCKS; i++) {
                mutex_init(&buf_hash_table.ht_locks[i].ht_lock,
                    NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        }
}

#define ARC_MINTIME     (hz>>4) /* 62 ms */

static void
arc_cksum_verify(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        zio_cksum_t zc;

        if (!(zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY))
                return;

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_lock);
        if (buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum == NULL ||
            (buf->b_hdr->b_flags & ARC_IO_ERROR)) {
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_lock);
                return;
        }
        fletcher_2_native(buf->b_data, buf->b_hdr->b_size, &zc);
        if (!ZIO_CHECKSUM_EQUAL(*buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum, zc))
                panic("buffer modified while frozen!");
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_lock);
}

static void
arc_cksum_compute(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        if (!(zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY))
                return;

        mutex_enter(&buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_lock);
        if (buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL) {
                mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_lock);
                return;
        }
        buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum = kmem_alloc(sizeof (zio_cksum_t), KM_SLEEP);
        fletcher_2_native(buf->b_data, buf->b_hdr->b_size,
            buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum);
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_lock);
}

void
arc_buf_thaw(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        if (!(zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY))
                return;

        if (buf->b_hdr->b_state != arc_anon)
                panic("modifying non-anon buffer!");
        if (buf->b_hdr->b_flags & ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS)
                panic("modifying buffer while i/o in progress!");
        arc_cksum_verify(buf);
        mutex_enter(&buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_lock);
        if (buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL) {
                kmem_free(buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum, sizeof (zio_cksum_t));
                buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum = NULL;
        }
        mutex_exit(&buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_lock);
}

void
arc_buf_freeze(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        if (!(zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY))
                return;

        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL ||
            buf->b_hdr->b_state == arc_anon);
        arc_cksum_compute(buf);
}

static void
add_reference(arc_buf_hdr_t *ab, kmutex_t *hash_lock, void *tag)
{
        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));

        if ((refcount_add(&ab->b_refcnt, tag) == 1) &&
            (ab->b_state != arc_anon)) {
                uint64_t delta = ab->b_size * ab->b_datacnt;

                ASSERT(!MUTEX_HELD(&ab->b_state->arcs_mtx));
                mutex_enter(&ab->b_state->arcs_mtx);
                ASSERT(list_link_active(&ab->b_arc_node));
                list_remove(&ab->b_state->arcs_list, ab);
                if (GHOST_STATE(ab->b_state)) {
                        ASSERT3U(ab->b_datacnt, ==, 0);
                        ASSERT3P(ab->b_buf, ==, NULL);
                        delta = ab->b_size;
                }
                ASSERT(delta > 0);
                ASSERT3U(ab->b_state->arcs_lsize, >=, delta);
                atomic_add_64(&ab->b_state->arcs_lsize, -delta);
                mutex_exit(&ab->b_state->arcs_mtx);
                /* remove the prefetch flag is we get a reference */
                if (ab->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH)
                        ab->b_flags &= ~ARC_PREFETCH;
        }
}

static int
remove_reference(arc_buf_hdr_t *ab, kmutex_t *hash_lock, void *tag)
{
        int cnt;
        arc_state_t *state = ab->b_state;

        ASSERT(state == arc_anon || MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));
        ASSERT(!GHOST_STATE(state));

        if (((cnt = refcount_remove(&ab->b_refcnt, tag)) == 0) &&
            (state != arc_anon)) {
                ASSERT(!MUTEX_HELD(&state->arcs_mtx));
                mutex_enter(&state->arcs_mtx);
                ASSERT(!list_link_active(&ab->b_arc_node));
                list_insert_head(&state->arcs_list, ab);
                ASSERT(ab->b_datacnt > 0);
                atomic_add_64(&state->arcs_lsize, ab->b_size * ab->b_datacnt);
                ASSERT3U(state->arcs_size, >=, state->arcs_lsize);
                mutex_exit(&state->arcs_mtx);
        }
        return (cnt);
}

/*
 * Move the supplied buffer to the indicated state.  The mutex
 * for the buffer must be held by the caller.
 */
static void
arc_change_state(arc_state_t *new_state, arc_buf_hdr_t *ab, kmutex_t *hash_lock)
{
        arc_state_t *old_state = ab->b_state;
        int64_t refcnt = refcount_count(&ab->b_refcnt);
        uint64_t from_delta, to_delta;

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));
        ASSERT(new_state != old_state);
        ASSERT(refcnt == 0 || ab->b_datacnt > 0);
        ASSERT(ab->b_datacnt == 0 || !GHOST_STATE(new_state));

        from_delta = to_delta = ab->b_datacnt * ab->b_size;

        /*
         * If this buffer is evictable, transfer it from the
         * old state list to the new state list.
         */
        if (refcnt == 0) {
                if (old_state != arc_anon) {
                        int use_mutex = !MUTEX_HELD(&old_state->arcs_mtx);

                        if (use_mutex)
                                mutex_enter(&old_state->arcs_mtx);

                        ASSERT(list_link_active(&ab->b_arc_node));
                        list_remove(&old_state->arcs_list, ab);

                        /*
                         * If prefetching out of the ghost cache,
                         * we will have a non-null datacnt.
                         */
                        if (GHOST_STATE(old_state) && ab->b_datacnt == 0) {
                                /* ghost elements have a ghost size */
                                ASSERT(ab->b_buf == NULL);
                                from_delta = ab->b_size;
                        }
                        ASSERT3U(old_state->arcs_lsize, >=, from_delta);
                        atomic_add_64(&old_state->arcs_lsize, -from_delta);

                        if (use_mutex)
                                mutex_exit(&old_state->arcs_mtx);
                }
                if (new_state != arc_anon) {
                        int use_mutex = !MUTEX_HELD(&new_state->arcs_mtx);

                        if (use_mutex)
                                mutex_enter(&new_state->arcs_mtx);

                        list_insert_head(&new_state->arcs_list, ab);

                        /* ghost elements have a ghost size */
                        if (GHOST_STATE(new_state)) {
                                ASSERT(ab->b_datacnt == 0);
                                ASSERT(ab->b_buf == NULL);
                                to_delta = ab->b_size;
                        }
                        atomic_add_64(&new_state->arcs_lsize, to_delta);
                        ASSERT3U(new_state->arcs_size + to_delta, >=,
                            new_state->arcs_lsize);

                        if (use_mutex)
                                mutex_exit(&new_state->arcs_mtx);
                }
        }

        ASSERT(!BUF_EMPTY(ab));
        if (new_state == arc_anon && old_state != arc_anon) {
                buf_hash_remove(ab);
        }

        /* adjust state sizes */
        if (to_delta)
                atomic_add_64(&new_state->arcs_size, to_delta);
        if (from_delta) {
                ASSERT3U(old_state->arcs_size, >=, from_delta);
                atomic_add_64(&old_state->arcs_size, -from_delta);
        }
        ab->b_state = new_state;
}

arc_buf_t *
arc_buf_alloc(spa_t *spa, int size, void *tag, arc_buf_contents_t type)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        arc_buf_t *buf;

        ASSERT3U(size, >, 0);
        hdr = kmem_cache_alloc(hdr_cache, KM_SLEEP);
        ASSERT(BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
        hdr->b_size = size;
        hdr->b_type = type;
        hdr->b_spa = spa;
        hdr->b_state = arc_anon;
        hdr->b_arc_access = 0;
        mutex_init(&hdr->b_freeze_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        buf = kmem_cache_alloc(buf_cache, KM_SLEEP);
        buf->b_hdr = hdr;
        buf->b_data = NULL;
        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;
        buf->b_next = NULL;
        hdr->b_buf = buf;
        arc_get_data_buf(buf);
        hdr->b_datacnt = 1;
        hdr->b_flags = 0;
        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt));
        (void) refcount_add(&hdr->b_refcnt, tag);

        return (buf);
}

static arc_buf_t *
arc_buf_clone(arc_buf_t *from)
{
        arc_buf_t *buf;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = from->b_hdr;
        uint64_t size = hdr->b_size;

        buf = kmem_cache_alloc(buf_cache, KM_SLEEP);
        buf->b_hdr = hdr;
        buf->b_data = NULL;
        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;
        buf->b_next = hdr->b_buf;
        hdr->b_buf = buf;
        arc_get_data_buf(buf);
        bcopy(from->b_data, buf->b_data, size);
        hdr->b_datacnt += 1;
        return (buf);
}

void
arc_buf_add_ref(arc_buf_t *buf, void* tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;

        /*
         * Check to see if this buffer is currently being evicted via
         * arc_do_user_evicts().
         */
        mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        if (hdr == NULL) {
                mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                return;
        }
        hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);
        mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);

        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        if (buf->b_data == NULL) {
                /*
                 * This buffer is evicted.
                 */
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                return;
        }

        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr == hdr);
        ASSERT(hdr->b_state == arc_mru || hdr->b_state == arc_mfu);
        add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, tag);
        arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hits);
        ARCSTAT_CONDSTAT(!(hdr->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH),
            demand, prefetch, hdr->b_type != ARC_BUFC_METADATA,
            data, metadata, hits);
}

static void
arc_buf_destroy(arc_buf_t *buf, boolean_t recycle, boolean_t all)
{
        arc_buf_t **bufp;

