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%articles.ent;

<!ENTITY % release PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES Release Specification//EN">
%release;
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<article>
<articleinfo>
  <title>&os; &release.current; Release Notes</title>

  <corpauthor>The &os; Project</corpauthor>

  <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>

  <copyright>
    <year>2011</year>
    <holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The &os; Documentation Project</holder>
  </copyright>

  <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
    &tm-attrib.freebsd;
    &tm-attrib.ibm;
    &tm-attrib.ieee;
    &tm-attrib.intel;
    &tm-attrib.sparc;
    &tm-attrib.general;
  </legalnotice>

  <abstract>
    <para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
      of the changes made to the &os; base system on the
      &release.branch; development line.
      This document lists applicable security advisories that were issued since
      the last release, as well as significant changes to the &os;
      kernel and userland.
      Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
  </abstract>
</articleinfo>

<sect1 id="intro">
  <title>Introduction</title>

  <para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
    &release.current;.  It
    describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
    It also provides some notes on upgrading
    from previous versions of &os;.</para>

<![ %release.type.current [

  <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
    apply represents the latest point along the &release.branch; development
    branch since &release.branch; was created.  Information regarding pre-built, binary
    &release.type; distributions along this branch
    can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.snapshot [

  <para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
    apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
    branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;.
    Information regarding
    pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
    can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.release [

  <para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
    &release.type; distribution.  It can be found at <ulink
    url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors.  More
    information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
    distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
    url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
    &os;</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
    url="&url.books.handbook;/">&os;
    Handbook</ulink>.</para>

]]>

  <para>All users are encouraged to consult the release errata before
    installing &os;.  The errata document is updated with
    <quote>late-breaking</quote> information discovered late in the
    release cycle or after the release.  Typically, it contains
    information on known bugs, security advisories, and corrections to
    documentation.  An up-to-date copy of the errata for &os;
    &release.current; can be found on the &os; Web site.</para>

</sect1>

  <sect1 id="new">
    <title>What's New</title>

    <para>This section describes the most user-visible new or changed
      features in &os; since &release.prev;.</para>

    <para>Typical release note items document recent security
      advisories issued after &release.prev;, new drivers or hardware
      support, new commands or options, major bug fixes, or
      contributed software upgrades.  They may also list changes to
      major ports/packages or release engineering practices.  Clearly
      the release notes cannot list every single change made to &os;
      between releases; this document focuses primarily on security
      advisories, user-visible changes, and major architectural
      improvements.</para>

    <sect2 id="security">
      <title>Security Advisories</title>

      <para>Problems described in the following security advisories have
        been fixed.  For more information, consult the individual
        advisories available from
        <ulink url="http://security.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>.</para>

      <informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colwidth="1*">
          <colspec colwidth="1*">
          <colspec colwidth="3*">
            <thead>
              <row>
                <entry>Advisory</entry>
                <entry>Date</entry>
                <entry>Topic</entry>
              </row>
            </thead>

            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-10:08.bzip2.asc"
                              >SA-10:08.bzip2</ulink></entry>
                <entry>20&nbsp;September&nbsp;2010</entry>
                <entry><para>Integer overflow in bzip2 decompression</para></entry>
              </row>
<!-- XXX: not for 8.2
              <row>
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-10:09.pseudofs.asc"
                              >SA-10:09.pseudofs</ulink></entry>
                <entry>10&nbsp;October&nbsp;2010</entry>
                <entry><para>Spurious mutex unlock</para></entry>
              </row>
-->
              <row>
                <entry><ulink url="http://security.freebsd.org/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-10:10.openssl.asc"
                              >SA-10:10.openssl</ulink></entry>
                <entry>29&nbsp;November&nbsp;2010</entry>
                <entry><para>OpenSSL multiple vulnerabilities</para></entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="kernel">
      <title>Kernel Changes</title>

      <para arch="ia64" revision="209326">The maximum number of pages
        used for DMA bounce buffer pool has been increased from 256 to
        1024.</para>

      <para arch="powerpc" revision="209765">The default value of
        <varname>kern.hz</varname> has been increased from 100 to
        1000.</para>

      <para arch="powerpc" revision="209767">The SMP kernel now works on
        MPC7400-based Apple desktop machines such as
        PowerMac3,3.</para>

      <para arch="powerpc" revision="211593">&os;/powerpc now supports
        DMA bounce buffer which is required on systems with larger RAM
        than 4GB.</para>

      <para arch="mips" revision="215938">&os;/mips support has been
        improved.  It now supports SMP on a SWARM with a dual-core
        Sibyte processor.</para>

      <para arch="sparc64" revision="215598">&os;/sparc64 now supports
        reservation-based physical memory allocation which provides
        better performance.</para>

      <para arch="amd64" revision="214620">&os;/amd64 now always sets
        the KVA space as equal to or larger than physical memory size.
        The default size was calculated based on one-third of the
        physical memory size by a code derived from one for i386.  It
        has been changed because constraints for memory space are not
        severe on amd64 and this change would help to prevent a
        <quote>kmem_map too small</quote> panic which often occurs
        when using ZFS.</para>

      <para arch="amd64,i386" revision="214621">CPU topology detection
        for Intel CPUs has been improved.</para>

      <para arch="amd64,i386" revision="215513">ACPI suspend/resume
        functionality support has been improved.</para>

      <para arch="amd64,i386" revision="214784">The qpi(4) pseudo bus
        driver has been added.  This supports extra PCI buses on Intel
        QPI chipsets where various hardware such as memory controllers
        for each socket is connected.</para>

      <para arch="amd64,i386,ia64" revision="215006">The &man.acpi.4;
        driver now uses ACPI Reset Register capability by default only
        when a flag in the FADT which indicates it is available.  This
        behavior was controlled by a &man.sysctl.8; variable
        <varname>hw.acpi.handle_reboot</varname> and the default value
        was always set to <literal>0</literal>.</para>

      <para arch="amd64,i386,ia64" revision="215521">The &man.acpi.4;
        driver now supports new loader tunables
        <varname>hw.acpi.install_interface</varname> and
        <varname>hw.acpi.remove_interface</varname>.  For more
        details, see &man.acpi.4; manual page.</para>

      <para revision="209692">The &man.ddb.8; kernel debugger now
        supports an optional delay in <command>reset</command> and
        <command>reboot</command> commands.  This allows an
        administrator to break the system into debugger and trigger
        automatic textdump when an unattended panic occurs.</para>

      <para revision="212230">The &man.ddb.8; kernel debugger now
        supports a <command>show cdev</command> command.  This
        displays the list of all created cdev's, consisting of devfs
        node name and struct cdev address.</para>

      <para revision="214326">The &os; <filename>GENERIC</filename>
        kernel is now compiled with <option>KDB</option> and
        <option>KDB_TRACE</option> options.  From 8.2-RELEASE the
        kernel supports displaying a stack trace on panic by using
        &man.stack.9; facility with no debugger backend like
        &man.ddb.8;.  Note that this does not change the default
        behaviors of the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel on
        panic.</para>

      <para revision="213554,213556,213560">The following
        &man.sysctl.8; variables are also now loader tunables:
        <varname>vm.kmem_size</varname>,
        <varname>vm.kmem_size_max</varname>, and
        <varname>vm.kmem_size_min</varname>,
        <varname>debug.kdb.stop_cpus</varname>,
        <varname>debug.trace_on_panic</varname>, and
        <varname>kern.sync_on_panic</varname>.  Also, new
        &man.sysctl.8; variables <varname>vm.kmem_map_size</varname>
        for the current kmem map size and
        <varname>vm.kmem_map_free</varname> for largest contiguous
        free range in kmem map, <varname>vfs.ncsizefactor</varname>
        for size factor for namecache, and
        <varname>vfs.ncnegfactor</varname> for ratio of negative
        namecache entries have been added.</para>

      <para revision="212427">The &os; &man.memguard.9; framework has
        been improved to make it able to detect use-after-free of
        allocated memories over a longer time.  For more details, see
        &man.memguard.9; manual page.</para>

      <para revision="214254">The &os; &man.crypto.4; framework
        (opencrypto) now supports XTS-AES (XEX-TCB-CTS, or XEX-based
        Tweaked Code Book mode with CipherText Stealing), which is
        defined in IEEE Std. 1619-2007.</para>

      <para arch="amd64" revision="215788">Xen HVM support in
        &os;/amd64 kernel has been improved.  For more details, see
        &man.xen.4; manual page.</para>

      <sect3 id="boot">
        <title>Boot Loader Changes</title>

        <para revision="213994">&os; now fully supports GPT (GUID
          Partition Table).  Checksums of primary header and primary
          partition table are verified properly now.</para>

        <para arch="powerpc" revision="215919,215920">Memory
          management issues which prevents &os; OpenFirmware loader
          and netbooting from working have been fixed.</para>

        <para revision="212717">The &man.pxeboot.8; now uses NFS
          version 3 instead of version 2 by default.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="proc">
        <title>Hardware Support</title>

        <para arch="amd64,i386" revision="215633">The &man.aesni.4;
          driver, which supports AES accelerator on Intel CPUs has
          been added.  This accelerates AES operations for
          &man.crypto.4;.</para>

        <para arch="amd64,i386" revision="210476">The &man.aibs.4;
          driver has been added.  This supports the hardware sensors
          in ASUS motherboards and replaces the &man.acpi.aiboost.4;
          driver.</para>

        <para arch="amd64,i386" revision="211914">The &man.coretemp.4;
          driver now supports Xeon 5500/5600 series.</para>

        <para arch="powerpc" revision="215694">&os;/powerpc now
          supports I2C bus in Apple System Management Unit.</para>

        <para arch="powerpc" revision="215695">A device driver which
          supports CPU temperature sensors on PowerMac 11,2 has been
          added.</para>

        <para revision="215482">The &man.ehci.4;, &man.ohci.4;, and
          &man.uhci.4; driver now support LOW speed BULK transfer
          mode.</para>

        <para arch="amd64,i386" revision="209952">The &man.ichwd.4;
          driver now supports Intel NM10 Express chipset watchdog
          timer.</para>

        <para revision="215036">The &man.tpm.4; driver, which supports
          Trusted Platform Module has been added.</para>

        <para revision="215944">The xhci(4) driver, which supports
          Extensible Host Controller Interface (xHCI) and USB 3.0 has
          been added.</para>

        <sect4 id="mm">
          <title>Multimedia Support</title>

          <para>The &os; Linux emulation subsystem now supports
            video4linux API.  This requires native video4linux
            hardware drivers such as ones which<filename
            role="ports">multimedia/pwc</filename> and <filename
            role="ports">multimedia/webcamd</filename> provide.</para>

          <para revision="215483">MIDI input buffer size in the
            &man.uaudio.4; driver has been changed.  This fixes a
            problem where the input appears several seconds
            late.</para>

          <para revision="215484">An issue in the &man.uaudio.4;
            driver which prevents some USB audio devices from working
            has been fixed.</para>
        </sect4>

        <sect4 id="net-if">
          <title>Network Interface Support</title>

          <para revision="212021">The &man.alc.4; driver now supports
            Atheros AR8151/AR8152 PCIe Gigabit/Fast Ethernet
            controllers.</para>