        /* free up data associated with the buf */
        if (buf->b_data) {
                arc_state_t *state = buf->b_hdr->b_state;
                uint64_t size = buf->b_hdr->b_size;
                arc_buf_contents_t type = buf->b_hdr->b_type;

                arc_cksum_verify(buf);
                if (!recycle) {
                        if (type == ARC_BUFC_METADATA) {
                                zio_buf_free(buf->b_data, size);
                        } else {
                                ASSERT(type == ARC_BUFC_DATA);
                                zio_data_buf_free(buf->b_data, size);
                        }
                        atomic_add_64(&arc_size, -size);
                }
                if (list_link_active(&buf->b_hdr->b_arc_node)) {
                        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&buf->b_hdr->b_refcnt));
                        ASSERT(state != arc_anon);
                        ASSERT3U(state->arcs_lsize, >=, size);
                        atomic_add_64(&state->arcs_lsize, -size);
                }
                ASSERT3U(state->arcs_size, >=, size);
                atomic_add_64(&state->arcs_size, -size);
                buf->b_data = NULL;
                ASSERT(buf->b_hdr->b_datacnt > 0);
                buf->b_hdr->b_datacnt -= 1;
        }

        /* only remove the buf if requested */
        if (!all)
                return;

        /* remove the buf from the hdr list */
        for (bufp = &buf->b_hdr->b_buf; *bufp != buf; bufp = &(*bufp)->b_next)
                continue;
        *bufp = buf->b_next;

        ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);

        /* clean up the buf */
        buf->b_hdr = NULL;
        kmem_cache_free(buf_cache, buf);
}

static void
arc_hdr_destroy(arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr)
{
        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt));
        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_state, ==, arc_anon);
        ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));

        if (!BUF_EMPTY(hdr)) {
                ASSERT(!HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr));
                bzero(&hdr->b_dva, sizeof (dva_t));
                hdr->b_birth = 0;
                hdr->b_cksum0 = 0;
        }
        while (hdr->b_buf) {
                arc_buf_t *buf = hdr->b_buf;

                if (buf->b_efunc) {
                        mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr != NULL);
                        arc_buf_destroy(hdr->b_buf, FALSE, FALSE);
                        hdr->b_buf = buf->b_next;
                        buf->b_hdr = &arc_eviction_hdr;
                        buf->b_next = arc_eviction_list;
                        arc_eviction_list = buf;
                        mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                } else {
                        arc_buf_destroy(hdr->b_buf, FALSE, TRUE);
                }
        }
        if (hdr->b_freeze_cksum != NULL) {
                kmem_free(hdr->b_freeze_cksum, sizeof (zio_cksum_t));
                hdr->b_freeze_cksum = NULL;
        }
        mutex_destroy(&hdr->b_freeze_lock);

        ASSERT(!list_link_active(&hdr->b_arc_node));
        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_hash_next, ==, NULL);
        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_acb, ==, NULL);
        kmem_cache_free(hdr_cache, hdr);
}

void
arc_buf_free(arc_buf_t *buf, void *tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        int hashed = hdr->b_state != arc_anon;

        ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
        ASSERT(buf->b_data != NULL);

        if (hashed) {
                kmutex_t *hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);

                mutex_enter(hash_lock);
                (void) remove_reference(hdr, hash_lock, tag);
                if (hdr->b_datacnt > 1)
                        arc_buf_destroy(buf, FALSE, TRUE);
                else
                        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_BUF_AVAILABLE;
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        } else if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr)) {
                int destroy_hdr;
                /*
                 * We are in the middle of an async write.  Don't destroy
                 * this buffer unless the write completes before we finish
                 * decrementing the reference count.
                 */
                mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                (void) remove_reference(hdr, NULL, tag);
                ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt));
                destroy_hdr = !HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr);
                mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                if (destroy_hdr)
                        arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
        } else {
                if (remove_reference(hdr, NULL, tag) > 0) {
                        ASSERT(HDR_IO_ERROR(hdr));
                        arc_buf_destroy(buf, FALSE, TRUE);
                } else {
                        arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
                }
        }
}

int
arc_buf_remove_ref(arc_buf_t *buf, void* tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);
        int no_callback = (buf->b_efunc == NULL);

        if (hdr->b_state == arc_anon) {
                arc_buf_free(buf, tag);
                return (no_callback);
        }

        mutex_enter(hash_lock);
        ASSERT(hdr->b_state != arc_anon);
        ASSERT(buf->b_data != NULL);

        (void) remove_reference(hdr, hash_lock, tag);
        if (hdr->b_datacnt > 1) {
                if (no_callback)
                        arc_buf_destroy(buf, FALSE, TRUE);
        } else if (no_callback) {
                ASSERT(hdr->b_buf == buf && buf->b_next == NULL);
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_BUF_AVAILABLE;
        }
        ASSERT(no_callback || hdr->b_datacnt > 1 ||
            refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt));
        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        return (no_callback);
}

int
arc_buf_size(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        return (buf->b_hdr->b_size);
}

/*
 * Evict buffers from list until we've removed the specified number of
 * bytes.  Move the removed buffers to the appropriate evict state.
 * If the recycle flag is set, then attempt to "recycle" a buffer:
 * - look for a buffer to evict that is `bytes' long.
 * - return the data block from this buffer rather than freeing it.
 * This flag is used by callers that are trying to make space for a
 * new buffer in a full arc cache.
 */
static void *
arc_evict(arc_state_t *state, int64_t bytes, boolean_t recycle,
    arc_buf_contents_t type)
{
        arc_state_t *evicted_state;
        uint64_t bytes_evicted = 0, skipped = 0, missed = 0;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *ab, *ab_prev = NULL;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        boolean_t have_lock;
        void *stolen = NULL;

        ASSERT(state == arc_mru || state == arc_mfu);

        evicted_state = (state == arc_mru) ? arc_mru_ghost : arc_mfu_ghost;

        mutex_enter(&state->arcs_mtx);
        mutex_enter(&evicted_state->arcs_mtx);

        for (ab = list_tail(&state->arcs_list); ab; ab = ab_prev) {
                ab_prev = list_prev(&state->arcs_list, ab);
                /* prefetch buffers have a minimum lifespan */
                if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(ab) ||
                    (ab->b_flags & (ARC_PREFETCH|ARC_INDIRECT) &&
                    LBOLT - ab->b_arc_access < arc_min_prefetch_lifespan)) {
                        skipped++;
                        continue;
                }
                /* "lookahead" for better eviction candidate */
                if (recycle && ab->b_size != bytes &&
                    ab_prev && ab_prev->b_size == bytes)
                        continue;
                hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(ab);
                have_lock = MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock);
                if (have_lock || mutex_tryenter(hash_lock)) {
                        ASSERT3U(refcount_count(&ab->b_refcnt), ==, 0);
                        ASSERT(ab->b_datacnt > 0);
                        while (ab->b_buf) {
                                arc_buf_t *buf = ab->b_buf;
                                if (buf->b_data) {
                                        bytes_evicted += ab->b_size;
                                        if (recycle && ab->b_type == type &&
                                            ab->b_size == bytes) {
                                                stolen = buf->b_data;
                                                recycle = FALSE;
                                        }
                                }
                                if (buf->b_efunc) {
                                        mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                                        arc_buf_destroy(buf,
                                            buf->b_data == stolen, FALSE);
                                        ab->b_buf = buf->b_next;
                                        buf->b_hdr = &arc_eviction_hdr;
                                        buf->b_next = arc_eviction_list;
                                        arc_eviction_list = buf;
                                        mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                                } else {
                                        arc_buf_destroy(buf,
                                            buf->b_data == stolen, TRUE);
                                }
                        }
                        ASSERT(ab->b_datacnt == 0);
                        arc_change_state(evicted_state, ab, hash_lock);
                        ASSERT(HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(ab));
                        ab->b_flags = ARC_IN_HASH_TABLE;
                        DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__evict, arc_buf_hdr_t *, ab);
                        if (!have_lock)
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        if (bytes >= 0 && bytes_evicted >= bytes)
                                break;
                } else {
                        missed += 1;
                }
        }

        mutex_exit(&evicted_state->arcs_mtx);
        mutex_exit(&state->arcs_mtx);

        if (bytes_evicted < bytes)
                dprintf("only evicted %lld bytes from %x",
                    (longlong_t)bytes_evicted, state);

        if (skipped)
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_evict_skip, skipped);

        if (missed)
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_mutex_miss, missed);

        return (stolen);
}

/*
 * Remove buffers from list until we've removed the specified number of
 * bytes.  Destroy the buffers that are removed.
 */
static void
arc_evict_ghost(arc_state_t *state, int64_t bytes)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *ab, *ab_prev;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        uint64_t bytes_deleted = 0;
        uint64_t bufs_skipped = 0;