          <para revision="215003">A bug in the &man.alc.4; driver
            which can lead to a system freeze when the system is
            booted without a cable plugged in.  The symptom was found
            in AR8132 on EEE PC.</para>

          <para revision="212011">The TX interrupt moderation timer in
            the &man.alc.4; driver has been reduced from 50ms to 1ms.
            The 50ms timer resulted in a poor UDP performance.</para>

          <para revision="214297,214298,214301">The &man.axe.4; driver
            has been improved for stability and better performance on
            the TX packet rate.</para>

          <para revision="214997">The &man.bge.4; driver now supports
            BCM5718 family.  This family is the successor to the
            BCM5714/BCM5715 family and supports IPv4/IPv6 checksum
            offloading, TSO, VLAN hardware tagging, jumbo frames,
            MSI/MSIX, IOV, RSS and TSS.  The current version of the
            driver supports all hardware features except IOV and
            RSS/TSS.</para>

          <para revision="211367">A bug in the &man.bge.4; driver which
            prevents TSO in BCM57780 from working has been
            fixed.</para>

          <para revision="214700">A bug in the &man.bge.4; driver
            which can wrongly disable the TX checksum offloading
            feature as well when one tries only the RX checksum
            offloading has been fixed.</para>

          <para revision="214714">Some improvements for reliability of
            the &man.bge.4; driver with BCM5906 or BCM6906 controller
            has been added.</para>

          <para revision="213109">UDP checksum offloading in the
            &man.bge.4; driver has been disabled by default.  This is
            because Broadcom controllers have a bug which can generate
            UDP datagrams with checksum value <literal>0</literal>
            when TX UDP checksum offloading is enabled.  The checksum
            offloading can be enabled by using the following loader
            tunable:</para>

          <programlisting>dev.bge.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.forced_udpcsum</programlisting>

          <para revision="213593">A bug in the &man.bge.4; driver
            which can lead poor performance on a system with RAM
            larger than 4GB has been fixed.  The cause was that all of
            Broadcom controllers except for BCM5755 and later has 4GB
            boundary DMA bug and the inefficient use of bounce
            buffer.</para>

          <para revision="212275">The &man.bwi.4; driver, which supports
            Broadcom BCM430* and BCM431* family Wireless Ethernet
            controllers, has been added.  This is not compiled into
            the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel because there are
            some problems.  The kernel module
            <filename>if_bwi.ko</filename> is available and can be
            loaded without recompiling the kernel to enable this
            driver.</para>

          <para revision="212274">A bug in the &man.bwn.4; driver which
            prevents WPA authentication from working has been
            fixed.</para>

          <para revision="215499">A bug in the &man.cdce.4; driver has
            been fixed.</para>

          <para revision="211848">The &man.cxgb.4; driver now supports
            the following new &man.sysctl.8; variables:
            <varname>hw.cxgb.nfilters</varname> sets the maximum
            number of entries in the hardware filter table,
            <varname>dev.cxgbc.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.pkt_timestamp</varname>
            provides packet timestamp instead of connection hash, and
            <varname>dev.cxgbc.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.core_clock</varname>
            provides the core clock frequency in kHz.</para>

          <para>The &man.em.4; driver has been updated to version
            7.1.9.</para>

          <para>The &man.igb.4; driver has been updated to version
            2.0.7.</para>

          <para revision="209309">The &man.em.4; and &man.igb.4; drivers
            now provide statistics counters as &man.sysctl.8; MIB
            objects.</para>

          <para revision="211241">The &man.em.4; and &man.igb.4; drivers
            now support &man.led.4; interface via
            <filename>/dev/led/em<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>
            and
            <filename>/dev/led/igb<replaceable>N</replaceable></filename>
            for identification LED control.  The following command
            line makes the LED blink on <literal>em0</literal>:</para>

          <screen>&prompt.root; echo f2 &gt; /dev/led/em0</screen>

          <para revision="212150">The &man.epair.4; virtual Ethernet
            interface driver now supports explicit UP/DOWN linkstate.
            This fixes an issue when it is used with the &man.carp.4;
            protocol.</para>

          <para revision="214717">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports
            TSO over VLAN on i82550 and i82551 controllers.</para>

          <para revision="210673">The &man.iwn.4; driver now supports
            Intel Wireless WiFi Link 6000 series.  The firmware has
            been updated to version 9.221.4.1.</para>

          <para revision="212386">The &man.ixgbe.4;
            driver is now also provided as a kernel module.</para>

          <para revision="209308,215970,217593">The &man.ixgbe.4;
            driver has been updated to version 2.3.8.  It now supports
            82599, better interrupt handling, hardware assist to LRO,
            VM SRIOV interface, and so on.</para>

          <para revision="211379,215881,216023,216029,216031">The
            &man.miibus.4; has been rewritten for the generic IEEE
            802.3 annex 31B full duplex flow control support.  The
            &man.alc.4; &man.bge.4;, &man.bce.4;, &man.jme.4;,
            &man.msk.4;, &man.nfe.4;, &man.re.4;, and &man.stge.4;
            drivers along with brgphy(4), e1000phy(4), ip1000phy(4),
            atphy(4), bmtphy(4), gentbi(4), inphy(4), jmphy(4),
            nsgphy(4), nsphyter(4), and &man.rgephy.4; have been
            updated to support flow control via this facility./para>

          <para revision="212386">The &man.mwlfw.4;
            driver is now also provided as a kernel module.</para>

          <para revision="216054">A bug in the &man.mxge.4; driver
            which prevents TSO from working has been fixed.</para>

          <para revision="215456">The &man.nfe.4; driver now supports
            WoL (Wake on LAN).</para>

          <para revision="215218">The &man.re.4; driver now supports
            64-bit DMA addressing for RTL810xE/RTL8168/RTL8111 PCIe
            controllers.</para>

          <para revision="215405">The &man.re.4; driver now supports
            hardware interrupt moderation of TX completion interrupt
            on RTL8169/RTL8169 controllers.</para>

          <para revision="211377">The &man.rl.4; driver now supports WoL
            (Wake on LAN) on RTL8139B or newer controllers.</para>

          <para revision="215222">The &man.rl.4; driver now supports
            reading hardware statistics counters by setting a
            &man.sysctl.8; variable
            <varname>dev.re.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.stats</varname>
            to <literal>1</literal>.</para>

          <para revision="212039">The &man.rl.4; driver now supports a
            device hint to change a way of register access.  Although
            some newer RTL8139 controllers support memory-mapped
            register access, it is difficult to detect the support
            automatically.  For this reason the driver uses I/O
            mapping by default and provides the following device hint.
            If it is set to <literal>0</literal>, the driver uses
            memory mapping for register access.</para>

          <programlisting>hint.rl.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.prefer_iomap="0"</programlisting>

          <para>Note that the default value is <literal>1</literal>.</para>

          <para revision="214407">The &man.rl.4; driver has been
            improved on interrupt handling.  It now has better TX
            performance under high RX load.</para>

          <para revision="217861">The &man.run.4; driver, which is
            from OpenBSD and supports Ralink RT2700U/RT2800U/RT3000U
            USB 802.11agn devices has been added.</para>

          <para revision="215216">A bug in the &man.sk.4; driver has
            been fixed.  It did not program the station address for
            Yukon controllers and overriding the station address with
            &man.ifconfig.8; was not possible.</para>

          <para revision="211359">The &man.sk.4; driver now disable TX
            checksum offloading by default.  This is because some
            revision of Yukon controller generates corrupted frames.
            The checksum offloading can be enabled manually by using
            <option>txcsum</option> option in the &man.ifconfig.8;
            utility.</para>

          <para revision="212468,213612,213628">The &man.sis.4; driver
            now works on all supported platforms.  Some stability and
            performance issues have also been fixed.</para>

          <para revision="213637">The &man.sis.4; driver now supports
            WoL (Wake on LAN) on NS DP8315 controller.</para>

          <para revision="213626">A tunable
            <varname>dev.sis.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.manual_pad</varname>
            for the &man.sis.4; driver has been added.  This controls
            whether padding with 0x00 for short frames by software,
            not the controller.  The reason why this tunable has been
            added is that NS DP83815/DP83816 pads them with 0xff
            though RFC 1042 specifies it should be 0x00.  The tunable
            is disabled by default, which means padding with 0xff is
            used because padding with 0x00 by software needs extra CPU
            cycles.  Setting a non-zero value enables the software
            padding.</para>

          <para revision="211357">The &man.ste.4; driver now supports a
            device hint to change a way of register access.  Although
            it uses memory-mapped register access by default, some old
            IC Plus Corp (formerly Sundace) controllers are found
            unstable.  The following device hint makes the driver use
            I/O mapping for register access:</para>

          <programlisting>hint.ste.<replaceable>N</replaceable>.prefer_iomap="1"</programlisting>

          <para revision="213120">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports
            WoL (Wake on LAN).  Note that not all controllers support
            this functionality and some need an additional remote
            wakeup cable.</para>
        </sect4>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="net-proto">
        <title>Network Protocols</title>

        <para revision="209783">The &man.altq.4; support is now provided
          as a kernel module <filename>alq.ko</filename>.</para>

        <para revision="212738,216348">A bug in the &man.ipfw.4;
          packet filter subsystem has been fixed.  The &man.sysctl.8;
          variable <varname>net.inet.ip.fw.one_pass</varname> did not
          work for <literal>netgraph</literal> action and in-kernel
          NAT.</para>

        <para revision="215342">A new loader tunable
          <varname>net.link.ifqmaxlen</varname> has been added.  It
          specifies the default value of send interface queue length.
          The default value for this parameter is
          <varname>50</varname>.</para>

        <para revision="212742">A <literal>ngtee</literal> action in
          the &man.ipfw.4; packet filter subsystem has been changed.
          It no longer accepts a packet.</para>

        <para revision="214108">A possible panic in the &man.ipfw.4;
          pseudo interface for logging has been fixed.</para>

        <para revision="209691">IPsec flow distribution has been
          improved for more parallel processing.</para>

        <para revision="209277">A bug in &os; IPv4 stack that a proxy
          ARP entry cannot be added over &man.netgraph.4; interfaces
          has been fixed.</para>

        <para revision="211435">A bug in &os; IPv6 stack which prevents
          an <option>-I</option> in the &man.ping6.8; utility from
          working with
          <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_defaultzone=1</varname> has been
          fixed.</para>

        <para revision="214111">The &man.lagg.4; interface now
          supports a &man.sysctl.8; variable
          <varname>net.link.lagg.failover_rx_all</varname>.  This
          controls whether to accept input packets on any link in a
          failover lagg.</para>

        <para revision="215869">The &man.ng.eiface.4; &man.netgraph.4;
          node now supports VLAN-compatible MTU and an MTU size which
          is larger than 1500.</para>

        <para revision="212320">The &man.ng.ether.4; &man.netgraph.4;
          node now supports interface transfer between multiple virtual
          network stacks by &man.ifconfig.8; <command>vnet</command>
          command.  A &man.ng.ether.4; node associated with an network
          interface is now destroyed and recreated when the network
          interface is moved to another vnet.</para>

        <para revision="209843">A new &man.netgraph.4; node
          &man.ng.patch.4; has been added.  This performs data
          modification of packets passing through.  Modifications are
          restricted to a subset of C language operations on unsigned
          integers of 8, 16, 32 or 64-bit size.</para>