        ASSERT(GHOST_STATE(state));
top:
        mutex_enter(&state->arcs_mtx);
        for (ab = list_tail(&state->arcs_list); ab; ab = ab_prev) {
                ab_prev = list_prev(&state->arcs_list, ab);
                hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(ab);
                if (mutex_tryenter(hash_lock)) {
                        ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(ab));
                        ASSERT(ab->b_buf == NULL);
                        arc_change_state(arc_anon, ab, hash_lock);
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_deleted);
                        bytes_deleted += ab->b_size;
                        arc_hdr_destroy(ab);
                        DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__delete, arc_buf_hdr_t *, ab);
                        if (bytes >= 0 && bytes_deleted >= bytes)
                                break;
                } else {
                        if (bytes < 0) {
                                mutex_exit(&state->arcs_mtx);
                                mutex_enter(hash_lock);
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                goto top;
                        }
                        bufs_skipped += 1;
                }
        }
        mutex_exit(&state->arcs_mtx);

        if (bufs_skipped) {
                ARCSTAT_INCR(arcstat_mutex_miss, bufs_skipped);
                ASSERT(bytes >= 0);
        }

        if (bytes_deleted < bytes)
                dprintf("only deleted %lld bytes from %p",
                    (longlong_t)bytes_deleted, state);
}

static void
arc_adjust(void)
{
        int64_t top_sz, mru_over, arc_over, todelete;

        top_sz = arc_anon->arcs_size + arc_mru->arcs_size;

        if (top_sz > arc_p && arc_mru->arcs_lsize > 0) {
                int64_t toevict = MIN(arc_mru->arcs_lsize, top_sz - arc_p);
                (void) arc_evict(arc_mru, toevict, FALSE, ARC_BUFC_UNDEF);
                top_sz = arc_anon->arcs_size + arc_mru->arcs_size;
        }

        mru_over = top_sz + arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size - arc_c;

        if (mru_over > 0) {
                if (arc_mru_ghost->arcs_lsize > 0) {
                        todelete = MIN(arc_mru_ghost->arcs_lsize, mru_over);
                        arc_evict_ghost(arc_mru_ghost, todelete);
                }
        }

        if ((arc_over = arc_size - arc_c) > 0) {
                int64_t tbl_over;

                if (arc_mfu->arcs_lsize > 0) {
                        int64_t toevict = MIN(arc_mfu->arcs_lsize, arc_over);
                        (void) arc_evict(arc_mfu, toevict, FALSE,
                            ARC_BUFC_UNDEF);
                }

                tbl_over = arc_size + arc_mru_ghost->arcs_lsize +
                    arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_lsize - arc_c*2;

                if (tbl_over > 0 && arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_lsize > 0) {
                        todelete = MIN(arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_lsize, tbl_over);
                        arc_evict_ghost(arc_mfu_ghost, todelete);
                }
        }
}

static void
arc_do_user_evicts(void)
{
        mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
        while (arc_eviction_list != NULL) {
                arc_buf_t *buf = arc_eviction_list;
                arc_eviction_list = buf->b_next;
                buf->b_hdr = NULL;
                mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);

                if (buf->b_efunc != NULL)
                        VERIFY(buf->b_efunc(buf) == 0);

                buf->b_efunc = NULL;
                buf->b_private = NULL;
                kmem_cache_free(buf_cache, buf);
                mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
        }
        mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
}

/*
 * Flush all *evictable* data from the cache.
 * NOTE: this will not touch "active" (i.e. referenced) data.
 */
void
arc_flush(void)
{
        while (list_head(&arc_mru->arcs_list))
                (void) arc_evict(arc_mru, -1, FALSE, ARC_BUFC_UNDEF);
        while (list_head(&arc_mfu->arcs_list))
                (void) arc_evict(arc_mfu, -1, FALSE, ARC_BUFC_UNDEF);

        arc_evict_ghost(arc_mru_ghost, -1);
        arc_evict_ghost(arc_mfu_ghost, -1);

        mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_thr_lock);
        arc_do_user_evicts();
        mutex_exit(&arc_reclaim_thr_lock);
        ASSERT(arc_eviction_list == NULL);
}

int arc_shrink_shift = 5;               /* log2(fraction of arc to reclaim) */

void
arc_shrink(void)
{
        if (arc_c > arc_c_min) {
                uint64_t to_free;

#ifdef _KERNEL
                to_free = arc_c >> arc_shrink_shift;
#else
                to_free = arc_c >> arc_shrink_shift;
#endif
                if (arc_c > arc_c_min + to_free)
                        atomic_add_64(&arc_c, -to_free);
                else
                        arc_c = arc_c_min;

                atomic_add_64(&arc_p, -(arc_p >> arc_shrink_shift));
                if (arc_c > arc_size)
                        arc_c = MAX(arc_size, arc_c_min);
                if (arc_p > arc_c)
                        arc_p = (arc_c >> 1);
                ASSERT(arc_c >= arc_c_min);
                ASSERT((int64_t)arc_p >= 0);
        }

        if (arc_size > arc_c)
                arc_adjust();
}

static int zfs_needfree = 0;

static int
arc_reclaim_needed(void)
{
#if 0
        uint64_t extra;
#endif

#ifdef _KERNEL

        if (zfs_needfree)
                return (1);

#if 0
        /*
         * check to make sure that swapfs has enough space so that anon
         * reservations can still succeeed. anon_resvmem() checks that the
         * availrmem is greater than swapfs_minfree, and the number of reserved
         * swap pages.  We also add a bit of extra here just to prevent
         * circumstances from getting really dire.
         */
        if (availrmem < swapfs_minfree + swapfs_reserve + extra)
                return (1);

        /*
         * If zio data pages are being allocated out of a separate heap segment,
         * then check that the size of available vmem for this area remains
         * above 1/4th free.  This needs to be done when the size of the
         * non-default segment is smaller than physical memory, so we could
         * conceivably run out of VA in that segment before running out of
         * physical memory.
         */
        if (zio_arena != NULL) {
                size_t arc_ziosize =
                    btop(vmem_size(zio_arena, VMEM_FREE | VMEM_ALLOC));

                if ((physmem > arc_ziosize) &&
                    (btop(vmem_size(zio_arena, VMEM_FREE)) < arc_ziosize >> 2))
                        return (1);
        }

#if defined(__i386)
        /*
         * If we're on an i386 platform, it's possible that we'll exhaust the
         * kernel heap space before we ever run out of available physical
         * memory.  Most checks of the size of the heap_area compare against
         * tune.t_minarmem, which is the minimum available real memory that we
         * can have in the system.  However, this is generally fixed at 25 pages
         * which is so low that it's useless.  In this comparison, we seek to
         * calculate the total heap-size, and reclaim if more than 3/4ths of the
         * heap is allocated.  (Or, in the caclulation, if less than 1/4th is
         * free)
         */
        if (btop(vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_FREE)) <
            (btop(vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_FREE | VMEM_ALLOC)) >> 2))
                return (1);
#endif
#else
        if (kmem_used() > (kmem_size() * 4) / 5)
                return (1);
#endif

#else
        if (spa_get_random(100) == 0)
                return (1);
#endif
        return (0);
}

static void
arc_kmem_reap_now(arc_reclaim_strategy_t strat)
{
#ifdef ZIO_USE_UMA
        size_t                  i;
        kmem_cache_t            *prev_cache = NULL;
        kmem_cache_t            *prev_data_cache = NULL;
        extern kmem_cache_t     *zio_buf_cache[];
        extern kmem_cache_t     *zio_data_buf_cache[];
#endif

#ifdef _KERNEL
        /*
         * First purge some DNLC entries, in case the DNLC is using
         * up too much memory.
         */
        dnlc_reduce_cache((void *)(uintptr_t)arc_reduce_dnlc_percent);

#if defined(__i386)
        /*
         * Reclaim unused memory from all kmem caches.
         */
        kmem_reap();
#endif
#endif

        /*
         * An agressive reclamation will shrink the cache size as well as
         * reap free buffers from the arc kmem caches.
         */
        if (strat == ARC_RECLAIM_AGGR)
                arc_shrink();

#ifdef ZIO_USE_UMA
        for (i = 0; i < SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT; i++) {
                if (zio_buf_cache[i] != prev_cache) {
                        prev_cache = zio_buf_cache[i];
                        kmem_cache_reap_now(zio_buf_cache[i]);
                }
                if (zio_data_buf_cache[i] != prev_data_cache) {
                        prev_data_cache = zio_data_buf_cache[i];
                        kmem_cache_reap_now(zio_data_buf_cache[i]);
                }
        }
#endif
        kmem_cache_reap_now(buf_cache);
        kmem_cache_reap_now(hdr_cache);
}

static void
arc_reclaim_thread(void *dummy __unused)
{
        clock_t                 growtime = 0;
        arc_reclaim_strategy_t  last_reclaim = ARC_RECLAIM_CONS;
        callb_cpr_t             cpr;

        CALLB_CPR_INIT(&cpr, &arc_reclaim_thr_lock, callb_generic_cpr, FTAG);

        mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_thr_lock);
        while (arc_thread_exit == 0) {
                if (arc_reclaim_needed()) {

                        if (arc_no_grow) {
                                if (last_reclaim == ARC_RECLAIM_CONS) {
                                        last_reclaim = ARC_RECLAIM_AGGR;
                                } else {
                                        last_reclaim = ARC_RECLAIM_CONS;
                                }
                        } else {
                                arc_no_grow = TRUE;
                                last_reclaim = ARC_RECLAIM_AGGR;
                                membar_producer();
                        }

                        /* reset the growth delay for every reclaim */
                        growtime = LBOLT + (arc_grow_retry * hz);
                        ASSERT(growtime > 0);

                        if (zfs_needfree && last_reclaim == ARC_RECLAIM_CONS) {
                                /*
                                 * If zfs_needfree is TRUE our vm_lowmem hook
                                 * was called and in that case we must free some
                                 * memory, so switch to aggressive mode.
                                 */
                                arc_no_grow = TRUE;
                                last_reclaim = ARC_RECLAIM_AGGR;
                        }
                        arc_kmem_reap_now(last_reclaim);
                } else if ((growtime > 0) && ((growtime - LBOLT) <= 0)) {
                        arc_no_grow = FALSE;
                }

                if (zfs_needfree ||
                    (2 * arc_c < arc_size +
                    arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size + arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size))
                        arc_adjust();

                if (arc_eviction_list != NULL)
                        arc_do_user_evicts();

                if (arc_reclaim_needed()) {
                        zfs_needfree = 0;
#ifdef _KERNEL
                        wakeup(&zfs_needfree);
#endif
                }

                /* block until needed, or one second, whichever is shorter */
                CALLB_CPR_SAFE_BEGIN(&cpr);
                (void) cv_timedwait(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv,
                    &arc_reclaim_thr_lock, hz);
                CALLB_CPR_SAFE_END(&cpr, &arc_reclaim_thr_lock);
        }

        arc_thread_exit = 0;
        cv_broadcast(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv);
        CALLB_CPR_EXIT(&cpr);           /* drops arc_reclaim_thr_lock */
        thread_exit();
}

/*
 * Adapt arc info given the number of bytes we are trying to add and
 * the state that we are comming from.  This function is only called
 * when we are adding new content to the cache.
 */
static void
arc_adapt(int bytes, arc_state_t *state)
{
        int mult;

        ASSERT(bytes > 0);
        /*
         * Adapt the target size of the MRU list:
         *      - if we just hit in the MRU ghost list, then increase
         *        the target size of the MRU list.
         *      - if we just hit in the MFU ghost list, then increase
         *        the target size of the MFU list by decreasing the
         *        target size of the MRU list.
         */
        if (state == arc_mru_ghost) {
                mult = ((arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size >= arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size) ?
                    1 : (arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size/arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size));

                arc_p = MIN(arc_c, arc_p + bytes * mult);
        } else if (state == arc_mfu_ghost) {
                mult = ((arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size >= arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size) ?
                    1 : (arc_mru_ghost->arcs_size/arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_size));

                arc_p = MAX(0, (int64_t)arc_p - bytes * mult);
        }
        ASSERT((int64_t)arc_p >= 0);

        if (arc_reclaim_needed()) {
                cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv);
                return;
        }

        if (arc_no_grow)
                return;

        if (arc_c >= arc_c_max)
                return;

        /*
         * If we're within (2 * maxblocksize) bytes of the target
         * cache size, increment the target cache size
         */
        if (arc_size > arc_c - (2ULL << SPA_MAXBLOCKSHIFT)) {
                atomic_add_64(&arc_c, (int64_t)bytes);
                if (arc_c > arc_c_max)
                        arc_c = arc_c_max;
                else if (state == arc_anon)
                        atomic_add_64(&arc_p, (int64_t)bytes);
                if (arc_p > arc_c)
                        arc_p = arc_c;
        }
        ASSERT((int64_t)arc_p >= 0);
}

/*
 * Check if the cache has reached its limits and eviction is required
 * prior to insert.
 */
static int
arc_evict_needed()
{
        if (arc_reclaim_needed())
                return (1);

        return (arc_size > arc_c);
}

/*
 * The buffer, supplied as the first argument, needs a data block.
 * So, if we are at cache max, determine which cache should be victimized.
 * We have the following cases:
 *
 * 1. Insert for MRU, p > sizeof(arc_anon + arc_mru) ->
 * In this situation if we're out of space, but the resident size of the MFU is
 * under the limit, victimize the MFU cache to satisfy this insertion request.
 *
 * 2. Insert for MRU, p <= sizeof(arc_anon + arc_mru) ->
 * Here, we've used up all of the available space for the MRU, so we need to
 * evict from our own cache instead.  Evict from the set of resident MRU
 * entries.
 *
 * 3. Insert for MFU (c - p) > sizeof(arc_mfu) ->
 * c minus p represents the MFU space in the cache, since p is the size of the
 * cache that is dedicated to the MRU.  In this situation there's still space on
 * the MFU side, so the MRU side needs to be victimized.
 *
 * 4. Insert for MFU (c - p) < sizeof(arc_mfu) ->
 * MFU's resident set is consuming more space than it has been allotted.  In
 * this situation, we must victimize our own cache, the MFU, for this insertion.
 */
static void
arc_get_data_buf(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        arc_state_t             *state = buf->b_hdr->b_state;
        uint64_t                size = buf->b_hdr->b_size;
        arc_buf_contents_t      type = buf->b_hdr->b_type;

        arc_adapt(size, state);

        /*
         * We have not yet reached cache maximum size,
         * just allocate a new buffer.
         */
        if (!arc_evict_needed()) {
                if (type == ARC_BUFC_METADATA) {
                        buf->b_data = zio_buf_alloc(size);
                } else {
                        ASSERT(type == ARC_BUFC_DATA);
                        buf->b_data = zio_data_buf_alloc(size);
                }
                atomic_add_64(&arc_size, size);
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * If we are prefetching from the mfu ghost list, this buffer
         * will end up on the mru list; so steal space from there.
         */
        if (state == arc_mfu_ghost)
                state = buf->b_hdr->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH ? arc_mru : arc_mfu;
        else if (state == arc_mru_ghost)
                state = arc_mru;

        if (state == arc_mru || state == arc_anon) {
                uint64_t mru_used = arc_anon->arcs_size + arc_mru->arcs_size;
                state = (arc_p > mru_used) ? arc_mfu : arc_mru;
        } else {
                /* MFU cases */
                uint64_t mfu_space = arc_c - arc_p;
                state =  (mfu_space > arc_mfu->arcs_size) ? arc_mru : arc_mfu;
        }
        if ((buf->b_data = arc_evict(state, size, TRUE, type)) == NULL) {
                if (type == ARC_BUFC_METADATA) {
                        buf->b_data = zio_buf_alloc(size);
                } else {
                        ASSERT(type == ARC_BUFC_DATA);
                        buf->b_data = zio_data_buf_alloc(size);
                }
                atomic_add_64(&arc_size, size);
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_recycle_miss);
        }
        ASSERT(buf->b_data != NULL);
out:
        /*
         * Update the state size.  Note that ghost states have a
         * "ghost size" and so don't need to be updated.
         */
        if (!GHOST_STATE(buf->b_hdr->b_state)) {
                arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;

                atomic_add_64(&hdr->b_state->arcs_size, size);
                if (list_link_active(&hdr->b_arc_node)) {
                        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt));
                        atomic_add_64(&hdr->b_state->arcs_lsize, size);
                }
                /*
                 * If we are growing the cache, and we are adding anonymous
                 * data, and we have outgrown arc_p, update arc_p
                 */
                if (arc_size < arc_c && hdr->b_state == arc_anon &&
                    arc_anon->arcs_size + arc_mru->arcs_size > arc_p)
                        arc_p = MIN(arc_c, arc_p + size);
        }
}

/*
 * This routine is called whenever a buffer is accessed.
 * NOTE: the hash lock is dropped in this function.
 */
static void
arc_access(arc_buf_hdr_t *buf, kmutex_t *hash_lock)
{
        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(hash_lock));

        if (buf->b_state == arc_anon) {
                /*
                 * This buffer is not in the cache, and does not
                 * appear in our "ghost" list.  Add the new buffer
                 * to the MRU state.
                 */

                ASSERT(buf->b_arc_access == 0);
                buf->b_arc_access = LBOLT;
                DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mru, arc_buf_hdr_t *, buf);
                arc_change_state(arc_mru, buf, hash_lock);