        <para revision="212905">An ICMP unreachable problem in the
          &man.pf.4; packet filter subsystem when TSO support is
          enabled has been fixed.</para>

        <para revision="211538">A TCP bandwidth delay product window
          limiting algorithm by a &man.sysctl.8; variable
          <varname>net.inet.tcp.inflight.enable</varname> is now
          disabled by default.  It has been found that this algorithm
          is inefficient on a fast network with smaller RTT than 10ms.
          It had been enabled by default since 5.2-RELEASE, and then
          had been disabled only if the RTT was lesser than 10ms since
          7.0-RELEASE.  Pluggable TCP congestion control algorithm
          modules are planned to be added for the future
          releases.</para>

        <para revision="211602">A bug in &os; TCP Path MTU discovery
          which can lead to a wrong calculation for a smaller MTU than
          256 octets has been fixed.  Note that this bug does not
          affect when MTU is equal to or larger than 256
          octets.</para>

        <para revision="211870">The TCP initial window increase in RFC
          3390 which can be controlled by a &man.sysctl.8; variable
          <varname>net.inet.tcp.rfc3390</varname> now reduces the
          congestion window to the restart window if a TCP connection
          has been idle for one retransmit timeout or more.  For more
          details, see RFC 5681 Section 4.1.</para>

        <para revision="214859">The &man.siftr.4;, Statistical
          Information For TCP Research (SIFTR) kernel module has been
          added.  This is a facility that logs a range of statistics
          on active TCP connections to a log file.  It provides the
          ability to make highly granular measurements of TCP
          connection state, aimed at system administrators, developers
          and researchers.</para>

        <para revision="212319">&os; virtual network stack (vnet) now
          supports IPv4 multicast routing.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="disks">
        <title>Disks and Storage</title>

        <para revision="211458">The &man.ahci.4; driver now disables NCQ
          and PMP support on VIA VT8251 because they are unreliable
          under load.</para>

        <para revision="211718">The &man.ahci.4; driver now uses 15
          seconds for device reset timeout instead of 10 seconds
          because some devices needs 10-12 seconds to spin up.</para>

        <para revision="215825">The &man.arcmsr.4; driver
          has been updated to version 1.20.00.19.</para>

        <para revision="215173">The &man.ada.4; driver now supports a
          now &man.sysctl.8; variable
          <varname>kern.cam.ada.spindown_shutdown</varname> which
          controls whether or not to spin-down disks when shutting
          down if the device supports the functionality.  The default
          value is <literal>1</literal>.</para>

        <para revision="210164">The &man.ata.4; driver
          now supports limiting initial ATA mode for devices via
          device hints
          <varname>hint.<replaceable>devname</replaceable>.<replaceable>unit</replaceable>.dev<replaceable>N</replaceable
          >.mode</varname> or
          <varname>hint.<replaceable>devname</replaceable>.<replaceable>unit</replaceable>.mode</varname>.
          The valid values are the same as ones supported in the
          &man.atacontrol.8; and &man.camcontrol.8;.</para>

        <para revision="210204">The &man.ata.4; driver
          now enables cable status check on both of controller and
          device side when
          <varname>hw.ata.ata_dma_check_80pin</varname> is
          enabled.</para>

        <para revision="213291">An issue of device detection of
          Serverworks K2 SATA controllers in the &man.ata.4; has been fixed.</para>

        <para revision="214667">A bug in the &man.ata.4; driver which
          prevents some Silicon Image chipsets from working on big
          endian systems has been fixed.</para>

        <para revision="214330">The &man.gconcat.8; GEOM class now
          supports kernel crash dump.  The dumping is performed to the
          component where a dump partition begins.</para>

        <para revision="214405">A bug in the &man.geli.8; GEOM class
          on little endian platforms has been fixed.  The metadata
          version has been updated to <literal>4</literal> due to
          this.</para>

        <para revision="214405">The &man.geli.8; GEOM class now
          supports a &man.sysctl.8; variable
          <varname>kern.geom.eli.overwrites</varname>.  This specifies
          the number of times on-disk keys should be overwritten when
          destroying them.  The default value is
          <literal>5</literal>.</para>

        <para revision="214405">The &man.geli.8; GEOM class has been
          improved for preventing the same encryption key from being
          used in 2^20 blocks (sectors).</para>

        <para revision="214405">The &man.geli.8; GEOM class now uses
          XTS-AES mode by default.</para>

        <para revision="214405">A &man.sysctl.8; variable
          <varname>kern.geom.eli.debug</varname> now allows a value
          <literal>-1</literal>.  This means turn off any log messages
          of the &man.geli.8; GEOM class.</para>

        <para revision="210376">The &man.mpt.4; driver now supports
          larger I/O sizes which the device and &man.CAM.4; subsystem
          can support.  This was limited to 64KB, and the number of
          scatter/gather segments was limited to 33 on platforms with
          4K pages.</para>

        <para revision="209404">The &man.twa.4;
          driver has been updated.  The version number is
          3.80.06.003.</para>
      </sect3>

      <sect3 id="fs">
        <title>File Systems</title>

        <para revision="214050">The &man.linprocfs.5; Linux process
          file system now supports
          <filename>proc/$$/environment</filename>.</para>

        <para revision="212716">The &os; NFS client now supports a
          kernel environment variable
          <varname>boot.nfsroot.nfshandlelen</varname>.  This lets the
          diskless root file system on boot to use NFS version 3 and
          the specified file handle length.  If this variable is not
          set, NFS version 2 is used.</para>

        <para revision="212668">The ZFS on-disk format has been updated
          to version 15.</para>

        <para revision="212671">The ZFS metaslab code has been updated.
          This provides a noticeable improvement on write speed,
          especially on pools with less than 30% of free space.  The
          related OpenSolaris Bug IDs are 6826241, 6869229, 6918420,
          and 6917066.</para>