        } else if (buf->b_state == arc_mru) {
                /*
                 * If this buffer is here because of a prefetch, then either:
                 * - clear the flag if this is a "referencing" read
                 *   (any subsequent access will bump this into the MFU state).
                 * or
                 * - move the buffer to the head of the list if this is
                 *   another prefetch (to make it less likely to be evicted).
                 */
                if ((buf->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH) != 0) {
                        if (refcount_count(&buf->b_refcnt) == 0) {
                                ASSERT(list_link_active(&buf->b_arc_node));
                                mutex_enter(&arc_mru->arcs_mtx);
                                list_remove(&arc_mru->arcs_list, buf);
                                list_insert_head(&arc_mru->arcs_list, buf);
                                mutex_exit(&arc_mru->arcs_mtx);
                        } else {
                                buf->b_flags &= ~ARC_PREFETCH;
                                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mru_hits);
                        }
                        buf->b_arc_access = LBOLT;
                        return;
                }

                /*
                 * This buffer has been "accessed" only once so far,
                 * but it is still in the cache. Move it to the MFU
                 * state.
                 */
                if (LBOLT > buf->b_arc_access + ARC_MINTIME) {
                        /*
                         * More than 125ms have passed since we
                         * instantiated this buffer.  Move it to the
                         * most frequently used state.
                         */
                        buf->b_arc_access = LBOLT;
                        DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mfu, arc_buf_hdr_t *, buf);
                        arc_change_state(arc_mfu, buf, hash_lock);
                }
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mru_hits);
        } else if (buf->b_state == arc_mru_ghost) {
                arc_state_t     *new_state;
                /*
                 * This buffer has been "accessed" recently, but
                 * was evicted from the cache.  Move it to the
                 * MFU state.
                 */

                if (buf->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH) {
                        new_state = arc_mru;
                        if (refcount_count(&buf->b_refcnt) > 0)
                                buf->b_flags &= ~ARC_PREFETCH;
                        DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mru, arc_buf_hdr_t *, buf);
                } else {
                        new_state = arc_mfu;
                        DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mfu, arc_buf_hdr_t *, buf);
                }

                buf->b_arc_access = LBOLT;
                arc_change_state(new_state, buf, hash_lock);

                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mru_ghost_hits);
        } else if (buf->b_state == arc_mfu) {
                /*
                 * This buffer has been accessed more than once and is
                 * still in the cache.  Keep it in the MFU state.
                 *
                 * NOTE: an add_reference() that occurred when we did
                 * the arc_read() will have kicked this off the list.
                 * If it was a prefetch, we will explicitly move it to
                 * the head of the list now.
                 */
                if ((buf->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH) != 0) {
                        ASSERT(refcount_count(&buf->b_refcnt) == 0);
                        ASSERT(list_link_active(&buf->b_arc_node));
                        mutex_enter(&arc_mfu->arcs_mtx);
                        list_remove(&arc_mfu->arcs_list, buf);
                        list_insert_head(&arc_mfu->arcs_list, buf);
                        mutex_exit(&arc_mfu->arcs_mtx);
                }
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mfu_hits);
                buf->b_arc_access = LBOLT;
        } else if (buf->b_state == arc_mfu_ghost) {
                arc_state_t     *new_state = arc_mfu;
                /*
                 * This buffer has been accessed more than once but has
                 * been evicted from the cache.  Move it back to the
                 * MFU state.
                 */

                if (buf->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH) {
                        /*
                         * This is a prefetch access...
                         * move this block back to the MRU state.
                         */
                        ASSERT3U(refcount_count(&buf->b_refcnt), ==, 0);
                        new_state = arc_mru;
                }

                buf->b_arc_access = LBOLT;
                DTRACE_PROBE1(new_state__mfu, arc_buf_hdr_t *, buf);
                arc_change_state(new_state, buf, hash_lock);

                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_mfu_ghost_hits);
        } else {
                ASSERT(!"invalid arc state");
        }
}

/* a generic arc_done_func_t which you can use */
/* ARGSUSED */
void
arc_bcopy_func(zio_t *zio, arc_buf_t *buf, void *arg)
{
        bcopy(buf->b_data, arg, buf->b_hdr->b_size);
        VERIFY(arc_buf_remove_ref(buf, arg) == 1);
}

/* a generic arc_done_func_t which you can use */
void
arc_getbuf_func(zio_t *zio, arc_buf_t *buf, void *arg)
{
        arc_buf_t **bufp = arg;
        if (zio && zio->io_error) {
                VERIFY(arc_buf_remove_ref(buf, arg) == 1);
                *bufp = NULL;
        } else {
                *bufp = buf;
        }
}

static void
arc_read_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t   *hdr, *found;
        arc_buf_t       *buf;
        arc_buf_t       *abuf;  /* buffer we're assigning to callback */
        kmutex_t        *hash_lock;
        arc_callback_t  *callback_list, *acb;
        int             freeable = FALSE;

        buf = zio->io_private;
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        /*
         * The hdr was inserted into hash-table and removed from lists
         * prior to starting I/O.  We should find this header, since
         * it's in the hash table, and it should be legit since it's
         * not possible to evict it during the I/O.  The only possible
         * reason for it not to be found is if we were freed during the
         * read.
         */
        found = buf_hash_find(zio->io_spa, &hdr->b_dva, hdr->b_birth,
            &hash_lock);

        ASSERT((found == NULL && HDR_FREED_IN_READ(hdr) && hash_lock == NULL) ||
            (found == hdr && DVA_EQUAL(&hdr->b_dva, BP_IDENTITY(zio->io_bp))));

        /* byteswap if necessary */
        callback_list = hdr->b_acb;
        ASSERT(callback_list != NULL);
        if (BP_SHOULD_BYTESWAP(zio->io_bp) && callback_list->acb_byteswap)
                callback_list->acb_byteswap(buf->b_data, hdr->b_size);

        arc_cksum_compute(buf);

        /* create copies of the data buffer for the callers */
        abuf = buf;
        for (acb = callback_list; acb; acb = acb->acb_next) {
                if (acb->acb_done) {
                        if (abuf == NULL)
                                abuf = arc_buf_clone(buf);
                        acb->acb_buf = abuf;
                        abuf = NULL;
                }
        }
        hdr->b_acb = NULL;
        hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
        ASSERT(!HDR_BUF_AVAILABLE(hdr));
        if (abuf == buf)
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_BUF_AVAILABLE;

        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt) || callback_list != NULL);

        if (zio->io_error != 0) {
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_IO_ERROR;
                if (hdr->b_state != arc_anon)
                        arc_change_state(arc_anon, hdr, hash_lock);
                if (HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr))
                        buf_hash_remove(hdr);
                freeable = refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt);
                /* convert checksum errors into IO errors */
                if (zio->io_error == ECKSUM)
                        zio->io_error = EIO;
        }

        /*
         * Broadcast before we drop the hash_lock to avoid the possibility
         * that the hdr (and hence the cv) might be freed before we get to
         * the cv_broadcast().
         */
        cv_broadcast(&hdr->b_cv);

        if (hash_lock) {
                /*
                 * Only call arc_access on anonymous buffers.  This is because
                 * if we've issued an I/O for an evicted buffer, we've already
                 * called arc_access (to prevent any simultaneous readers from
                 * getting confused).
                 */
                if (zio->io_error == 0 && hdr->b_state == arc_anon)
                        arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        } else {
                /*
                 * This block was freed while we waited for the read to
                 * complete.  It has been removed from the hash table and
                 * moved to the anonymous state (so that it won't show up
                 * in the cache).
                 */
                ASSERT3P(hdr->b_state, ==, arc_anon);
                freeable = refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt);
        }

        /* execute each callback and free its structure */
        while ((acb = callback_list) != NULL) {
                if (acb->acb_done)
                        acb->acb_done(zio, acb->acb_buf, acb->acb_private);

                if (acb->acb_zio_dummy != NULL) {
                        acb->acb_zio_dummy->io_error = zio->io_error;
                        zio_nowait(acb->acb_zio_dummy);
                }

                callback_list = acb->acb_next;
                kmem_free(acb, sizeof (arc_callback_t));
        }

        if (freeable)
                arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
}

/*
 * "Read" the block block at the specified DVA (in bp) via the
 * cache.  If the block is found in the cache, invoke the provided
 * callback immediately and return.  Note that the `zio' parameter
 * in the callback will be NULL in this case, since no IO was
 * required.  If the block is not in the cache pass the read request
 * on to the spa with a substitute callback function, so that the
 * requested block will be added to the cache.
 *
 * If a read request arrives for a block that has a read in-progress,
 * either wait for the in-progress read to complete (and return the
 * results); or, if this is a read with a "done" func, add a record
 * to the read to invoke the "done" func when the read completes,
 * and return; or just return.
 *
 * arc_read_done() will invoke all the requested "done" functions
 * for readers of this block.
 */
int
arc_read(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, blkptr_t *bp, arc_byteswap_func_t *swap,
    arc_done_func_t *done, void *private, int priority, int flags,
    uint32_t *arc_flags, zbookmark_t *zb)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        arc_buf_t *buf;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        zio_t   *rzio;

top:
        hdr = buf_hash_find(spa, BP_IDENTITY(bp), bp->blk_birth, &hash_lock);
        if (hdr && hdr->b_datacnt > 0) {

                *arc_flags |= ARC_CACHED;

                if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr)) {

                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_WAIT) {
                                cv_wait(&hdr->b_cv, hash_lock);
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                goto top;
                        }
                        ASSERT(*arc_flags & ARC_NOWAIT);

                        if (done) {
                                arc_callback_t  *acb = NULL;

                                acb = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (arc_callback_t),
                                    KM_SLEEP);
                                acb->acb_done = done;
                                acb->acb_private = private;
                                acb->acb_byteswap = swap;
                                if (pio != NULL)
                                        acb->acb_zio_dummy = zio_null(pio,
                                            spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

                                ASSERT(acb->acb_done != NULL);
                                acb->acb_next = hdr->b_acb;
                                hdr->b_acb = acb;
                                add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, private);
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                return (0);
                        }
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        return (0);
                }

                ASSERT(hdr->b_state == arc_mru || hdr->b_state == arc_mfu);

                if (done) {
                        add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, private);
                        /*
                         * If this block is already in use, create a new
                         * copy of the data so that we will be guaranteed
                         * that arc_release() will always succeed.
                         */
                        buf = hdr->b_buf;
                        ASSERT(buf);
                        ASSERT(buf->b_data);
                        if (HDR_BUF_AVAILABLE(hdr)) {
                                ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
                                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_BUF_AVAILABLE;
                        } else {
                                buf = arc_buf_clone(buf);
                        }
                } else if (*arc_flags & ARC_PREFETCH &&
                    refcount_count(&hdr->b_refcnt) == 0) {
                        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_PREFETCH;
                }
                DTRACE_PROBE1(arc__hit, arc_buf_hdr_t *, hdr);
                arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_hits);
                ARCSTAT_CONDSTAT(!(hdr->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH),
                    demand, prefetch, hdr->b_type != ARC_BUFC_METADATA,
                    data, metadata, hits);

                if (done)
                        done(NULL, buf, private);
        } else {
                uint64_t size = BP_GET_LSIZE(bp);
                arc_callback_t  *acb;

                if (hdr == NULL) {
                        /* this block is not in the cache */
                        arc_buf_hdr_t   *exists;
                        arc_buf_contents_t type = BP_GET_BUFC_TYPE(bp);
                        buf = arc_buf_alloc(spa, size, private, type);
                        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
                        hdr->b_dva = *BP_IDENTITY(bp);
                        hdr->b_birth = bp->blk_birth;
                        hdr->b_cksum0 = bp->blk_cksum.zc_word[0];
                        exists = buf_hash_insert(hdr, &hash_lock);
                        if (exists) {
                                /* somebody beat us to the hash insert */
                                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                                bzero(&hdr->b_dva, sizeof (dva_t));
                                hdr->b_birth = 0;
                                hdr->b_cksum0 = 0;
                                (void) arc_buf_remove_ref(buf, private);
                                goto top; /* restart the IO request */
                        }
                        /* if this is a prefetch, we don't have a reference */
                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_PREFETCH) {
                                (void) remove_reference(hdr, hash_lock,
                                    private);
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_PREFETCH;
                        }
                        if (BP_GET_LEVEL(bp) > 0)
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_INDIRECT;
                } else {
                        /* this block is in the ghost cache */
                        ASSERT(GHOST_STATE(hdr->b_state));
                        ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));
                        ASSERT3U(refcount_count(&hdr->b_refcnt), ==, 0);
                        ASSERT(hdr->b_buf == NULL);

                        /* if this is a prefetch, we don't have a reference */
                        if (*arc_flags & ARC_PREFETCH)
                                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_PREFETCH;
                        else
                                add_reference(hdr, hash_lock, private);
                        buf = kmem_cache_alloc(buf_cache, KM_SLEEP);
                        buf->b_hdr = hdr;
                        buf->b_data = NULL;
                        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
                        buf->b_private = NULL;
                        buf->b_next = NULL;
                        hdr->b_buf = buf;
                        arc_get_data_buf(buf);
                        ASSERT(hdr->b_datacnt == 0);
                        hdr->b_datacnt = 1;

                }

                acb = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (arc_callback_t), KM_SLEEP);
                acb->acb_done = done;
                acb->acb_private = private;
                acb->acb_byteswap = swap;

                ASSERT(hdr->b_acb == NULL);
                hdr->b_acb = acb;
                hdr->b_flags |= ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;

                /*
                 * If the buffer has been evicted, migrate it to a present state
                 * before issuing the I/O.  Once we drop the hash-table lock,
                 * the header will be marked as I/O in progress and have an
                 * attached buffer.  At this point, anybody who finds this
                 * buffer ought to notice that it's legit but has a pending I/O.
                 */

                if (GHOST_STATE(hdr->b_state))
                        arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);

                ASSERT3U(hdr->b_size, ==, size);
                DTRACE_PROBE3(arc__miss, blkptr_t *, bp, uint64_t, size,
                    zbookmark_t *, zb);
                ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_misses);
                ARCSTAT_CONDSTAT(!(hdr->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH),
                    demand, prefetch, hdr->b_type != ARC_BUFC_METADATA,
                    data, metadata, misses);

                rzio = zio_read(pio, spa, bp, buf->b_data, size,
                    arc_read_done, buf, priority, flags, zb);

                if (*arc_flags & ARC_WAIT)
                        return (zio_wait(rzio));

                ASSERT(*arc_flags & ARC_NOWAIT);
                zio_nowait(rzio);
        }
        return (0);
}

/*
 * arc_read() variant to support pool traversal.  If the block is already
 * in the ARC, make a copy of it; otherwise, the caller will do the I/O.
 * The idea is that we don't want pool traversal filling up memory, but
 * if the ARC already has the data anyway, we shouldn't pay for the I/O.
 */
int
arc_tryread(spa_t *spa, blkptr_t *bp, void *data)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_mtx;
        int rc = 0;

        hdr = buf_hash_find(spa, BP_IDENTITY(bp), bp->blk_birth, &hash_mtx);

        if (hdr && hdr->b_datacnt > 0 && !HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr)) {
                arc_buf_t *buf = hdr->b_buf;

                ASSERT(buf);
                while (buf->b_data == NULL) {
                        buf = buf->b_next;
                        ASSERT(buf);
                }
                bcopy(buf->b_data, data, hdr->b_size);
        } else {
                rc = ENOENT;
        }

        if (hash_mtx)
                mutex_exit(hash_mtx);

        return (rc);
}

void
arc_set_callback(arc_buf_t *buf, arc_evict_func_t *func, void *private)
{
        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr != NULL);
        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr->b_state != arc_anon);
        ASSERT(!refcount_is_zero(&buf->b_hdr->b_refcnt) || func == NULL);
        buf->b_efunc = func;
        buf->b_private = private;
}

/*
 * This is used by the DMU to let the ARC know that a buffer is
 * being evicted, so the ARC should clean up.  If this arc buf
 * is not yet in the evicted state, it will be put there.
 */
int
arc_buf_evict(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        arc_buf_t **bufp;

        mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
        hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        if (hdr == NULL) {
                /*
                 * We are in arc_do_user_evicts().
                 */
                ASSERT(buf->b_data == NULL);
                mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                return (0);
        }
        hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);
        mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);

        mutex_enter(hash_lock);

        if (buf->b_data == NULL) {
                /*
                 * We are on the eviction list.
                 */
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                if (buf->b_hdr == NULL) {
                        /*
                         * We are already in arc_do_user_evicts().
                         */
                        mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                        return (0);
                } else {
                        arc_buf_t copy = *buf; /* structure assignment */
                        /*
                         * Process this buffer now
                         * but let arc_do_user_evicts() do the reaping.
                         */
                        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
                        mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                        VERIFY(copy.b_efunc(&copy) == 0);
                        return (1);
                }
        }

        ASSERT(buf->b_hdr == hdr);
        ASSERT3U(refcount_count(&hdr->b_refcnt), <, hdr->b_datacnt);
        ASSERT(hdr->b_state == arc_mru || hdr->b_state == arc_mfu);

        /*
         * Pull this buffer off of the hdr
         */
        bufp = &hdr->b_buf;
        while (*bufp != buf)
                bufp = &(*bufp)->b_next;
        *bufp = buf->b_next;

        ASSERT(buf->b_data != NULL);
        arc_buf_destroy(buf, FALSE, FALSE);

        if (hdr->b_datacnt == 0) {
                arc_state_t *old_state = hdr->b_state;
                arc_state_t *evicted_state;

                ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt));

                evicted_state =
                    (old_state == arc_mru) ? arc_mru_ghost : arc_mfu_ghost;

                mutex_enter(&old_state->arcs_mtx);
                mutex_enter(&evicted_state->arcs_mtx);

                arc_change_state(evicted_state, hdr, hash_lock);
                ASSERT(HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(hdr));
                hdr->b_flags = ARC_IN_HASH_TABLE;

                mutex_exit(&evicted_state->arcs_mtx);
                mutex_exit(&old_state->arcs_mtx);
        }
        mutex_exit(hash_lock);

        VERIFY(buf->b_efunc(buf) == 0);
        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;
        buf->b_hdr = NULL;
        kmem_cache_free(buf_cache, buf);
        return (1);
}