        <para revision="214013">The ZFS now supports offlining of log
          devices.  The related OpenSolaris Bug IDs are 6599442,
          6726045, and 6803605.</para>

        <para revision="212672">Performance improvements for the ZFS
          have been imported from OpenSolaris.  They include caching of
          ACL permission checks, faster handling of &man.stat.2;,
          mitigation of mutex lock contention.  The related
          OpenSolaris Bug IDs are 6802734, 6844861, 6848431, 6775100,
          6827779, 6857433, 6860318, 6865875, 6867395, 6868276, and
          6870564.</para>

        <para revision="210541">The default value of
          <varname>vfs.zfs.vdev.max_pending</varname> has been
          decreased from 35 to 10 (OpenSolaris Bug ID is 6891731) to
          improve latency.</para>

        <para>Various bugs in the ZFS subsystem have been fixed.  The
          related OpenSolaris Bug IDs are: 6328632, 6396518, 6501037,
          6504953, 6542860, 6551866, 6572357, 6572376, 6582163,
          6586537, 6595194, 6596237, 6604992, 6621164, 6623978,
          6633095, 6635482, 6664765, 6674216, 6696242, 6696858,
          6702206, 6710376, 6713916, 6717022, 6722540, 6722991,
          6737463, 6739487, 6739553, 6740164, 6745863, 6747596,
          6747698, 6748436, 6755435, 6757430, 6758107, 6759986,
          6759999, 6761100, 6761406, 6764124, 6765294, 6767129,
          6769612, 6770866, 6774713, 6774886, 6775697, 6776104,
          6776548, 6780491, 6784104, 6784108, 6785914, 6788152,
          6788830, 6789318, 6790064, 6790345, 6790687, 6791064,
          6791066, 6791071, 6791101, 6792134, 6792139, 6792884,
          6793430, 6794136, 6794570, 6794830, 6797109, 6797118,
          6798384, 6798878, 6799895, 6800184, 6800942, 6801507,
          6801810, 6803343, 6803822, 6804954, 6807339, 6807765,
          6809340, 6809683, 6809691, 6810367, 6815592, 6815893,
          6816124, 6818183, 6821169, 6821170, 6822816, 6824006,
          6824062, 6824968, 6826466, 6826468, 6826469, 6826470,
          6826471, 6826472, 6827260, 6830237, 6830541, 6833162,
          6833711, 6833999, 6834217, 6836714, 6836768, 6838062,
          6838344, 6841321, 6843014, 6843069, 6843235, 6844069,
          6844900, 6847229, 6848242, 6856634, 6857012, 6861983,
          6862984, 6863610, 6870564, 6880764, 6882227, 6892298,
          6898245, 6906110, 6906946, 6939941, 6950219, 6951024, and
          6953403.</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="userland">
      <title>Userland Changes</title>

      <para revision="209267">The &man.arp.8; utility has been improved.
        It now runs faster even when a single interface has a number
        of aliases.</para>

      <para revision="214729">A bug in the &man.b64decode.1; which
        prevents an <option>-r</option> option from handling arbitrary
        breaks in a base64 encoded string has been fixed.</para>

      <para revision="211723">The &man.calendar.1; utility now supports
        repeating events which span multiple years, lunar events, and
        solar events.</para>

      <para revision="210915">The &man.dhclient.8; utility now reports a
        reason for exiting and the 10-second period in which the
        &man.dhclient.8; ignores routing messages has been changed to
        start just after <filename>dhclient-script</filename> starts
        instead of just after it finished.  This change fixes a
        symptom that &man.dhclient.8; silently exits under a certain
        condition.</para>

      <para revision="214983">Userland support for the &man.dtrace.1;
        subsystem has been added.  This allows inspection of userland
        software itself and its correlation with the kernel, thus
        allowing a much better picture of what exactly is going on
        behind the scenes.  The &man.dtruss.1; utility has been added
        and the <filename>libproc</filename> has been updated to
        support the facility.</para>

      <para revision="209362">The &man.du.1; utility now supports a
        <option>-t <replaceable>threshold</replaceable></option>
        option to display entries that exceeds the value of
        <replaceable>threshold</replaceable>.  If the value is
        negative, it displays entries with a value less than the
        absolute value of <replaceable>threshold</replaceable>.</para>

      <para revision="215667">The &man.fdisk.8; utility now supports
        partitions which are provided by &man.gjournal.8; or
        &man.geli.8; GEOM class.</para>

      <para revision="210567">The &man.gcore.1; utility now supports an
        <option>-f</option> flag which forces a full dump of all the
        segments except for the malformed ones.</para>

      <para revision="214405">The &man.geli.8; utility now supports
        <command>resize</command> subcommand to resize encrypted file
        systems prior to growing it</para>

      <para revision="214405">The &man.geli.8; utility now supports
        <command>suspend</command> and <command>resume</command>
        subcommands.  The <command>suspend</command> subcommand makes
        &man.geli.8; devices wait for all in-flight I/O requests,
        suspend new I/O requests, remove all &man.geli.8; sensitive
        data from the kernel memory (like encryption keys) and will
        wait for either <command>geli resume</command> or
        <command>geli detach</command> command.  For more
        information, see &man.geli.8; manual page.</para>

      <para revision="214405">The &man.geli.8; utility now checks the
        metadata provider size strictly.  If the check fails, the
        provider is not attached.  A new option <option>-f</option>
        can override this behavior.</para>

      <para revision="214405">The &man.geli.8; utility now supports
        <option>-J <replaceable>newpassfile</replaceable></option> and
        <option>-j <replaceable>passfile</replaceable></option>
        options for loading passphrease from a file.</para>

      <para revision="211938">The <function>gethost*()</function>,
        <function>getnet*()</function>, and
        <function>getproto*()</function> functions now set the errno
        to <literal>ERANGE</literal> and the NSS backend terminates
        with <literal>NS_RETURN</literal> when the result buffer size
        is too small.</para>

      <para revision="209497">The &man.gpart.8; utility now supports
        <command>resize</command> command to resize partitions for all
        schemes but EBR.</para>

      <para revision="215941">The &man.gpart.8; utility now supports
        <command>backup</command> and <command>restore</command>
        subcommands to backup partition tables and restore
        them.</para>

      <para revision="213661">The &man.gpart.8; utility now handles
        given geom/provider names with and without
        <filename>/dev/</filename> prefix.</para>

      <para revision="213684">The &man.gpart.8; utility now supports
        an <option>-F</option> option for <command>force</command>
        subcommand.  This option force destroying of the partition
        table even if it is not empty.</para>

      <para revision="213684">The &man.gpart.8; utility now supports a
        <command>recover</command> subcommand for GPT partition
        tables.  A corrupted GPT is now marked when the following
        three types of corruption:</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Primary GPT header or table is corrupted.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Secondary GPT header or table is corrupted.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Secondary GPT header is not located at the last LBA.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>Any changes to the corrupted GPT table is not allowed
        except for <command>destroy</command> and
        <command>recover</command> subcommands./para>

      <para revision="213994">The &man.gpart.8; utility now supports
        <literal>GPT_ENT_ATTR_BOOTME</literal>,
        <literal>GPT_ENT_ATTR_BOOTONCE</literal>, and
        <literal>GPT_ENT_ATTR_BOOTFAILED</literal> attributes in GPT.
        The attribute keywords in the command line are
        <literal>bootme</literal>, <literal>bootonce</literal>, and
        <literal>bootfailed</literal> respectively.</para>

      <para revision="215728">An issue in the &man.newfs.8; utility
        has been fixed.  A UFS1 file system created with 64KB
        blocksize was incorrectly recognized as one with a broken
        superblock.  This is because &os; kernel checks UFS2
        superblock at 64KB offset in the partition first, and UFS1
        with 64KB blocksize has an alternative superblock at the same
        location.  For example, a file system created by
        <command>newfs -U -O 1 -b 65536 -f 8192</command> could lead
        to this symptom.</para>

      <para revision="213049">The &man.hastd.8; utility now supports
        <literal>SIGHUP</literal> for reloading the configuration
        file.  When <literal>SIGTERM</literal> or
        <literal>SIGINT</literal> is received, the worker processes
        terminate.</para>

      <para revision="212144">The &man.ifconfig.8; utility now check an
        invalid CIDR subnet notation more strictly.  It wrongly
        accepted <literal>10.0.0.1/10.0.0.1</literal> as
        <literal>10.0.0.1/10</literal>.</para>

      <para revision="215237">An accuracy issue in the &man.jn.3; and
        &man.jnf.3; functions in <filename>libm</filename> has been
        fixed.</para>

      <para revision="209284">Incorrect behaviors in stuttering
        sequences and reverse ranges in the &man.jot.1; utility have
        been fixed.</para>

      <para revision="213667">The <filename>libarchive</filename> and
        &man.tar.1; utility now support LZMA (Lempel-Ziv-Markov
        chain-Algorithm) compression format.</para>

      <para revision="215229">The &man.tar.1; utility now supports a
        blocksize which is up to <literal>8192</literal> (4MB) in the
        <option>-b <replaceable>blocksize</replaceable></option>
        option.</para>

      <para revision="214442">A bug in the &man.lpr.1; utility which
        prevents it from working with some files on a ZFS file system
        has been fixed.</para>

      <para revision="213978">The <option>-p</option> option in the
        &man.mount.8; utility now displays <literal>rw</literal> mount
        option correctly as in the &man.fstab.5; format.</para>

      <para revision="213889">The &man.ncal.1; utility has been
        updated.  The option <option>-b</option> has been replaced
        with <option>-C</option> and <option>-B
        <replaceable>number</replaceable></option>.  Options
        <option>-3</option> to show previous, this and next month, and
        <option>-A <replaceable>number</replaceable></option> to show
        months after this month have been added.  The option
        <option>-m <replaceable>N</replaceable>
        <replaceable>YYYY</replaceable></option> now prints only the
        month, not the whole year.</para>

      <para revision="211699">The &man.newsyslog.8; utility now supports
        an <option>-S <replaceable>pidfile</replaceable></option>
        option to override the default &man.syslogd.8; PID
        file.</para>

      <para revision="215622">The &man.newsyslog.8; utility now
        supports a special log file name
        <literal>&lt;include&gt;</literal> for processing file
        inclusion.  Globing in the file name and circular dependency
        detection are supported.  For more details, see
        &man.newsyslog.conf.5; manual page.</para>

      <para revision="213980">The &man.ntpd.8; utility is now compiled
        with shared memory reference clock driver.  For example, GPS
        devices can be used as source of precise time via <filename
        role="ports">astro/gpsd</filename> in the Ports
        Collection.</para>

      <para revision="212848">An off-by-one error in the &man.pax.1;
        utility when ustar file name is too long has been
        fixed.</para>

      <para revision="209912">The &man.pkill.1; utility now supports
        an <option>-l</option> option which the &man.kill.1; utility
        does.</para>

      <para revision="211098">The &man.pmcstat.8; utility now supports a
        file and a network socket as a top source.  A new option
        <option>-O <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option>
        specifies to send log output to
        <replaceable>filename</replaceable>, and another new option
        <option>-R <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option>
        specifies to receive events from
        <replaceable>filename</replaceable>.  For a socket, the
        <replaceable>filename</replaceable> is in a form of
        <replaceable>ipaddr:port</replaceable>.  This allows top
        monitoring over TCP on a system with no local symbols, for
        example.</para>