/*
 * Release this buffer from the cache.  This must be done
 * after a read and prior to modifying the buffer contents.
 * If the buffer has more than one reference, we must make
 * make a new hdr for the buffer.
 */
void
arc_release(arc_buf_t *buf, void *tag)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock = HDR_LOCK(hdr);

        /* this buffer is not on any list */
        ASSERT(refcount_count(&hdr->b_refcnt) > 0);

        if (hdr->b_state == arc_anon) {
                /* this buffer is already released */
                ASSERT3U(refcount_count(&hdr->b_refcnt), ==, 1);
                ASSERT(BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
                ASSERT(buf->b_efunc == NULL);
                arc_buf_thaw(buf);
                return;
        }

        mutex_enter(hash_lock);

        /*
         * Do we have more than one buf?
         */
        if (hdr->b_buf != buf || buf->b_next != NULL) {
                arc_buf_hdr_t *nhdr;
                arc_buf_t **bufp;
                uint64_t blksz = hdr->b_size;
                spa_t *spa = hdr->b_spa;
                arc_buf_contents_t type = hdr->b_type;

                ASSERT(hdr->b_datacnt > 1);
                /*
                 * Pull the data off of this buf and attach it to
                 * a new anonymous buf.
                 */
                (void) remove_reference(hdr, hash_lock, tag);
                bufp = &hdr->b_buf;
                while (*bufp != buf)
                        bufp = &(*bufp)->b_next;
                *bufp = (*bufp)->b_next;
                buf->b_next = NULL;

                ASSERT3U(hdr->b_state->arcs_size, >=, hdr->b_size);
                atomic_add_64(&hdr->b_state->arcs_size, -hdr->b_size);
                if (refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt)) {
                        ASSERT3U(hdr->b_state->arcs_lsize, >=, hdr->b_size);
                        atomic_add_64(&hdr->b_state->arcs_lsize, -hdr->b_size);
                }
                hdr->b_datacnt -= 1;
                arc_cksum_verify(buf);

                mutex_exit(hash_lock);

                nhdr = kmem_cache_alloc(hdr_cache, KM_SLEEP);
                nhdr->b_size = blksz;
                nhdr->b_spa = spa;
                nhdr->b_type = type;
                nhdr->b_buf = buf;
                nhdr->b_state = arc_anon;
                nhdr->b_arc_access = 0;
                nhdr->b_flags = 0;
                nhdr->b_datacnt = 1;
                nhdr->b_freeze_cksum = NULL;
                mutex_init(&nhdr->b_freeze_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
                (void) refcount_add(&nhdr->b_refcnt, tag);
                buf->b_hdr = nhdr;
                atomic_add_64(&arc_anon->arcs_size, blksz);

                hdr = nhdr;
        } else {
                ASSERT(refcount_count(&hdr->b_refcnt) == 1);
                ASSERT(!list_link_active(&hdr->b_arc_node));
                ASSERT(!HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(hdr));
                arc_change_state(arc_anon, hdr, hash_lock);
                hdr->b_arc_access = 0;
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                bzero(&hdr->b_dva, sizeof (dva_t));
                hdr->b_birth = 0;
                hdr->b_cksum0 = 0;
                arc_buf_thaw(buf);
        }
        buf->b_efunc = NULL;
        buf->b_private = NULL;
}

int
arc_released(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        return (buf->b_data != NULL && buf->b_hdr->b_state == arc_anon);
}

int
arc_has_callback(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        return (buf->b_efunc != NULL);
}

#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
int
arc_referenced(arc_buf_t *buf)
{
        return (refcount_count(&buf->b_hdr->b_refcnt));
}
#endif

static void
arc_write_ready(zio_t *zio)
{
        arc_write_callback_t *callback = zio->io_private;
        arc_buf_t *buf = callback->awcb_buf;

        if (callback->awcb_ready) {
                ASSERT(!refcount_is_zero(&buf->b_hdr->b_refcnt));
                callback->awcb_ready(zio, buf, callback->awcb_private);
        }
        arc_cksum_compute(buf);
}

static void
arc_write_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        arc_write_callback_t *callback = zio->io_private;
        arc_buf_t *buf = callback->awcb_buf;
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;

        hdr->b_acb = NULL;

        /* this buffer is on no lists and is not in the hash table */
        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_state, ==, arc_anon);

        hdr->b_dva = *BP_IDENTITY(zio->io_bp);
        hdr->b_birth = zio->io_bp->blk_birth;
        hdr->b_cksum0 = zio->io_bp->blk_cksum.zc_word[0];
        /*
         * If the block to be written was all-zero, we may have
         * compressed it away.  In this case no write was performed
         * so there will be no dva/birth-date/checksum.  The buffer
         * must therefor remain anonymous (and uncached).
         */
        if (!BUF_EMPTY(hdr)) {
                arc_buf_hdr_t *exists;
                kmutex_t *hash_lock;

                arc_cksum_verify(buf);

                exists = buf_hash_insert(hdr, &hash_lock);
                if (exists) {
                        /*
                         * This can only happen if we overwrite for
                         * sync-to-convergence, because we remove
                         * buffers from the hash table when we arc_free().
                         */
                        ASSERT(DVA_EQUAL(BP_IDENTITY(&zio->io_bp_orig),
                            BP_IDENTITY(zio->io_bp)));
                        ASSERT3U(zio->io_bp_orig.blk_birth, ==,
                            zio->io_bp->blk_birth);

                        ASSERT(refcount_is_zero(&exists->b_refcnt));
                        arc_change_state(arc_anon, exists, hash_lock);
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        arc_hdr_destroy(exists);
                        exists = buf_hash_insert(hdr, &hash_lock);
                        ASSERT3P(exists, ==, NULL);
                }
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
                arc_access(hdr, hash_lock);
                mutex_exit(hash_lock);
        } else if (callback->awcb_done == NULL) {
                int destroy_hdr;
                /*
                 * This is an anonymous buffer with no user callback,
                 * destroy it if there are no active references.
                 */
                mutex_enter(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                destroy_hdr = refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt);
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
                mutex_exit(&arc_eviction_mtx);
                if (destroy_hdr)
                        arc_hdr_destroy(hdr);
        } else {
                hdr->b_flags &= ~ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
        }

        if (callback->awcb_done) {
                ASSERT(!refcount_is_zero(&hdr->b_refcnt));
                callback->awcb_done(zio, buf, callback->awcb_private);
        }

        kmem_free(callback, sizeof (arc_write_callback_t));
}

zio_t *
arc_write(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, int checksum, int compress, int ncopies,
    uint64_t txg, blkptr_t *bp, arc_buf_t *buf,
    arc_done_func_t *ready, arc_done_func_t *done, void *private, int priority,
    int flags, zbookmark_t *zb)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *hdr = buf->b_hdr;
        arc_write_callback_t *callback;
        zio_t   *zio;

        /* this is a private buffer - no locking required */
        ASSERT3P(hdr->b_state, ==, arc_anon);
        ASSERT(BUF_EMPTY(hdr));
        ASSERT(!HDR_IO_ERROR(hdr));
        ASSERT((hdr->b_flags & ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS) == 0);
        ASSERT(hdr->b_acb == 0);
        callback = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (arc_write_callback_t), KM_SLEEP);
        callback->awcb_ready = ready;
        callback->awcb_done = done;
        callback->awcb_private = private;
        callback->awcb_buf = buf;
        hdr->b_flags |= ARC_IO_IN_PROGRESS;
        zio = zio_write(pio, spa, checksum, compress, ncopies, txg, bp,
            buf->b_data, hdr->b_size, arc_write_ready, arc_write_done, callback,
            priority, flags, zb);

        return (zio);
}

int
arc_free(zio_t *pio, spa_t *spa, uint64_t txg, blkptr_t *bp,
    zio_done_func_t *done, void *private, uint32_t arc_flags)
{
        arc_buf_hdr_t *ab;
        kmutex_t *hash_lock;
        zio_t   *zio;

        /*
         * If this buffer is in the cache, release it, so it
         * can be re-used.
         */
        ab = buf_hash_find(spa, BP_IDENTITY(bp), bp->blk_birth, &hash_lock);
        if (ab != NULL) {
                /*
                 * The checksum of blocks to free is not always
                 * preserved (eg. on the deadlist).  However, if it is
                 * nonzero, it should match what we have in the cache.
                 */
                ASSERT(bp->blk_cksum.zc_word[0] == 0 ||
                    ab->b_cksum0 == bp->blk_cksum.zc_word[0]);
                if (ab->b_state != arc_anon)
                        arc_change_state(arc_anon, ab, hash_lock);
                if (HDR_IO_IN_PROGRESS(ab)) {
                        /*
                         * This should only happen when we prefetch.
                         */
                        ASSERT(ab->b_flags & ARC_PREFETCH);
                        ASSERT3U(ab->b_datacnt, ==, 1);
                        ab->b_flags |= ARC_FREED_IN_READ;
                        if (HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(ab))
                                buf_hash_remove(ab);
                        ab->b_arc_access = 0;
                        bzero(&ab->b_dva, sizeof (dva_t));
                        ab->b_birth = 0;
                        ab->b_cksum0 = 0;
                        ab->b_buf->b_efunc = NULL;
                        ab->b_buf->b_private = NULL;
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                } else if (refcount_is_zero(&ab->b_refcnt)) {
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                        arc_hdr_destroy(ab);
                        ARCSTAT_BUMP(arcstat_deleted);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * We still have an active reference on this
                         * buffer.  This can happen, e.g., from
                         * dbuf_unoverride().
                         */
                        ASSERT(!HDR_IN_HASH_TABLE(ab));
                        ab->b_arc_access = 0;
                        bzero(&ab->b_dva, sizeof (dva_t));
                        ab->b_birth = 0;
                        ab->b_cksum0 = 0;
                        ab->b_buf->b_efunc = NULL;
                        ab->b_buf->b_private = NULL;
                        mutex_exit(hash_lock);
                }
        }

        zio = zio_free(pio, spa, txg, bp, done, private);

        if (arc_flags & ARC_WAIT)
                return (zio_wait(zio));