      <para revision="210089">The &man.pom.6; utility now
        supports a <option>-p</option> flag to print only the
        percentage.</para>

      <para revision="212472">The &man.powerd.8; utility now supports
        an <option>-m <replaceable>freq</replaceable></option> and
        <option>-M <replaceable>freq</replaceable></option> to control
        the minimum and maximum frequency, respectively.</para>

      <para revision="213825">The &man.ruptime.1; utility now displays
        hostnames longer than 12 characters.</para>

      <para revision="215066">A behavior of the &man.sh.1; program
        when an <option>-u nounset</option> option is specified has
        been changed.  The special parameters <varname>$@</varname>
        and <varname>$*</varname> no longer cause an error when there
        are no positional parameters.</para>

      <para revision="210616">A bug in the &man.sh.1; program has been
        fixed.  A <literal>SIGINT</literal> signal is now passed
        through from a child process if the shell is interactive and
        the job control is enabled.  For example, aborting
        &man.sleep.1; command by Ctrl-C no longer display
        <literal>ok</literal> in the following command line:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; sleep 5; echo ok</screen>

      <para revision="210732">The &man.sh.1; program now supports a
        <command>bg</command> command consisting solely of
        redirections.  For example:</para>

      <screen>&prompt.user; &lt; /dev/null &amp;</screen>

      <para revision="211536">The &man.sleep.1; utility now supports
        <literal>SIGINFO</literal> signal and reports the specified
        sleep time and the remaining time.</para>

      <para revision="213036,213038">The &man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8;
        utilities have been improved for better interoperability and
        they now supports RFC 1350, 2347, 2348, 2349, and 3617.</para>

      <para revision="213899">A bug in <literal>[=]=]</literal>
        equivalent class handling in the &man.tr.1; utility has been
        fixed.</para>

      <para revision="210566">The &man.uname.1; utility now supports an
        <option>-o</option> flag as a synonym for the
        <option>-s</option> flag for compatibility with other
        systems.</para>

      <para revision="211060">Bugs in &man.vi.1; utility have been
        fixed.  They include handling of <literal>^@</literal> and
        <literal>^C</literal> in insert mode when reading an ex
        command.</para>

      <para revision="214345">The &man.watchdogd.8; program now set
        <literal>MADV_PROTECT</literal> memory flag onto themselves to
        protect from being terminated by the &os; kernel when
        available memory becomes short.  This kind of process
        termination happens in a swap-intensive workload.</para>

      <para revision="209870">The <command>set sharenfs</command>
        command in the &man.zfs.8; utility now supports
        <option>sec</option> option.</para>

      <sect3 id="periodic-scripts">
        <title><filename>/etc/periodic</filename> Scripts</title>

        <para>A periodic script for <command>zfs scrub</command> has
          been added.  For more details, see &man.periodic.conf.5;
          manual page.</para>

        <para>A periodic script which can be used to find installed
          ports' files with mismatched checksum has been added. For more
          details, see &man.periodic.conf.5;</para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="contrib">
      <title>Contributed Software</title>

      <para>The <application>ACPI-CA</application> has been updated to
        20101013.</para>

      <para revision="214287">The &man.ee.1; program has been updated
        to version 1.5.2.</para>

      <para><application>ISC BIND</application> has been updated to
        version 9.6-ESV-R4.</para>

      <para><application>netcat</application> has been updated to
        version 4.8.</para>

      <para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
        version 0.9.8q.</para>

      <para>The timezone database has been updated to the
        <application>tzdata2010o</application> release.</para>

      <para><application>xz</application> has been updated from
        snapshot as of 12 April 2010 to 5.0.0 release</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="ports">
      <title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>

      <para>The &man.pkg.create.1; utility now supports
        <application>xz</application> compression.  Note that the
        default is still <application>bzip2</application>.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="releng">
      <title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>

      <para revision="211007">The &man.sysinstall.8; utility now uses
        the following numbers for default and minimum partition sizes:
        1GB for <filename>/</filename>, 4GB for
        <filename>/var</filename>, and 1GB for
        <filename>/tmp</filename>.</para>

      <para revision="211009">The &man.sysinstall.8; utility now
        attempts to enable &man.getty.8; on a serial port when no VGA
        card on the system.</para>

      <para>The supported version of
        the <application>GNOME</application> desktop environment
        (<filename role="package">x11/gnome2</filename>) has been
        updated to 2.32.1.</para>

      <para>The supported version of
        the <application>KDE</application> desktop environment
        (<filename role="package">x11/kde4</filename>) has been
        updated to 4.5.5.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="upgrade">
    <title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>

    <para arch="amd64,i386">Upgrades between RELEASE versions (and
      snapshots of the various security branches) are supported using
      the &man.freebsd-update.8; utility.  The binary upgrade
      procedure will update unmodified userland utilities, as well as
      unmodified GENERIC kernel distributed as a part of an
      official &os; release.  The &man.freebsd-update.8; utility
      requires that the host being upgraded has Internet
      connectivity.</para>

    <para>An older form of binary upgrade is supported through the
      <command>Upgrade</command> option from the main
      &man.sysinstall.8; menu on CDROM distribution media.  This type
      of binary upgrade may be useful on non-&arch.i386;,
      non-&arch.amd64; machines or on systems with no Internet
      connectivity.</para>

    <para>Source-based upgrades (those based on recompiling the &os;
      base system from source code) from previous versions are
      supported, according to the instructions in
      <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename>.</para>

    <important>
      <para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
        backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration
        files.</para>
    </important>
  </sect1>
</article>