        ASSERT(arc_flags & ARC_NOWAIT);
        zio_nowait(zio);

        return (0);
}

void
arc_tempreserve_clear(uint64_t tempreserve)
{
        atomic_add_64(&arc_tempreserve, -tempreserve);
        ASSERT((int64_t)arc_tempreserve >= 0);
}

int
arc_tempreserve_space(uint64_t tempreserve)
{
#ifdef ZFS_DEBUG
        /*
         * Once in a while, fail for no reason.  Everything should cope.
         */
        if (spa_get_random(10000) == 0) {
                dprintf("forcing random failure\n");
                return (ERESTART);
        }
#endif
        if (tempreserve > arc_c/4 && !arc_no_grow)
                arc_c = MIN(arc_c_max, tempreserve * 4);
        if (tempreserve > arc_c)
                return (ENOMEM);

        /*
         * Throttle writes when the amount of dirty data in the cache
         * gets too large.  We try to keep the cache less than half full
         * of dirty blocks so that our sync times don't grow too large.
         * Note: if two requests come in concurrently, we might let them
         * both succeed, when one of them should fail.  Not a huge deal.
         *
         * XXX The limit should be adjusted dynamically to keep the time
         * to sync a dataset fixed (around 1-5 seconds?).
         */

        if (tempreserve + arc_tempreserve + arc_anon->arcs_size > arc_c / 2 &&
            arc_tempreserve + arc_anon->arcs_size > arc_c / 4) {
                dprintf("failing, arc_tempreserve=%lluK anon=%lluK "
                    "tempreserve=%lluK arc_c=%lluK\n",
                    arc_tempreserve>>10, arc_anon->arcs_lsize>>10,
                    tempreserve>>10, arc_c>>10);
                return (ERESTART);
        }
        atomic_add_64(&arc_tempreserve, tempreserve);
        return (0);
}

static kmutex_t arc_lowmem_lock;
#ifdef _KERNEL
static eventhandler_tag arc_event_lowmem = NULL;

static void
arc_lowmem(void *arg __unused, int howto __unused)
{

        /* Serialize access via arc_lowmem_lock. */
        mutex_enter(&arc_lowmem_lock);
        zfs_needfree = 1;
        cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv);
        while (zfs_needfree)
                tsleep(&zfs_needfree, 0, "zfs:lowmem", hz / 5);
        mutex_exit(&arc_lowmem_lock);
}
#endif

void
arc_init(void)
{
        mutex_init(&arc_reclaim_thr_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        cv_init(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv, NULL, CV_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&arc_lowmem_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);

        /* Convert seconds to clock ticks */
        arc_min_prefetch_lifespan = 1 * hz;

        /* Start out with 1/8 of all memory */
        arc_c = kmem_size() / 8;
#if 0
#ifdef _KERNEL
        /*
         * On architectures where the physical memory can be larger
         * than the addressable space (intel in 32-bit mode), we may
         * need to limit the cache to 1/8 of VM size.
         */
        arc_c = MIN(arc_c, vmem_size(heap_arena, VMEM_ALLOC | VMEM_FREE) / 8);
#endif
#endif
        /* set min cache to 1/32 of all memory, or 16MB, whichever is more */
        arc_c_min = MAX(arc_c / 4, 64<<18);
        /* set max to 1/2 of all memory, or all but 1GB, whichever is more */
        if (arc_c * 8 >= 1<<30)
                arc_c_max = (arc_c * 8) - (1<<30);
        else
                arc_c_max = arc_c_min;
        arc_c_max = MAX(arc_c * 6, arc_c_max);
#ifdef _KERNEL
        /*
         * Allow the tunables to override our calculations if they are
         * reasonable (ie. over 16MB)
         */
        if (zfs_arc_max >= 64<<18 && zfs_arc_max < kmem_size())
                arc_c_max = zfs_arc_max;
        if (zfs_arc_min >= 64<<18 && zfs_arc_min <= arc_c_max)
                arc_c_min = zfs_arc_min;
#endif
        arc_c = arc_c_max;
        arc_p = (arc_c >> 1);

        /* if kmem_flags are set, lets try to use less memory */
        if (kmem_debugging())
                arc_c = arc_c / 2;
        if (arc_c < arc_c_min)
                arc_c = arc_c_min;

        zfs_arc_min = arc_c_min;
        zfs_arc_max = arc_c_max;

        arc_anon = &ARC_anon;
        arc_mru = &ARC_mru;
        arc_mru_ghost = &ARC_mru_ghost;
        arc_mfu = &ARC_mfu;
        arc_mfu_ghost = &ARC_mfu_ghost;
        arc_size = 0;

        mutex_init(&arc_anon->arcs_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&arc_mru->arcs_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&arc_mfu->arcs_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);

        list_create(&arc_mru->arcs_list, sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_arc_node));
        list_create(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_list, sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_arc_node));
        list_create(&arc_mfu->arcs_list, sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_arc_node));
        list_create(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_list, sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t),
            offsetof(arc_buf_hdr_t, b_arc_node));

        buf_init();

        arc_thread_exit = 0;
        arc_eviction_list = NULL;
        mutex_init(&arc_eviction_mtx, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        bzero(&arc_eviction_hdr, sizeof (arc_buf_hdr_t));

        arc_ksp = kstat_create("zfs", 0, "arcstats", "misc", KSTAT_TYPE_NAMED,
            sizeof (arc_stats) / sizeof (kstat_named_t), KSTAT_FLAG_VIRTUAL);

        if (arc_ksp != NULL) {
                arc_ksp->ks_data = &arc_stats;
                kstat_install(arc_ksp);
        }

        (void) thread_create(NULL, 0, arc_reclaim_thread, NULL, 0, &p0,
            TS_RUN, minclsyspri);

#ifdef _KERNEL
        arc_event_lowmem = EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER(vm_lowmem, arc_lowmem, NULL,
            EVENTHANDLER_PRI_FIRST);
#endif

        arc_dead = FALSE;

#ifdef _KERNEL
        /* Warn about ZFS memory requirements. */
        if (((uint64_t)physmem * PAGESIZE) < (256 + 128 + 64) * (1 << 20)) {
                printf("ZFS WARNING: Recommended minimum RAM size is 512MB; "
                    "expect unstable behavior.\n");
        } else if (kmem_size() < 256 * (1 << 20)) {
                printf("ZFS WARNING: Recommended minimum kmem_size is 256MB; "
                    "expect unstable behavior.\n");
                printf("             Consider tuning vm.kmem_size or "
                    "vm.kmem_size_min\n");
                printf("             in /boot/loader.conf.\n");
        }
#endif
}

void
arc_fini(void)
{
        mutex_enter(&arc_reclaim_thr_lock);
        arc_thread_exit = 1;
        cv_signal(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv);
        while (arc_thread_exit != 0)
                cv_wait(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv, &arc_reclaim_thr_lock);
        mutex_exit(&arc_reclaim_thr_lock);

        arc_flush();

        arc_dead = TRUE;

        if (arc_ksp != NULL) {
                kstat_delete(arc_ksp);
                arc_ksp = NULL;
        }

        mutex_destroy(&arc_eviction_mtx);
        mutex_destroy(&arc_reclaim_thr_lock);
        cv_destroy(&arc_reclaim_thr_cv);

        list_destroy(&arc_mru->arcs_list);
        list_destroy(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_list);
        list_destroy(&arc_mfu->arcs_list);
        list_destroy(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_list);

        mutex_destroy(&arc_anon->arcs_mtx);
        mutex_destroy(&arc_mru->arcs_mtx);
        mutex_destroy(&arc_mru_ghost->arcs_mtx);
        mutex_destroy(&arc_mfu->arcs_mtx);
        mutex_destroy(&arc_mfu_ghost->arcs_mtx);

        buf_fini();

        mutex_destroy(&arc_lowmem_lock);
#ifdef _KERNEL
        if (arc_event_lowmem != NULL)
                EVENTHANDLER_DEREGISTER(vm_lowmem, arc_event_lowmem);
#endif
}